The Roman antiquities of Dionysius Halicarnassensis

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THE

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

O F

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS^

Tranflated into English;

WITH

NOTES and DISSE R.T A T I O N S.

^ - w

B Y

EDWARD S P E L M A N, Efq.

VOL. IIL

LONDON,

Printed, and fold by the Bookfellers of London and Wejimin^ar^

MDCCLVIIL

f

^\

m m t ■ W l ■■ ■!!■■ - ■■ Ill H ■ ■ J ll ■ 11' ■ !■ I ■ II ■ I II II

THE

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

O F

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

THE SIXTH BOOK»

TH E confuls of the following year, who were Aldus
Sempronius Atcatinus, and Marcus Minucius, en-
tered upon thdr magiftracy in the feventy iirft
Olympiad, in which Tificrates of Croton won the prize of
the fladium, Hipparchus being archon at Athens ; and,
during their contulOiip, performed no adion either of a
military, or civil nature, worthy the notice of hiftory (for
the truce with the Latines gave them a long refpite from
foreign wars ; and the injundion, decreed by the fenate,
againft the exadion of debts, till the war, that was expeded,
fhould be, fecurely, terminated, quieted the difturbances
raifed in the city by the poor, who defired to be difcharged
of their debts by a public ad.) However, they procured a
decree of the fenate to be pafled, granting power both to
the Latin women, who were married to men of worth,
and diftindion among the Romans, and to the Roman
Vol. III. B women

2 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

women married to Latines, either to ftay with their huf-
bands, or to return home; and it was, alfo, ordered that the
male children fhould remain with their fathers, and the
female, and unmarried fhould follow their mothers : For it
happened that a great many women, through the affinity,
and friendfhip fubfifling between the two nations, had con-
tradted marriages in one another's cities. The women,
having this liberty granted to them by the decree of the
fenate, fhewed how fond they were of living at Rome :
For almofl all the Roman women, who lived in the Latin
cities, left their hufbands, and returned to their fathers ;
and all the Latin women, who were married to Romans,
except two, defpifed their country, and flaid with their
hufbands : A happy omen foretelling which of the two
nations fhould be vidorious in the war. Under thefe con-
fuls, they fay, the temple was confecrated to Saturn, upon
the afcent, leading from the forum to the capitol, and
annual * feflivals, and facrifices were appointed to be per-
formed at the public expence : They add that, before this,
the altar, built by Hercules, flood there, upon which, the
perfons, who had the fuperintendance of thefe holy cere-

Annotations on the Sixth Book.

'•E«{W Thefe were the 5«/«r«<7//<?, called Juvenalis. ""Livy, alfo, places

which, after the reformation of the the dedication of the temple of Saturn,

calender by Julius Caefar, were cele- and the inftitution of the Saturnalia^

brated on the fixteenth of the calend s under thefe confuls ; his confulibus (A.

of January (the feventccnth of Decern- Semproiio, et M. Minucio) asdes Sa-

ber) They confifted of four days only, turno dedicata : Saturnalia injiitutus

till * Caligula added a fifth, which he fejlus dies.

* Suetoh..Life of Caligula, c. 1 7. ^ B. ii. c. 2 1.

" monies

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 3

monies committed to them by Hercules, facrificed bumt-
ofFerings, as firft fruits, according to the cuftom of the Greeks.
Some hiftorians write that this temple was infcribed with the
name of Titus Lartius, the conful of the former year ; others,
with That of Tarquinius, who was expelled the kingdom :
And that Poftumus Cominius confecrated the temple purfu-
ant to a decree of thefenate. Thefe confuls, therefore, as I
faid, had the opportunity of enjoying a profound peace.

II. They were fucceeded in the confulfliip by Aulus
Poftumius, and Titus Virginius : Under whom, the truce
for a year with the Latines expired : And great prepara-
tions for the war were made by both nalions. All the
common people of Rome entered into the war willingly,
and with great chearfulnefs : But the greateft part of the
Latines fliewed a coldnefs to the undertaking, and were
forced into it ; the men of power in the cities, being almoft
all corrupted with bribes, and promifes by Tarquinius, and
Mamilius ; and thofe among the common people, who were
diflatisfied with the war, excluded from a fhare in the public
counfels: For fuch of them, as defired to be heard in their
aflemblies, could not, even, obtain it. Upon which, many,
refenting this ulage, left their cities, and deierted to the
Romans : For the men, who had poflefled themfelves of
the power in every city, did not chufe to put a ftop to this;
but thought themfelves much obliged to their adverfaries
for fubmitting to a voluntary banifhment. Thefe the JRo-
mans received, and fuch of them, as came with their wives,
and children, they employed in defending the city, diftri-

B 2 buting

4 ROMAN ANTIQJCJITIES OF Book VI.

buting them among the centuries appointed for that purpole :
And the reft they fent into the fortrefles near the city ; and,
dividing them among their colonies, took care they Ihould
create no difturbance. All men being of opinion that the
prefent jundure, again, required the adminiftration of a
fingle perfon at liberty to adk according to his own fenfe of
things, and fubjedl to give no account of his a6:ions, Aulus
Poftumius, the younger of the confuls, was appointed dicta-
tor by his coUegue Virginius : And, according to the ex-
ample of the former di(9ator, created Titus Aebutius Elva
his general of horfe. And, having, in a fhort time, lifted
all the Romans, who were arrived to the age of manhood^,
he divided his army into four parts ; one of which he himfelf
took the command of; another he gave to his collegue
Virginius; the third, to Aebutius, general of the horfe;.
and left the command of the, fourth to Aulus Sempronius,,
whom he appointed to guard the city.

III. After the didator had prepared every thing, that
was neceflary for the war, his fcouts brought him word that
the Latines had taken the field with all their forces : And,
prefently, otheris informed him that they had, by ftorm,,
poffefled themfelves of a ftrong place, called * Corbio,. in
which there was a fmall garrifon c^ the Romans ; all of
whom they put to the fword ; and, being mafters of the
place, they made it the feat of the war. But the number
of flaves, and cattle they found in the country, except Thofe
taken at Corbio, was not anfwerable to their expedation-;

»• K9{Ciw». In Latin, Corbio^ a town lying to the north of mount /ilgidus.

the

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENSIS. 5

the hulbandmen having, long before, removed all they could of
both into the neighbouring fortrefles: However, the enemy
fet fire to the houfes they had abandoned, and laid wafte
the country. After they had taken the field, a frefli army
arrived at their camp from ' Antium, the moft confiderable
city of the Volfcian nation, with arms, corn, and every thing,
elfe, that was neceflary for carrying on the war. This railed
their confidence to a great degree, and gave them room ta
hope that, now the city of Antium had fet the example, all
the Volfci would join them with their forces. Poftumius,.
being informed of thefe things^ marched out, prefently,
againfl: the enemy, with a defign to fall upon them before
all their forces were ailembled : And, having made a forced
march in the night, advanced near the Latines, who lay
incamped in a ftrong poft, near the lake, called * Regillus ;
and he himfelf incamped above them on a hill, that was
high, and difficult of accefs : Where, if he continued, he
was fure to have great advantages over the enemy.

IV. The generals of the Latines, OAavius of Tufculumi
the fon-in-law, or,, as fome write, the fbn of the fon-in-law
of Tarquinius, the late king, and Sextus Tarquinius (for
they happened, at that time, to be incamped afunder) joined ^
their forces ; and, ailembling the tribunes, and centurions^,
they confidered with them in what manner they fhould/

»• E|A»7«. See the fifty feventh an- it lay in the territory oFthe Tufculani ;

notation on the fourth book. ad Lacum Regiilum, in agro Tufcu-

♦• n»f» Ai/*»j» PuTiAAi,. This is the lano, ap;ani boftium occurrerunt. It is.

Locus Regillusy near which thisremark- now, called, * Lago di S. Pfajfeda.
able battle was- fought: 'Livy fays

' B. ii. c. 1 9t ^ Clover, Ital. Andq. B. iii. c. 4..

carry

6 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

carry on the war. And many opinions were delivered : For
fome advifed to attack the troops, which, under the didator,
had poffefled themlelves of the hill, while their fear con-
tinued; looking upon their taking that ftrong poft, as a
fign of their fear, rather than of their caution: Others, to
draw a line of contravallation round the camp of the Ro-
mans; and, leaving a fmall body of men to fhut them up
there, to march with the reft of the army to Rome, which,
as the heft of their youth were, now, in the field, might,
eafily, be taken. And others advifed to wait the arrival of
the auxiliary troops both from the VoKci, and their other
allies, and to prefer fafer, to bolder meafures: For, they faid,
the Romans would reap no benefit fi-om a delay : whereas,
their condition would be improved by it. While they were
debating, the other conful, Titus Virginius, having marched,
fuddenly, from Rome the night before, came up with his
army ; and incamped apart firom the didator upon another
ridge of a mountain, that was exceeding craggy, and ftrongly
fituated : So that, both the pafies, through which alone the
Latines could make an irruption into the enemy's country,
were, effeAually, fecured : The conful incamping before
the pafs on the left, and the didator before That on the
right. This cncreafed the confufion of the commanders,
who had nothing more in view than the fafety of the army,
and, alfo, their fear, left they fhould be obliged, by lying
ftill, to Uve, folely, upon their own provifions, of which
they had not great plenty. When Poftumius obferved the
inexperience of thefe commanders, he fent Titus Aebutius,

general

BookVI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 7

general of the horfe, with a chofen body both of horfe, an4
light armed men, to poflefs himfdif of a hill, which com-
manded the pafs, through which the provifions were brought
to the Latines from their own territories : And the fcwces,
fent with the general of the horfe, pafled by the enemy's
camp in the night; and, marching through the untrodden
paths of a wood, gained the hill, before the enemy was
aware of it.

V. The generals of the enemy, finding that the ftrong
places, which lay behind them, were, alfo, poifefled by the
Romans, and almoA defpairing of receiving any more pro-
yifions from home with fecurity, refolved to drive them from
the hill, before they had time to fortify it with a ditch, and
palifades. And Sextus, one of the generals, taking the horfe
with him, rode up to them full fpeed, in expedation that the
Roman horfe would not ftand their ground : But thefe, re-
ceiving the charge with bravery, he maintained the fight for
fome time, retiring, and renewing the attack. But the nature
of the ground giving great advantages to thofe, who were
once matters of the hill, and affording to thofe, who attacked
from below, nothing but wounds, and ineffedual labor ;
and frefh forces of chofen foot, fent by Poflumius to follow
clofe the firft detachment, coming up to the afliftance of
the Romans, Sextus returned to the camp without being
able toefied anything: And the Romans, now fecure in
the pofleflion of the place, openly fortified it. After this
adion, Mamilius, and Sextus determined not to fufFer a long
delay, but, prefently, to decide the affair by a battle. The

Romaa

8 ROMAN ANTIOyiTIES OF BookVI.

Roman didator, who had, at firft, propofed to put an end
to the war without an adlion, and founded his hopes of
effe<9ing it on the incapacity of the generals he had to deal
with, now refolved to ingage: For the horfe, that patroled.
in the roads, had taken fbme couriers with letters from the
Volfcito the Latin generals ; by which the fonner acquainted
them that great numbers of auxiliary forces would join them,
within three days at fartheft^ and, after that, another body
from the Hernici. Thefe were the confiderations, that
reduced the Roman generals to an immediate neceffity of
fighting, which, till then, they had propofed to decline.
After the fignals for the battle were given on both fides, the
two armies advanced to a plain, that lay between their
camps, and drew up in the following manner : Sextus
Tarquinius was on the left wing of the Latines, and Odavius
Mamilius on the right: Titus, the other fon of Tarquinius,
was in the center, where, alfo, the Roman deferters, and
exiles were pofted. And all their horfe being divided into
three bodies, two of thefe were placed in the wings, and
one in the center. The left of the Roman army was com-
manded by Titus Aebutius, general of the horfe, who flood
oppofite to Odavius Mamilius : The right, by Titus Vir-
ginias, the 5 conful, facing Sextus Tarquinius : The center

J • O uV«Iof . Portus, and, after him, ful, when * our author faid, before, that

M, * • *, have thought it worth their the didator ordered his cellegue in the

while. to obferve that Virgjnius was confulfhip, Virginius, to comnund

not, aftually, conful ; fmce, upon the one of the four bodies, irt^»t Jii TO N

<:reation of a dictator, the confulfhip STNTHATON OutfiUnn ilu^ »iX^f*
was fuperfeded : Neither was he con-

was

Book VI. DIONYSIU3 HALICARNASSENSIS. 9
was commanded by Poilumius, the dilator, in pef fbn, who
propofed to encounter TitusTarquinius, and the Roman exilesi
The numbers of each army, when drawn up, were, on the
the fide of the Romans, twenty three thoufand feven hun*
dred foot, and one thoufand horfe ; and on That of the
Latines, and their allies, near forty thoufand foot, and three
thou&nd horfei

VI. When they were going to ingage, the Latin general*
called their men together, and faid many things tending to
incite them to fight bravely, and repeated their intreades to
that purpofe: And the Roman didator, feeing his people
poflefled with fear, becaufe they were going to encounter an
army gready fuperior in number to their own, and dcprkig
to difpel that fear, aflembled his foldiers ; and, placing near
him the fenators of the greateft age, and the greateft dignity^
he fpoke to them in the following manner : " The gods, by
" omens, &crifices, and other auguries, promife to grant to
" our commonwealth liberty, and a happy vidory, in return
** for the i»ety, and the juftice we have fhewn during the
** whole courfe of our lives, and from a juft refentment
** againfl: our enemies ; who, having received many great
" benefits fi"om us, being both our relations, and fi-iendd,
" and, having fworne to look upon aU our enemies, and
" fiiends, as their own, have defpifed all thele obligations, and
** brought an unjuft war upon us, not with a view to dif-
** pute the fovereignty, and dominion (for this would be lefi
" afflicting) but in fupport of the tyranny of the Tarquinii,
'< and to compel us, fix)m being fi:ee, to become ilavestothem.

Vol. III. C « You,

xo ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVL

** You, therefore, ought, both officers, and foldiers, fince
** you are fenfible you have the gods for your allies, who
" always preferve our city, to behave yourfelves with bravery
" in this battle ; remembering that they give their affiftance
<* to thofe, who fight bravely, and, chearfuUy, contribute
" every thing in their power to the vidory ; not to thofe,
" who fly from danger; but to fuch, as expofe themfelves
" to it with perieverance. You have many other advantages,
" alfo, conducive to victory, already prepared for you by
" fortune, but, chiefly, three, which are, of all others, the
** moft confiderable, and the moft obvious.

VII. " Firft, the confidence you have in one another,
" which is a thing, abfblutely, necefl&ry to gain the vidory :
'* For you are not to look upon yourfelves, as beginning,
** this day, to be firm friends, and faithful allies to one
" another, but your country has, long fince, prepared this
** happinefs for you all ; you have been brought up together,
** and have received one common education j you have
** facrificed to the gods upon the fame altars ; you have
" enjoyed many common advantages, and have experienced
" many common evils ; by which, flirong, and indiflbluble
" friendfliips are formed among all men ; which friendfliips
" fliew themfelves when a battle, common to all, is to be
" fought, in which the greatcft interefts are at ftake : For,
" if you are overcome by the enemy, the confequence will*
" not be that fome of you will be treated with no feverity,
" and others fufler the laft of punifliments ; but all of you
** will, equally, lofe your dignity, your fovereignty, your

" liberty.

BookVI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. ii

" liberty, and, no longer, poflefs your wives, your children,
" your fortunes, or any other happinefs you, now, enjoy ; and
*' all the men of dignity, and authority among us will fuffer a
" moft miferable death in the midft of ftripes, and torments :
" For, if our enemies, without having received any kind of
" injury, have accumulated on all of us indignities of every
" fort, what ought we to expe<St from them, if they, now,
" overcome us; when they will refent our having driven
" them from their cities, deprived them of their fortunes, and
" not fufFered them, even, tofet afoot upon the lands of their
" anceftors ? The laft advantage we have over our enemies
** cannot be thought lefs than either of Thofe I have men-
" tionedjifyou conlider it properly ; which is, that the forces,
" we are to encounter, are not fo formidable as we conceived
" them to be, but far ftiort of the opinion we had entertained
" of them : For, except the auxiliary forces of the Antiates,
** you fee no other allies prefent with them : While we ex-
" peded that all the Volfci, and many of the Sabines, and
" Hernici would have joined them ; befides a thouiand other
" vain fears we formed to ourfelves. But all thefe things
" were, only, the dreams of the Latines, founded on delufive
promifes, and inefFednal hopes : For fome of their allies
have given over all thoughts of aflifting them, from a con-
" tempt of the incapacity of their generals : Others, inftead of
" aflifting them, will pretend to doit, and confume the time
in feeding them with hopes : And thofe, who are, now,
preparing to aflift them, will ftay till the battle is over,
" and, then, be of no further ufe to them.

C 2 VIII.

ii
ii

ii
ii

12 ROMAN ANTIOyiTIES OF BookVI.

VIII. " But, if any of you are convinced of the reafon-
" ablenejs of what I have advanced, yet fear the numbers
" of the enemy, a fliort inflrudion, or rather their own
** remembrance, will teach them that they fear things not
'* formidable. Let them confider, in the firft place, that the
" greatefl part of them are forced to take arms againft us,
*' as they have, often, fhewn both by their adions, and their
f* difcourfes; and that the number of thofe, who, willingly,
** and, chcarfiilly, fight for the tyrants, is, extremely, fmall,
" and not, in any degree, equal to our army. Secondly, that,
" in all ingagements, the braveft, not the moft. numerous
**. forces, gain the viAory. It would be tedious to alledge,
" as examples, how many vaft armies of Barbarians have
" been overcome by very fmall numbers of * Greeks, fo as to
** render the relations of thofe vidlories, even, incredible to
" the generality of mankind. But, to omit other things,
** how many battles have you yourfelves gained with fewer
•* forces, than your prcfent army confifts of, againft enemies

*' EAAiivMv. I look upon this word mination, that the battle of Marathon

to have been mifplaced by the tran- happened above five years after this,

fcribers, and am convinced that the viz. in the third year of the feventy

fentence ought to be read thus j itti fecond Olympiad : But no hiftory that

B«$£«fu» f^ctltufAtila uVEf€«AA«»7« zr\rM I know of informs us that vaft armies

juiicf «i sr«e»u EAAqvaiii KtclKftaitca^lo ivvxfteit. of Greeks were ever defeated by others

1 thought this might allude to the vie- confiderably lefs numerous v which

tory gained by the Greeks at ' Mara- muft be the lenfe, if we read the text

thon with 10,000 men, over the Per- as it ftands in all the editions, and

fians, whofe army confifted of no lefs manufcripts ; eV» B«t?6«{»i» t« km Ex-

than 300,000 } a victory, which our Aijr«» f^tiitvfial* vVt^CaAAevIa trA^Jw

author might, juftly, fay was fcarce fuK^at marv Ji»itifmwa.i\o ivfttfiH(.
credible : However, I find upon exa-

'Uiher, p. 96. PetaTiuSj part. prim. B. iii, c. i. Valerius Maxim. B. v. c, 3. Plutarch in Parall.

" more

BookVI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 13
more numerous, than Thofe you are, now, going to en-
counter ? It may be faid that you have, indeed, continued
to be formidable to thofe you have, once, overcome in
battle ; virhile you may be defpifed by thefe Latines, and
their allies, the VoUci, becaufe they have never experienced
your bravery : But you all know that your fathers have
overcome both thefe nations in many battles. Can it,
then, be, reafonably, fuppofed that the condition of the
conquered is improved by Co many defeats, and That (^
the conquerors impaired by fo many victories ? What
man of fenfe will fay this? I (hould wonder, indeed, if
any of you looked upon the numbers of the enemy, in
which there are few brave men, with terror, and with
contempt upcHi their own army, which is fo numerous,
and fo brave, that none, exceeding it either in courage,
or in numbers, was ever brought into the field in any of
our former wars.

IX. " This, alfo, citizens, ought to be the greateft in*
citement to you neither to apprehend, nor avoid the
dangers of the field, that the principal fenators are all
prefent, as you fee, ready to Ihare the common fortune
of the war with you ; whom both their age, and the law
have difcharged from the fervice. Would it not, then^
be fhameful for you, who arc in the vigor of your youth,
to fly from danger, while thefe, who are paft that age,
purfue it ? That the alacrity of the cW men, thou^
unable to kill any of the enemy, (hould lead them to die,
at leaft, for their country ; and that your youth, which

^' may

14 ROMAN ANTIC^JITIES OF BookVI.

" may enjoy the double advantage of fecuring your own fafety,
" and gaining the vidory, or, if that cannot be, ofading, and
" fuffering with bravery, {hould not induce you either to try
" fortune, or leave behind you a glorious reputation ? Is it not
" true, Romans, that there have been many great, and won-
" derful adions performed by others, before your time, which
<* no words can, fufEciently, celebrate; and that your pofterity
** will hear, with improvement, many illuftrious actions per-
" formed by their own anceftors, if you gain this vidory ? To
<' the end, therefore, that neither the bravery of thofe among
" you, who are refolved to do their duty, may be unprofi-
" table, nor the fears of fuch, as apprehend danger more than
** becomes them, go unpunifhed, learn from me, before we
" ingage, what each of them are to exped : Whoever fhall
** perform any great, or brave adion in this battle, and proves
" it by the teftimony of perfons acquainted with that adion,
" I will, not only, reward him, immediately, with the honors,
** which every man, upon thefe occafions, isintitled to by the
** cuftom of his country, but will, alio, add to thole rewards a
part of the public lands, and put him in a condition above
wanting any thing, that is neceflary for his fubfiftance. But,
** if acowardly, and accurfed mind (hall fuggeft to any one an
" inclination to a (hameful flight ; to this man I will prefent
" before his eyes the death he endeavoured to avoid : For
" death is better than life to fuch a citizen, both for his
" own, and his country « fake. And whoever is put to death
'* in fuch a manner, fhall be honoured neither with burial,
'* nor any other funeral rites ; but, unregarded, unlamented,

« be

Bdok VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENTS IS. 15
" be devoured by birds, and beaAs of prey. Apprized,
" therefore, of thefe things, go all, chearfully, to the ingage-
" ment, with ^guine hopes, the guides to glorious adions,
" that,' by this one battle, if attended with the fuccefs we
" all wifli for, you will obtain the greateft of all advantages ;
" you will free yourfelves from the fear of the tyrants ;
** repay to your country, that gave you birth, the obliga-
tions fhe, juftly, requires of you for your education;
preferve your children, who are yet infants, and your
** wives from the irreparable treatment of your enemies ;
" and render the fliort time your aged fathers have yet ta
'* live moft agreeable to them : Happy thofe among you,.
" to whom it will be given to celebrate the triumph for
" this vidtory, while your children, your wives, and fathers
** receive you ! But glorious, and admired for their bravery
" will thofe be, who fhall lacrifice their lives for their country I
" For death is decreed to all men, both to the cowardly,
" and the brave ; but an illuilrious, and a glorious death.
" to the ' brave alone."

X. While he was difplaying thefe incentives to valor, a
kind of confidence, fent from heaven, feized the army, and
they all, as if aduated with one foul, cried out together. Fear
noty andkadus on. Upon which, Poftumiuscommended their.

1' Mavoi* T«if uW%tH. This is the only only point to be confidered is, whether

fpcech in our author, that I could wifh it can be fuppofed that he, or any other

fliorter. When I fay this, I own that general, ever made a fpeech of this

all the powers of eloquence are dif- length, when his army was upon the

played in it. But I am afraid it will point of ingaging. I cannot help

be faid, non erat bis locus. It fignifies thinking that the imperatoria brevitas

little whether this fpeech was, really, is full as effedual to animate the- (oU

fpokcn by the didator, or not : The diers, and more becoming the general..

alacrity,

i6 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVI.

alacrity, and made a vow to the gods, if the battle was at>
tended with a happy, and glorious events to perform great,
and coftly &crifices, and to inititute magnificent games to
be celebrated, annually^ by the Roman people : After which,
he difmifled his men to their ranks ; and, as foon as they
had received the word from their officers, and the trumpets
founded a charge, they gave a fhout, and fell on : Firft, the
light armed, and the hode, on each fide ; then the lines
of the heavy armed men, both armed, and drawn up
alike ^ and all mingling, a fevere battle infued, in which
every man fought hand to hand. However, both fides were,
extremely, deceived in the opinion they had entertained of
each other : For, neither of them thought a battle would
be neceflary, but expeded to put the enemy to flight at the
firft onfet. The Latines, confiding in the number of their
horle, concluded That of the Romans would not be able,
even, to fuftain their fhock : And the Romans imagined
that, by rufliing into the midft of danger in a daring, and
inconfiderate manner, they fliould terrify their enemies.
Having formed this opinion of one another in the begin-
ning, every thing they faw contradided it. Each fide,
therefore, founding, no longer, their hopes of prefervation,
and of vidory on the fear of the enemy, but on their own
courage, (hewed themfelves brave foldiers, even beyond
their power. Various, and fluduating was the fortune of the

day.

XI. Firft, the Romans pofted in the center, where the
didator Poftumius flood with a chofen body of horfe

about

Book VI. DIONYSIUS H ALIC ARN ASSENSIS.' 17

about him, he himfelf fighting among the foremoft, forced
that part of the enemy, that flood oppofite to them, Titus,
one of the fons of Tarquinius, being wounded in the right
fhoulder with a javelin, and, no longer able to ufe his hand
(for * Licinni js, and Gellius, without inquiring into the pro-
bability, or poffibility of the thing, introduce king Tarqui-
nius himfelf, a man, then, near ninety years of age, fighting
on horleback, and wounded) Titqs falling, thofe about him,
having fought a little while, and carried him off while he
was yet alive, fhewed no bravery after that ; but retired, by
degrees, as the Romans preffed them. After this, Sextus,
the other fon of Tarquinius, coming to their relief with the
Roman exiles, and a body of chofen horfe, they, again,
flood their ground, and attacked the enemy : Thcfe, there-
fore, recovering themfelves, fought again. In the mean time,
Titus Aebutius, and Mamilius 0<9aviu8, the commanders
of their refpedtive wings, fought in the mofl diflinguifhed
manner, driving their enemies before them wherever they
charged, and rallying their men when dilbrderedj then,
challenged one another, and fought : And, in the confli<ft,
gave one another grievous wounds, but none mortal ; the
general of the horfe, piercing the corflet of Mamilius with
his fpear, lodged the point of it in his breafl; and Mamilius
running the other through the middle of his right arm,
they fell from their horfes.

•• Aiximof, x«* c* wfji r»AAi«». See done,inordertoproduceinftancesfrom
the twenty fifth annotation on the firfl: hiftory of feveral perfons, who have en-
book. I do not think it neceflary to joyed great vigor at ninety years of age.
tranflate a note of Cafaubon upon this But this I know, that, if I had tranf-
occafion, |s M. * * *, and le Jay have lated his note, I fliould have owned it.

Vol. III. D XII.

i8 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

XII. Both of them being carried out of the field, Marcus
Valerius, who had been appointed ' legate, took upon him-
felf the command of the general of the horfe, and attacked
Thofe of the enemy in front ; and, after a Ihort refiftance,
was driven far out of the line : For this body of the enemy
had been, alfo, reinforced by a detachment of horfe, oon-
fifting of the Roman exiles, and by light armed men:
And Mamilius, having recovered himfelf from his wound,
appeared in the field again, and was come up with a ftrong
body both of horfe, and light armed foot. In this adion,
fell Marcus Valerius, the legate, wounded with a fpear ;
the fame perfon, who firft triumphed over the Sabines, and
raifed the fpirit of the commonwealth, funk by the defeat
flae had received from the Tyrrhenians ; and, round him, fell
many other worthy, and brave Romans. Both fides endea-
vouring to carry off his body, a fharp conflid infued, while
Publius, and Marcus, the fons of Poplicola, proteded their
uncle with their (hields : However, thefe carried him off
unfpoiled; and, delivering him to their fliield-bearers, while
he yet breathed a little, they fent him to the camp : Then,

»• TlpifCtvlnt. I muft defire leave of tranflate Legatus., a Lieutenant general;

the readerto tranflate this word, L^^«/^, which is more anfwcrable to his pofl,

whenever I meet with it. I find the It is well known that there were two

French tranflators have faid Lieutenant^ forts of Legati among the Romans ;

and Lieutenant Colonel^ which, by the the firft, embafladorsy and the other,

way, does not ^ve the fignification of military officers. The popes have

Legatus ; fince it fuppofes this officer prefervcd the name of the firft with

to be inferior to the Tribuniy which he, the addition of a latere \ vainly ima-

certainly, was not. If I thought myfclf gining that this pretence can intiti*

juftified in giving modern names to all them to the fame confideration as th«

the Roman officers, I Ihould rather embafiadors of ancient Rome.-

throwing

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENS IS. 19

throwing themfelves into the midft of the enemy through fury^
and ardor; and, having received many w^ounds from the Ro-
man exiles, who attacked them,'clofeIy, on all fides, they died
together. After this misfortune, the line of the Romans was
forced to give way ; and the whole left wing was broken, even,
to the center. When the didator oblerved the flight of his
men, he flew to their afliftance with all the horfe he had about
him; and ordered the other legate, Titus Herminius, to take
a troop of horfe; and, pafling behind their own lines, to force
the men, who fled, to face about; and, iftheyrefufed obe-
dience, to kill them; and he himfelf, with the befl: of his men,
puflied on towards the body of the enemy : And, when he
came near them, he clapped fpurs to his horfe before any of the
reft, and charged them with a loofe rein ; and all his men
falling on together in this terrible manner, the enemy, unable
to fuftain the wild, and favage fliock, fled, and many of them
fell. In the mean time, the legate, Herminius alfo, having
rallied thofe, who fled, brought them up, and attacked that
part of the enemy, that flood formed under Mamilius ; and
encountering this general, who, both for his ftature, and his
ftrength, was the moft remarkable man of his time, he
killed him ; and he himfelf, while he was fpoiling the body,
received a wound in his fide with a fword by fome perfon,
and fell dead. Sextus Tarquinius, who commanded the left
wing of the Latines, maintained his poft all this while in the
midft of dangers, and fcwrced the right wing of the Romans
to give way : But, when he faw Poftumius advancing
with the chofen horfe, he gave over all hopes, and ruflied

D 2 into

20 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

into themidft of the enemy's ranks; where, being furrounded
by the Romans, both horfe, and foot, and, like a wild beaft
affanlted on all fides with miflive weapons, he fell; but not
before he had killed many of thofe, who attacked himfword
in hand. The generals being flain, all the Latines fled at
once; and their camp, abandoned by the men, who had
been left to guard it, was taken: In which the Romans
found a very confiderable booty. This was the greateft
defeat the Latines had ever fufFered; the ill effedls of which
lafted very long, and their lofs was greater than any they
had, before, fuftained: For, of forty thoufand foot, and
three thoufand horfe, as I faid, not ten thoufand men re-
turned home in fafety.

XIII. It is faid that, in this battle, two men, on horfe-
back, far excelling the offspring of human nature, both in
beauty, and in ftature, and juft in their prime, appeared to
Poftumius, and to thofe about him, and charged at the head of
the Roman horfe, wounding with their fpears all they encoun-
tered, and driving the Latines before them ; And, after thefe
were putto flight, and their camp taken, the battle being, now,
over, two youths are faid to have appeared in the fame man-
ner, about the beginning of the night, in the Roman forum,
attired in military habits, very tall, and beautiful, and of
the feme age, themfelves retaining the looks of combatants
juft coming from a battle, and the horfes they rode being all
in a fweat. When, each of them difmounting, and wafliing
themfelves in the fountain, which, rifing near the temple of
Vefta, forms a fmall, but deep bafon, many people ftanding

about

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALI C ARN ASSENSIS. 21
about them, and inquiring if they had brought any news
from the camp, they related the particulars of the battle,
and that the Romans had gained the vidory. They add
that, after they left the forum, they were no more feen,
notwithftanding the great fearch, that was made after them
by the governor of the city. The next day, when the per-
fons intrufted yvith the care of the commonwealth, received
the letters fent by the didator, by which, among the other
circumftances of the adion, they were informed, ajfb, of the
apparition of thefe gods, they concluded that the fame had
appeared in both places, as might reafonably be imagined,
and believed that the divinities, who had fo appeared, were
Caftor, and Pollux. Of this extraordinary, and wonderful
apparition of thefe gods there are many monuments at Rome,
as the temple of Caftor,-and Pollux, which the Roman
people ereded in the forum, where they had appeared; and
the fountain near it, laid to be confecrated to them, and
thought to be fo to this day; and alfo the magnificent
facrifices, which the people offer, every year, by the miniftry
of the moil confiderable knights, "on the ides of the
month, called Quintilis, which was the day, on which they
gained this vidpry : But, above all thefe things, the memory

»o* Ey |t*t)v» KwT»7«Xi«. ^ux ides du mots fifteenth) of which was celebrated this
appelle ^intilius, fays M. •**. There proceflion, called by the Romans, /raw/^
never was fuch a month in the Roman ve8io equitum Romanorum. ^ Livy at-
calcndar as ^intilius : He (hould have tributes the inftitution of this procef-
faid^«i»///i^} afterwards called y«//0j, fion to Fabius Maximus-, ab eodem
in flattery to Julius Caefar, who was inftittttumdfcitur,utequifesldil'us ^in-
born in that month : On the ides (the ttliims tranfveberentur.

* '■B.ix.c. 46.

of

24 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

of it is perpetuated by a proceflion, performed after the
iacri^ce, by thofe, who have a " horfe maintained by the
public; and who, being difpofed in their tribes, and centu-
ries, ride all in their ranks, as if th^ came from battle,
crowned with olive branches, and attired in robes with
" purple borders, and ftripes of the fame color, which they
call Trabeae : They begin their procefllon firom a certain
temple of ^fers, that (lands without the walls ; and, going
through feveral parts of the city, and the forum, they pafs
by the temple of Caftor, and Pollux, fbmetimes to the num-
ber, even, of five thoufand, carrying all the ornaments they
have received from their generals, as the rewards of the valor
they have (hewn in battle : A fine fight, and worthy the
greatnefs of their empire. Thefe are the things I find to be
related, and performed by die Romans in memory of the
apparition of Caftor, and Pollux ; by which, among many
other inftances of grqat moment, one may judge how much
the men of thofc times were cherifhed by the gods.

»»• T«» itiiMttn iirireti. Inftcad of re- celui des premiers etoit entretenu aux

peatingwhat I have, already, faid con- depens du public. This difference is,

cerning the Roman knights, I fliall abfolutely, chimerical. From the time

refer the reader to the twenty eighth ofRomu'us, toMarius, the Romans

annotation on the fecond book- How- had no other cavalry but the knights,

ever, I cannot omit taking notice of whofe horfes were maintained by the

a miftake committed by M. * * * in public, and who conftituted the eque-

his note upon this paffage. I think ftrian order. This, I think, I have

myfelf obliged to quote his words } proved, in the annotation referred to.

Us chevaliers s'appelloient en Latin by feveral authorities •, particularly by'

equitcs, de mime que les foldats qui That of Livy, from whom I have

• compofoient la cavalerie Romaine : mais there quoted a paffage, which, to me,

ily avoit cette difference, que ceuxci en- appears deciflve.
tretenoientaleursfraislecbeval^dontils' "• *oimeir«fw^»f. Sec the 138"'

fefervoient dans les batmllest au lieu que annotation on the fecond book.

XIV.

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARN A SSENSIS. 23

XIV. Poftumius incamped that night in the field ; and,
the next day, he crowned thofe, who had diftinguiflied
themfelves in the battle; and, having appointed guards to
take care of the prifoners, he facrificed to the gods in thankf-
giving for the vidory : While he had yet his crown on his
head, and was laying the firft offering on the altar to be
confumed with fire, fome fcouts, running down from the
eminences j brought him word that an army of enemies
was marching againft him; This confifted of the chofen
youth of the Volfcian nation, who had been fent out, as
auxiliaries, ta the Latines before the battle was ended.
Upon this information, he ordered all his men to their arms,
and that every one fliould (lay in the camp under his proper
cnfigns, keeping themfelves upon their guard, and in their
ranks, till he himfelf fliould order them what to do> On
the other fide, the generals of the Volfci, incamping in
a place, where they could '^ not be obferved. by the
Romans, when they faw the field covered with dead bodies,
and the tents in both camps (landing, and that none of
their enemies, or friends ftirred out of their intrenchments,
they were, for fome time, amazed, and at a lofs to guefs
what turn of fortune had produced this fituation of afl^irs :
But, being informed by thofe, who had efcaped fi-om the
defeat, of all the circumftances of the battle, they confulted
with their officers what was to be done. The boldefl of
them were of opinion, that the befl thing they could do was

>3' E| uitonlu. As this word fignifies given it the firft (enfe, which feems to
invifibUy. as well as conj^icuousy the imply, greater caution..
tcaniKtoi*^ ^^ ^^^^ choice. I have

to

24 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

to attack the camp of the Romans, %vhile many of them
were yet difabled with their wounds, and all tired with the
labor of the day, their armsufelefs, fome being blunted, and
others broken, and no frefli forces from Rome yet at hand
to relieve them. On the other fide, they faid their own
army was numerous, full of. courage, bravely armed, expe-
rienced in war, and, by appearing unexpededly, was fure to
aflonilh, even, the boldeft.

XV. But the moft prudent among them did not think it
fafe, without allies, to run the hazard of attacking men well
acquainted with military difcipline, who had juft defeated
fo great an army of the Latines; or to commit their greatell
interefts to the danger of an ingagement in a foreign
country, where, if any misfortune happened, they had no
place of fafety to retire to. Thefe advifed, therefore, to
provide rather for a fafe retreat to their own country as foon
as poffible, and to look upon it as a great advantage, if they
fuftained no lofs in this expedition. But others difapproved
of both thefe meafures, and (hewed that the eagernefs for an
ingagement was juvenile, and the ridiculous flight to their
own country, fhameful ; and that either of thefe was the
objedl of the enemy's wifhes: Their opinicMi, therefore,
was, that, at prefent, they ought to fortify their camp, and
prepare every thing for a battle ; and that, difpatching
meflengers to the reft of the Volfci, they fhould defire them
to do one of thefe two things, either to fend another army of
equal ftrength to That of the Romans, or, recal the forces
they had, already, fent out. But the opinion, that prevailed

with

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 25

with the greateft part, and received the iandtion of the
men in power, was to fend fpies to the Roman camp,
fecured by the quality of embafladors, to falute the ge-
neral, and acquaint him that, as allies of the Romans,
fent by the Volfcian nation, they were forry they came too
iate for the battle, as being intitled to little, or no thanks
for their zeal : However, that they congratulated the good
fortune of the Romans, in having gained a great viftory,
vidthout the afliftance of their allies. After the embafia-
dors had impofed upon the, Romans by this officious diC-
courfe, and prevailed on theie to confide in them, as in their
friends, they were to examine every thing, and acquaint the
generals of the Volfd, at their return, with their numbers,
the condition of their arms, and their preparations, and
whether they propofed to execute any defign : And that,
after they were, thoroughly, acquainted with thefe thin^
they would deliberate whether it were expedient to fend for
frefli forces, and attack the Romans, or to return home
with the army they had with them.

XVI. After they had taken this refblution, the embafla-
dors they had chofen went to the didator; and, being
introduced to the aflembly, they fpoke in the deceitful
manner they had been inflruded. When Poflumius, after
a fliort paufe, faid ; " You have brought with you, Volfci,
" evil defigns clothed with good words ; and, while you ad:
" like enemies, you defire to appear like friends : For you
" were fent by your nation to aflifl the Latines againfl us ;
** but, arriving after the batde, and feeing them overcome,

Vol. III. E " you

26 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

" you want to deceive us, by pretending dcfigns contrary to
" Thofe you, really, entertained: And neither the good-
" will you exprefs, which you have calculated for the prefent
" jundure, nor the pretence, under which you are come
" hither, have any fincerity in them ; but are full of fraud,
** and deceit: For you were not fent to congratulate our
" good fortune, but to examine into the weaknefs, or ftrength
** of our condition ; and you are embafladors in appearance,
" but fpies in reality." And, when the others denied every
thing he had charged them with, he faid he would foon
convince them of the truth of it : And, prefently, (hewed
them their letters^ which he had intercepted before the
battle, to the generals of the Latines, in which they promifed
to fend forces to their afliftance ; and produced the perfons,
who were carrying thofe letters. After thefe were read, and
the prifoners had given an account of the orders they had re-
ceived, the common foldiers were going to ftone the Volfei,
as fpies taken in the fad : But Poftumius thought that good
men ought not to imitate the wicked; faying, it would
become them more, and fliew more greatnefs of mind to
referve their anger againft the fenders, rather than againfl:
the fent ; and to difmifs the men, in confideration of their
apparent title of embafladors, rather than to put them to death
in confideration of their difguifed quality of fpies ; left they
ihould give a fpecious color either of war to the Volfci,
while they pretended their embafladors were put to death,
contrary to the right of nations, or to their other enemies of
^propagating reports, which, though falfe, would appear
neither ill-grounded, nor incredible. XVII.

Book VI. DIONYS'IUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS. 27

XVII. Having, thus, put a flop to the fury of the foldiers,
he commanded the men to be difmifled, and to return
'* without looking back ; and ordered them a guard of horfe,
who conducted them to the camp of the Volfci. After he
had fend away the fpies, he cojnmanded the foldiers to
prepare for battle, as defigning, the next day, to ingage.
But there was no occafion for a battle : For the generals of
the Volfci decamped in the middle of the night, and re-
turned home. All things having fucceeded to his wifli, he
buried his own dead j and, having purified his army, re-
turned to the city, and celebrated a magnificent triuniph,
carrying with him heaps of arms on many carts, together
with a great quantity of military ftores, followed by five
thoufand five hundred prifoners, taken in the laft battle.
And, having fet apart the tenths of the ipoils, he employed
'* forty talents in performing games, and facrifices to the
gods ; and contracted for the building temples to Ceres,
Bacchus, and Proferpine, in performance of his vow : For,
in the beginning of the war, there had been a fcarcity of
provifions for the -arniy, a failure of which was, greatly,
apprehended, the land having lain uncultivated, and the
importation of provifions been flopped, by reafon of the war :
Induced by this apprehenfion, he had ordered the guardians
of theSibylline books to confult them ; and, finding that the

H- Aftslatcf fTT?.. The Latin tranf- Quintius Fljvmininus, Rexprimo effufe^
lators might have rendered this word ac fine refpe(5lu/«f/V.
much better than they have done, by 'S- T«T7f^«xo»I« T«A«r7«. In our

fine refpeSu \ as 'Livy fays of Philip, money, 7750 pounds,
when he received a check from T.

>B. xxxti.c. 12.

E 2 oracles

28 ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVI.

oracles ordered thefe gods to be rendered propitious, he i;nade a
vow to them, when he was going to take the field, that, if
there was the lame plenty of provifions in the city, during
the time of his magiftracy, as before, he would build temples,
and appoint facrifices to be performed to them every year.
Thefe gods, hearing his prayer, caufed the land to produce
abundant crops, not only, of corn, but, alfo, of fi-uit; and all
foreign provifions to be imported in greater plenty, than
before. Which when Poftumius himfelf law, he ordered the
temples to be built. The Romans, therefore, having, through
the benevolence of the gods, repelled the war, brought upon
them for the reftoration of the tyrants, employed their time
in feafts, and facrifices.

XVIII. A few days after, embafiadors came to them fi*om
the Latin nation, chofen out of all their cities (being the
**fame perfons, who had, all along, declared againfl the
war) holding up *' olive branches, and other marks of fup^
pliants. Thefe, being introduced into the fenate, firft, ac-
cufed the men of power, in eviery city, of having been the

'*• Oi Tij» neivliM »jt«»I« "■«{« « woMf«» power thefe ctnbaiTadors had oppofed.

yrufi^i. The two French tranflators '7' iKtlti(ni. " Livy will explain this

have faid, qui s'iteient eppejees <J la Greek cuftom : In giving an account

guerre. This every body, who under- of the fuppliant manner, in which the

Hands French, will fee relates to the Locrenfian embafladors addrefled their

cities, not to the embaflfadors } which complaints to the Roman confuls a-

is contrary to the Greek text, where gainft Pleminius, he fays ; decern legati

it ftands oi *x'>^fti not «i tx^tat. And Locrenjium obfiti fquallore et fordibusy in

thefe embafladors fay, in excufe of the Comitio fedentibus confulibusy velamenta

Latines,thattheircitieswereinfluenced fupplicuniy romos oleae (ut Graecis mos

by the men of power, when they dc- eft) porrigentes, ante trihunal cumflebUi

dared for the warj which men of vociferatione procubuerunt.

k B. zzix. c. 1 6.

caufe

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 29
caufe of the war; and that the people >had been guilty but
c£ one fault, which was, of having been deluded by their
corrupt demagogues, who had nothing elfe in view but their
private advantages. And, for this delufion, in which neceffity
had thegreateft fhare, they faid, every city had, already, been,
leverely, puniflied by the lofs of the beft of their youth;
fo that, it was not eafy to find a fingle family, that was not
in mourning. ' They defired the Romans would receive
thofe, who, willingly, fubmitted to them, and had no in-
tention, any longer, either to contefl the fbvereignty with
them, or to pretend to an equality; but were refolved to
continue, ever after, to be their allies, and fubjeds, and to
add to the happinefs of the Romans all that dignity, which
fortune had taken from the Latines. At the end of their
fpeech, they called upon the affinity, that fubfifted between
the two nations, and put them in mind of the many occa-
fions, where they had, formerly, affifted them without ever
excufing themfelves, and bewailed the misfortunes, that
would fall on the innocent, who were many more in num-
ber, than the guilty ; accompanying every thing they faid
with tears; embracing the knees of all the fenators ; and
laying the enfigns of fuppliants at the feet of Poflumius :
So that, the whole fenate were afleded, in fbme degree,
with their tears, and intreaties.

XIX. After the embaf&dors withdrew, and liberty was
given to the fenators, who, ufually, delivered their
opinions, Titus Lartius, who had been the firfl diAator,

three

30 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

'^ tliree years before, advifed them to ufe their good fortune
with moderation, faying, that the greateft praife, that could
be given to a whole people, as well as to individuals, was
not to be corrupted with profperity, but to bear good for-
tune with temperance, and moderation : For all profperity
was envied, particularly. That, which was attended with
arrogance, and rigor to the humbled, and fubdued. That
they ought not to rely on fortune, they, who, by their own
adverfity, and profperity, had experienced how inconftant
ihe is, and fubjed to fudden changes : Neither ought they
to reduce their adverfarics to a neceflity of running the
greateft hazards, which neceflity renders men 'Maring beyond
their judgement, and brave beyond their power. He faid,
they had reafon to be afraid of drawing upon themfelves the
general hatred of all they propofed to command, if they

j8- t« w«f f ^Oovli f y/rtulw. Sylburgius, opinionem. This I do not take to be

and, after him, M. ***, have obferved the fenfe of the Greek words either in

that Lartius had been didator three Thucydides, or in our author, though

years before. This muft, therefore, be . I obferve that Portus has given this

an error in the tranfcriber. fenfe to them, when he fays, praeter

'9* n<Kfflt ymfAn^ To)<fjL^m^^%oLi v7ri$ omnem expeSfationem. As for the French

io^ctiAiv ^uxnloti* Whoever has read tranflators, their verfions of this paf-

Thucydides with attention will fee, at fage are nothing but loofe paraphrafes,

fiift fight, that our author has imitated which deferve not to be tranfcribed.

him upon this occafion. The Corin- But, to return to this expreffion, I have

thian embaffadors, in comparing the rendered it, as if the words were, va^a

charafter of the Athenians with That tij¥ g«u7«ir yv«/*fjv, not w^f a rtiv w«»7«»

of the Lacedaemonians, fay of the for- yycafiry^ which laft is the fenfe the two

mer, or rather, * Thucydides fays for Latin tranflators I mentioned, have

them, ii /Acv, xflfj zs»^€t, ivvafAtf ToAjU)i7tfi, given to this paflage ; and the former

nm vcc^ct yvuixtiv'KtvivvsiHai, etc. I was is the fenfe, I find, Hobbes has given

furprifed to find that Valla has tranf- to the words of Thucydides, when he

lat^ watfx yvwfAijv, praeter bominum hy^^ adventurous above their own reafon.

»B.i. c. 70.

puniiLed

BookVI. DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENSIS. 31
pimiftied the guilty in a fevcre, and inexorable manner, as if
they had abandoned their uHial maxims, forgetting they
owed to them their prefent luftre, and transformed their
fovereignty from a command, and a preeminence, which
it was before, to a tyranny. He added that errors are mo-
derate, and do not deferve indignation, when a people, zea*
lous for liberty, and, formerly, accuftomed to command,
are tenacious of their ancient dignity ; And, if thofe, who
aim at the greateft things, are to be punifhed in an irrepa-
raWe planner, when they are difappointed of their hopes,
nothing can hinder the whole race of men from being de-
ftroyed by one another : For all men have an innate defire
of liberty. He (hewed that the government, which fought
to fubdue its flibjeds by benefits, was far better, and more
firmly eftablifhed, than That, which fought to fubdue them
bypunifhments; the former producing love, and the latter,
terror. And there was a neceffity, founded on nature, that
everything, that was terrible, fhould be, particularly, detefted.
At the end of his fpeech, he defired they would take example
from the beft actions of their anceftors, by which they gained
commendation ; and he recounted the many cities they had
taken by ftorm, which they had not demolifhed; neither
had they killed the inhabitants, who were men grown, nor
inflaved them ; but, by making thofe cities Roman colonies,
and by communicating the privileges of Romati citizens to
fuch of the conquered,, as defired to live at Rome, they had
aggrandized their city. The fubftance of his opinion was,
to renew the treaties they had, before, made with the

Latin

3? ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

Latin nation, and to retain no refentment againfl any of the
cities for the errors they had been guilty of.

XX. Servius Sulpicius oppofed nothing the other had (aid
concerning the peace, and the renewal of the treaties ; but
faid his opinion was (fince the Latines had firft violated thofe
treaties, and that this was not the firft time they had done
fo, which might deferve fome forgivenefs, as they pretended
neceffity, and delufion, but they had, often, broken them be-
fore, which deferved corredionj that impunity, and liberty be
granted to all of them, by reafon of their affinity ; but that
one half of their lands be taken from them, and a Roman
colony fent thither, among whom they fhould be divided by
lot, who would enjoy the produce of thofe lands, and pre-
vent the Latines from raifing further difturbances. Spurius
Caftius advifed to rale their cities, faying he wondered at
the folly of thofe, who defired their crimes might go un-
puniflied ; and who could not fee that, through the inbred,
and unalterable envy, with which they were animated againft
the rifing power of Rome, they were, ever, contriving to
raife fucceflive wars againft them, and that they would
never, willingly, give over their treacherous defigns, while
they were poflefled with this unfortunate paflion: That
they had, lately, endeavoured to reduce a people, related to
them, under the power of tyrants, more favage than any wild
beafts, and had trampled upon all the treaties they had
fworne by the gods to obferve, being induced to it by no
other hopes than that, if the war did not fucceed according
to their expedation, they fhould incur either no punifhment

at

Book VI. DIONYSrUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 33

at all, or a very flight one. And he, alfo, defired them to
take example from the actions of their anceftors, who, when
they obferved the city of Alba, of which they themfelves,
and all the other Latin cities were colonies, to envy their
profperity, and to have made ufe of the impunity they had
obtained for their firft tranfgreflions, as an opportunity of
multiplying their treacheries, they refolved to deftroy it in
one day ; looking upon it that there was no difference be-
tween pitying none, who had committed fmall faults, and
punifhing none, who had committed the greatefl, and the
moft incorrigible crimes : And that it would be an ad of
great folly, and infenfibility, not of humanity, and modera-
tion in thofe, who could not bear the envy of their mother
city, when it appeared beyond meafure grievous, and
intolerable, to fubmit to That of their relations; and
who had punifhed enemies convifted of being fb in fewer
inflances, by depriving them of their country, to exad no
punifliment from fuch, as had, often, fhewn their irreconr
cileable hatred to them. Having faid this, and enumerated
all the rebellions of the Latines, and put the fenate in mind
of the vafl number of Romans, who had lofl their lives in
the wars againft them, he advifed to treat them in the fame
manner they had, formerly, treated the Albans; to rafe
their cities, and add their territories to Thofe of the Romans;
to grant the rights of Roman citizens to fuch of the inha-
bitants, as had fhewn any affedion towards their common-
wealth, and to fufFer them to enjoy their fortunes ; to put to
death, as traitors, the authors of the revolt, by whom the
Vol. III. F treaties

34 ROMAN ANTIQJUITIES OF Book VI.

treaties had been diflblved; and, as to the poorer fort of the
people, the lazy, and the ufelefs, to make them flaves.

XXI. Thcfe were the opinions of the leading men of the
fenate : But the didlator giving the preference to That of
Lartius, and no further oppofition being made to it, the
embafladors were called in to receive their anfwer : When
Pbftumius, after reproaching them with an evil difpofition
never to be reformed, faid ; " We fhould do an a^ of juftice,
" if we treated you with the utmoft feverity, a treatment
" you had prepared for us, if the many attempts you have
•* made againft us had fucceeded. However, the Romans
" have refolved not to prefer juftice to clemency; becaufe
" they confider that the Latines are their relations, and have
" had recourfe to the mercy of thole they had injured ; but
" to acquit them of the punifhment due to thefc o£^nces
" alfo, as well from a regard to the gods, who prefide over
" confanguinity, as to the inftability of Fortune, to whom
" they owe their viAory. At prefent, therefore, return,
" feys he, perfedtty free; and, after you have releaied the
** prifoners; delivered up the dcferters, and expelled the
" exiles, then fend embafladors to us to treat of friendfhip,
** and of an alliance, with this aflurance that they fhall
" obtain every thing, that is reafonable." The embafladors,
having received this anfwer, departed : And, a few days
after, returned, having releaied the prifoners, and font away
Tarquinius, and the exiles ; bringing with them all the de-
ferters they could find, in chains. In confideration of which,
they obtained of the fenate a treaty of friend/hip, and alliance

upon

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 35
upon the fame terms with the former ; and renewed the oaths,
before taken <poncerning it, by the interpofition of the Feciales.
Thus ended the war, which the Romans had carried on againft
the tyrants, after.it had lafted fourteen years from their ex-
puliion. After this, Tarquinius (for he ftill furvived his fa-
mily) being, now, near ninety years of age, and having loft
his children, and his fon-in-law, paflfed a miferable old age
among thofe, who hated him ; and, when neither the Latines,
the Tyrrhenians, the Sabines, nor any other free people
in thofe parts, would fufier him to refide in their cities, he
retired to Cumae in Campania, and was received by Arifto-
demus, fumamed Malachus, who was, at that time, tyrant
of the Cumaeans : And, having lived a few days there, he
died, and was buried by him. Some of the exiles, who had
followed his fortunes, remained at Cumae ; and the reft,
dii^)eriing themielves in other cities, ended their days in
bamftiment.

XXn. After the Romans had put an end to the foreign
wars, the civil fedition fprung up again : For the fenate
ordered the courts of juftice to fit, and that all fuits, which'
they had refpited on account of the war, fhould be deter-
mined according to the laws. The contefls, ariiing from
the contrafts, produced great ftorms, and terrible inflances
of an infblent, and fhamelefs behaviour ; the common people
pretending that, as the country had been laid wafte by a
long war, their cattle deflroyed, the number of their flaves
reduced by defertion, and the incurfions of the enemy, and
the fortunes they had in the city, confumed by their expence*

F2 in

36 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

in the war, they were under an impoffibility of paying their
debts : And, on the other fide, the creditors alledged that
thefe calamities had been common to all, and not confined
to the debtors only, and thought it was infiifFerable for them
to lofe, not only, what they had been deprived of in the
war by the enemy, but, alfo, what they had lent, during the
peace, to fome of the citizens, who wanted their afilflance.
So that, the creditors, fubmitting to nothing that was rea-
fonable, and the debtors to nothing that was juft, and the
former refufing to abate even the intereft, and the latter to
pay even the principal itfelf, frequent meetings were held
by thofe, who were in the fame circumftances, and the
oppofite parties faced one another in the forum ; and, fome-
times, fkirmifhes infued ; by all which, the whole fyftem of
the civil government was difordered. Poftumius, who was,
ftill, revered by men of all ranks, feeing this, thought it an
advantageous meafure to refcue the commonwealth from
thefe civil ftorms by a difficult war ; and, before he had
finifhed the whole time of his fovereign magiftracy, he ab-
dicated the didtatorfhip; and, having fixed a day for the
eledion of confuls, he, together with his coUegue, appointed
the ufual magiftrates.

XXIII. The confuls, inverted, again, with the annual,
and legal magiftracy, were Appius Claudius Sabinus, and
Publius Servilius Prifcus; who, judging, rightly, that the
greateft of all fervices they could do to the commonwealth,
was to divert the civil tumult to a foreign war, were
contriving that one of them fliould march with an army

againft

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSEN'SIS. 37
againft the Volfci ; as well to take revenge of them for the
fuccours they had fent to the Latines againft the Romans,
as to prevent their preparations, which, as yet, were not far
advanced : For they, alfo, were reported to be raifing an
army with the greateft adivity, and lending embafladors to
the neighbouring nations to folicit them to enter into their
alliance ; being induced to take thefe fteps from the account
they had received that there was a divifion between the
plebeians, and the patricians, and from an opinion that it
would be no difficult matter to make themfelves mafters of
a city weakened by a domeftic war. The confuls, therefore,
having refolved, for thefe reafons, to lead out an army, and
their refolution being approved of by the whole fenate, they
ordered all the youth to prefent themfelves on the day they
had appointed to make their levies. But the plebeians,
though, often, called to take the military oath, not obeying
the confuls, thefe were, no longer, unanimous. But, begin-
ning from hence, they divided, and continued taoppofe one
another all the time of their magiftracy. For Servilius was
of opinion that they ought to take the milder way, and
adhere to the maxims of Marcus Valerius, a moft popular
man, who advifed to apply a remedy to the caufe of the
feditiQn, by decreeing, above all things, an abolition, or, at
leaft, a diminution of the debts ; but, if That could not be
obtained, to forbid, for the prefent, the carrying to prifbn
any of the debtors, who had exceeded the day appointed for
the payment of their debts ; and, by exhortation, rather
than force, to induce the poor to take the military oath,

and

38 ROMAN ANTIQiJITIES OF Blobk VL

and not to punifh the difobedient, as in a city where concord
reigned, in a fevere, and inexorably m^ner, but with mo-
deration, and mildneis : For, he iaid> there was reaibn ta
apprehend that men, in want of the daily necefl&ries of life.
If con^pelled to ferve sif. their own expence, when met to-
gether, might commit fome defperate aft.

XXIV. On the other fide, the opinion of Appius, the
mod con^era,ble perfon among the patrons of the arifto-
cracy, \ya$ fevere and haughty ; he advifed to indulge the
people in nothing> but even to allow the creditors to compel
the payment of the obligations, upon the terms they were
intided to, and that the conful, who remained in the dty,
ihould appoint the courts of jui/i:ice to fit according to the
eftablifhed cufioms ; that the punifhments, ordained by
law, againfl thofe> who declined the fervice, be infii^kd,
and that they ought to yield to the people in nothing, that
was not founded in juAice, or join with them in eftablilhing
a deftrudlive power : For, lays he, they are, now, grown
wanton beyond all meafure, by being difcharged of the
tributes they, formerly, paid to the kings, and freed fi-om the
corporal punifliments they fuifered from them, when they
did not, prefently, yield obedience to all their commands.
But, if they go further, and attempt any alteratioa in the
conftitution, or to exalt themfelves, let us make ufe of the
fober, and found part of the citizens, who will be found
more numerous than the difafFecfted, tofupprefsthem. We
are provided with no fmall ftrength to effe<ft this, and the
patrician youth is ready to obey our commands : But the

moft

Book VI. DlONYSIUS HALI C ARNASSENSIS. 39
moft formidable Weapbn of all, and the irtoft difficult to be
refifted, is the power of the fenate ; armed with ^VhifcJl we
fhall fubdue the plebeians, and ftrike them ^^ith tefrc>r, Vv^hile
We fupport the laws : Whereas, if we fdai, arid grant their
demands, in the fitft place, we fhall difgrace oiirfdves by
giving up the government to the people, when we had it in
our power to live under an ariftocracy j and,in the next, we
£hall be expofed to the greateft danger of lofihg our liberty
again, if any man, aiming at tyranny, fhould, by courting
them, acquire a power fuperior to the laws. The confuls
conteiHng in this manner, as well in private, as when the
fenate was ailembled, and many fiding with each, that af-
fembly, tired with their altercation, and noife, and the in-
decent ipeeches, with which they abufed one another, was
difmified, without coming to any falutary refolution.

XXV. Much time being confumed in thefe things, the
other conful, Servilius (fpr it had fallen to his lot to command
the army) having, by great intreaties, and conciUating the
affections of the people, prevailed with them to aflift in the
war, took the field with an army not railed by compulfion,.
but confifttng of voluntiers, as the prefent jundure required,
while the Volfci were yet employed in their preparations,
and expedted that the Romans, thus divided, and in^ged
in mutual animofities, would neither march againft them
with an army, nor dare to refift them, if attacked ; and
that they fhould be, intirely, at liberty to be^n the war, when-
ever they thought fit: But, when thofe, who were defigned
to be attacked, became the aggreflbrs, the mofl re^dbble

for<

40 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

for their age among the Volfci, ftruck with the expedition
of the Romans, went out of their cities with oHve branches ;
and, delivering up themfelves to Servilius, fubmitted to fuch
treatment, as he fhould think fit to inflid on their offences :
Who, taking from them provifions, and clothes for his army;
and, chufing out of the mod confiderable families three
hundred hoflages, departed, looking upon the war as at an
end. However, this did not prove an end of the war, but
rather a delay, and an opportunity of making preparations
to thofe, who had been furprifed by the unexpedted in-
vafion. For the Roman army was no fooner gone, but the
Volfci, again, prepared for war, by fortifying their towns,
and reinforcing the garrifons of fuch places, as were proper
to fecure them againfl the enemy. The Hernici, and the
Sabines efpoufed their quarrel openly, and many others
privately : But the Latines, when embafTadors were fent to
them to defire their afUflance, bound the men, and carried
tliem to Rome. The fenate, in return for their firm ad-
herence to their alliance,' and, yet more, for the alacrity
they fhewed to take a fhare in the war, (for they were
ready to affift them of their own accord) granted to tiiem a
favor they knew they defired above all things, but were
afliamed to aik it, which was to releafe the prifoners they
had taken from them, during the wars, without ranfom,
the number of whom amounted to near fix thoufand ; and,
in order to give fuch a luflre to the prefent, as mofl became
their affinity, they clothed them all with the apparel proper
to free men. As to the offer of their afliflance, the fenate

told

Book VI. DIONY-SIUS HALIC ARN ASS ENS I S. 41

told them they did not ftand in need of it ; and that the
national forces of Rome were fufficient to chaftize thofei
who had revolted from them. After they had given this
"anfwer to the Latines, they palled a vote for the war againft
the Volfci.

XXVI, While the fenate was yet fitting, and confidering
what forces fhould be lent into the field, a man, advanced
in years, appeared in the forum : He was drelled in rags,
with his beard, and hair grown long ; and, crying out, called
upon the people for alliftance. And all, who were near,
flocking to him, he placed himfelf in a confpicuous part of
the forum, and laid ; " I was horn free, and have fervcd
" the whole time appointed by law; been prefent in twenty
" eight battles, and have, often, received the cuftomary
" rewards for the liiperior bravery I have Ihewn in the wars;
" and, when the commonwealth was reduced to the laft
" ftreights by the feverity of the times, I was forced to
** contrad a debt to pay the contributions levied upon me ;
" My lands being laid waAe by the incurfions of the enemy,
" and my fortunes, in the city, exhaulled by the fcarcity of

provifions, I, for thele reafons, unable to difcharge the

debt, was carried away, as a Have, by my creditor, with my
" two Ions ; and my mailer ordering me to do fome difficult
" work, and I, refiifing to do it, was, feverely, Icourged.'*
After he had faid this, he threw off his rags, and Ihewed
his breaft covered with Icars, and his back bleeding with the
ftripes. This raifing a general clamor, and lamentation in
all prefent, the fenate broke up, and the poor ran through

Vol. III. G every

«

42 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVI.

every ftreet, each bewailing his own misfortunes, and im-
ploring the afTiftance of his neighbour. At the fame time,
all, who were in flavery for their debts, ruflied out of the
houfes of their creditors, with their hair grown long, and
moft of them in chains, and fetters, none daring to lay hold
of them; and, if any offered to touch them, they were,
violently, tome in pieces : Such a madnefs poflefled the
people at that time ! and, prefently, the forum was full of
debtors, who had broken loofe from their chains. Appius,
therefore, fearing fome attempt from the people, fince he
had been the caufe of this mifchief, fled from the forum.
But Servilius, throwing off his robe bordered with purple, and
caftinghimfelfin tears at the feetof every one of the plebeians,
with difficulty prevailed upon them to be quiet that day,
and to come the day after; afTuring them the fenate would
take fome care of their interefV. Having faid this, he ordered
the cryer to make proclamation that no creditor Ihould be
at liberty to carry any of the citizens to prifon for his debt,
till the fenate fhould come to a refolution concerning them ;
and that all prefent might go, with impunity, whitherfoever
they pleafed : By which means, he appeafed the fedition.

XXVII. Upon this, they left the forum for that time:
But the next day, there appeared, not only, the inhabitants
of the city, but all the people of the neighbouring country,
and the forum was crowded by break of day. The fenate
being aflembled to confider what was to be done, Appius
called his collegue a flatterer of the people, and the ring-
leader in their madnefs : On the other fide, Servilius called

him

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 43

him a levere, and haughty man, and the caufe of the prefent
mifchiefs. And there was no end of their contcfts. In the
mean time, fbme horfemen, lent by the Latines, came riding
full fpeed to the forum, and gave notice that the enemy,
had taken the field with a great army, and were, already,
upon their confines: This was the account they brought.
Upon which, the patricians, and the whole body of the
knights, together with all thofe, who were diftinguifhed
either by their fortunes, or the luftre of their anceftors, as
having a great deal at ftake, armed themfelves in all hafte.
But the poor, and, particularly, fuch, as laboured under
debts, neither meddled with arms, nor gave any other af-
fiftance to the commonwealth ; But were pleafed, and re-
ceived the news of a foreign war, as a thing, that fell out
to their wiih, looking upon it as a cure for their prefent
evils. To thofe, who defired them to take arms, they fliewed
their chains, and fetters, and afked them, inderifion, whether
it were worth their while to make war, in order to preferve
thofe bleffings. And many went Co far as to fay that it was
better for them to be Haves to the Volfci, than to bear the
abufes of the patricians. And, now, the city was filled with
wailings, tumult, and all forts of womanifli lamentations.

XXVIII. The fenators, feeing thefe things, begged of the
other conful, Servilius, who feemed, in the prefent juncture,
to have greater credit with the people, to relieve his country.
Who, calHng the people together, Ihewed them that the
neceflity of the times did not admit of civil contefts, and be-
fought them to march, at that time, againft the enemy with

G 2 unanimity,

44 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

unanimity, and not fufFer their country to be fubverted
in which were the gods of their fathers, and the fepulchres
of their anceftors, bothmoft precious in the eyes of all men ;
to refpeft their parents, unable, through age, to defend
themfelves ; to compaffionate their wives, who muft, pre-
fently, be expofed to dreadful, and unutterable abufes ; and,
particularly, to pity their infant children, who, though
brought up with better expeditions, would be treated in the
moft injurious, infulting, and cruel manner : And, after
they had, by a general effort, freed their country from the
prefent danger, then he advifed them to confrder in what
manner they fliould conftitute an equal, common, and falu-
tary form of government, in which neither the poor might
defraud the rich of their fortunes, nor thefe infult the low
condition of their inferiors ; neither of which became fellow-
citizens ; and, alfo, what legal protection fhould be eftablifhcd
on behalf of the poor, and what moderate relief given to the
creditors. By this means, the Roman commonwealth wouH
not be the only one, from which the faith of contraiEh
which is the greateft of all human benefits to the injured,
and the guardian of concord in all governments, woidd be,
totally, and, for ever, banifhed. After he had faid this, and
every thing elfe the occafion required, he put them in mind
of the affedion, which he himfelf had ever fhewn to the
people, and defired them to ferve under him in this expe-
dition in return for that affedtion, the government of the
city being committed to his coUegue, and the command of
the army conferred upon himfelf, the lot having, thus, deter-
mined

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARKASSENSIS. 45
mined their refjjedive fundions. He laid, alfo, that the
ienate had promifed him to confirm wliatever conceilions.he
Ihould make to the people ; and that he had promifed the
fenate to perfuade the people not to betray their country to
the enemy.

XXIX. Having {aid this, he ordered the cryer to make
proclamation that no perfbn fhould be at Hberty to feize,
fell, or retain as pledges the houfes of thofe Romans, who
Ihould march out with him againft the Volfci, or carry thdr
children to prifon for any debt, and that none fhould hinder
any, who defired it, from entering into the fervice : But,
with regard to thofe, who fhould decline it, their creditors
fhould have power to compel them to pay their debts, upon
the terms each of them had advanced their money. When
the poor heard this, they, prefently, relaxed, and all fliewed
great ardor for the war ; fome, induced to it by the hopes
of booty -, others, by their afFe<£tion to the general ; but the
greatefl part, to avoid the fury of Appius, and theabufive treat-
ment, to which thofe, who flaid in the city, would be expofed.
Servilius, putting himfelf at the head of the army, lofl no
time; but marched with great expedition, that he might
ingage the enemy, before they entered the Roman territories.
And, finding them incamped in the Pometine plain, and
foraging the country of the Latines, becaufe, when fblicited
by them, they had refiifed to affifl them in the war, he
incamped, in the beginning of the night, upon a hill,diftant
about twenty ftadia from the enemy. And, in the night, his
arjny was attacked by the Volfci, who thought they were

few

46 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVI.

few in number, tired with a long march, and in no difpo-
iition to fight, by reafon of the commotions raifed by the
poor concerning their debts, which feemed then to be at
their height. Servilius maintained the fight in his camp,
as long as the night lafted ; and, as foon as it was day, when
he faw the enemy employed in plundering the country
without obferving any order, he commanded feveral gates
of the camp to be opened privately, and, at one fignal,
(allied out with his army againfl them. The attack being
fudden, furprifed the Volfci ; fome few of whom, making
refiftance, were killed fighting near the intrenchments.
And the reft, flying with precipitation, after the lofs of
many of their companions, faved themfelves in their camp,
the greateft part of them being wounded, and having loft
their arms. The Romans, purfuing them clofe, invefted
them in their intrenchments ; and, after a (hort defence,
thefe delivered up their camp, which was full of flaves, cattle,
arms, and all forts of military ftores. There were, alfo, many
free men taken in it, fome of them being of the Volfcian
nation, and others, belonging to the cities, which had aflifted
them : And, with thefe, as great a quantity of money both
in gold, and filver, and of apparel, as if the richeft city had
been taken: All which Servilius ordered to be divided
among the foldiers that every man might be benefited by the
booty, and no part of it brought into the treafury ; and>
having fet fire to the camp, he marched, with his army, to
•*Sueffa Pometia, being the city, that lay neareft: Which,

>o* lutffftt. Uufitiliatn. Sjee the fifty ninth annotation on the fourth book.

for

fiookVI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSJS. 47
for its extent, the number of its inhabitants, and, alfo, for
its glory, and riches, was, by far, the moft confiderable city
belonging to the enemy, and as the capital of the nation.
This place he inyefted ; and, attacking it night, and day,
without intermiflion, in order to tire the enemy out with
want of fleep, and conftant fervice, he fubdued the befieged
by famine, defpair, and fcarcity of men ; took the town in a
fliort time, and put to death all the inhabitants, who were
men grown : Arid, having given the effedsj that were found
there alfo, J:o the foldiers, he marched againft the reft of
the enemy's cities, none of the Volfci being, now, in a con-
dition to oppofe him.

XXX. The Volfci being, thus, humbled by the Romans,
the other conful, Appius Claudius, caufed their hoftages, to
the number of three hundred, to be brought into the forum ;
and, to the end that all thofe, who had furrendered to the
Romans, and given hoftages for their fidelity, might be
afraid of violating their treaties, he ordered them all to be,
publicly, whipped, and then beheaded. And, when his
coUegue, a few days after, returned from his expedition, and
demanded of the fenate the honor of a triumph, ufually
granted to generals, who had diftinguij(hed themfelves by
their glorious exploits, he oppofed it, calling him a factious
man, and the favourer of a deftru<ftive form of government;
and charged him, particularly, with having brought no part
of the fpoils into the treafury, but given the whole to thofe
he thought fit: And, by this means, he prevailed upon the
fenate not to grant him the triumph. Servilius, looking

upon

48 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

upon himfelf to be abufed by the lenate, behaved with
an arrogance unufual to the Romans : For, having aflem-
bled the people in the field before the city ; enumerated
the adions he had performed in the war, and acquainted
them both with the envy of his coUegue, and the infult he
had received from the fenate, he told them that, from his
own a<Stions, and the army, which had a fhare in them, he
derived a power of triumphing for the glorious, and for-
tunate fuccefs, with which thofe adions had been attended.
And, having faid this, he ordered the lidors to be crowned ;
and he himfelf, wearing a crown, and attired in a triumphal
robe, entered the city, attended by all the people; and,
afcending the capitol, performed his vows, and confecrated
the Ipoils. By which a<Stion, he encreafed the envy of the
patricians, but gained the favor of the plebeians,

XXXI. While the commonwealth was in this unfettled
condition, a kind of truce intervened, caufed by the cufto-
mary facrifices ; and the feftivals infuing, which were cele-
brated at a great expence, appeafed the fedition of the people
for the prefent. During the celebration of thefe feftivals,
the Sabines invaded them with a great army, having, long
fince, waited for this opportunity : They began their march
as foon as it was dark, to tlie end that, before the Romans
were apprized of it, they might approach the city : Which
they might, eafily, have taken, if fome of their light-armed
men had not ftraggled from the army ; and, by plundering
the country houfes, given the alarm. Upon which, an out-
cry infued, and the hufbandmen ran into the city before the

enemy

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 49

enemy arrived at the gates, Thofe in the city were informed
of this invafion, while they were feeing the public enter-
tainments, and crowned with garlands ; when, leaving the
games, they ran to arms: And an army of voluntiers,
prefently, offered themfelves to Servilius: Which he drew
up; and, with them, fell upon the enemy, who were tired
both with want of lleep, and the length of their march, and
did not exped to be attacked by the Romans. When the
armies clofed, a batde infued ; in which, neither fide,
through eagernefs, obferved any order, or difcipline : But,
as if guided by fortune, whole lines, companies, or 0ngle
men ingaged, and the horfe, and foot fought promifcuoufly :
And, as the two cities were not hx afunder, fuccours arrived
from both : Who, by encouraging the forces, that fuffered,
made them liiftain the fatigues of the ingagement for a long
time. After that, a body of horfe coming to the afilAance
of the Romans, they, again, overcame the Sabines ; and,
having killed many of them, returned to the city with a
great number of prifoners. Then, difcovering the Sabines,
who had come to Rome under the pretence of feeing the
entertainments, and defigned to have poflefled themfelves of
the ftrong places of the city, in order to favor the attempt
of their countrymen, as it had been concerted between them,
they threw them into prifon : And, having voted that the
lacrifices, which had been interrupted by the war, fhould
be performed with double magnificence, they, again, pafled
their time in exultation.

Vol. III. . H XXXII.

50 • ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.
XXXII. "While they were celebrating thefe feftivals,
embafladors came to them from the *' Aurunci, who inha-
bited the fineft plains of Campania : Thefe, being introduced
into the fenate, defired the Romans would reftore the country
to the Volfci, called Echetrani, which they had taken from
them, and divided among thofe of their own people, whom
they had fent thither as a colony, to fecure the pofleflion of
that country ; and that they would withdraw the guard :
Which if they refufed to do, the embafladors faid the Aurunci
would, foon, invade the territories of the Romans, and take
revenge for the injuries they had done to their neighbours.
To thefe the Romans gave this anfwer : " Embafladors, let
" the AuiTinci know we Romans think it juft that, what-
" ever any one has acquired from an enemy by his valor,
" he fliould leave it to his pofterity, as his own : That we
" are not afraid of a war from the Aurunci, which will
" be neither the firft, nor the mofl: formidable we have been
" ingaged in ; it being cuftomary for us to fight with all
" men for command, and glory : And, when we fee the
" war come to an adlion, we fliall receive it with intrepidity."
After this, the Aurunci, who were come out of their own
territories with a great army, and the Romans, with their
national forces under the command of Servilius, met near the
city of " Aricia, which is diftant one hundred and twenty
ftadia from Rome. And each of them incampcd on hills,

*'• A{»riM»v. Thefe were the Au- called, "^ Sejfa.
ruttci^ a people of Campania, whofe "• mxtut A(>,khx(. See the thirtieth
principal city was Suejfa Aurunca^ now annotation on the fifth book.

" Cluver, Ital Antiq. B. iv. c. j.

ftrongly.

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASSENS IS. .51

ftrongly, fituated, not far from one another. After they
had fortified their camps, they advanced to the plain, in
order to a battle : And, ingaging early in the morning, they
maintained the fight till noon : So that, many were killed
on both fides: For the Aurunci were a warlike nation;
and, by their ftature, their ftrength, and the fiercenefs of
tlieir looks, in which great favagenefs appeared, they were
exceeding formidable.

XXXIII. In this battle, the Roman horfe, and their
coirimander, Aulus Poftumius Albus, who had been didator
the ye^ before, are faid to have behaved themfelves with
- the greateft bravery : For the place, where the battle was
fought, was not, at all, proper for the horfe, being fijll of
rocky hills, and deep valleys ; fo that, the horfe could be
of no advantage to either fide. Upon which occafion,
Poftumius, having ordered the horfe to difinount, and formed
a body of fix hundred men, obferving where the Roman foot
fuffered moft, being forced down a hill, there he charged the
enemy, and, prefently, ftopped their purfuit. The Barbarians
being, once, repulfed, the Romans grew bold, and the foot
emulated the horfe : And both forming one compad body,
they drove the right wing of the enemy to the hill : Some
purfued that part of them, which fled towards their camp,
and killed many : While others attacked in the rear thofe,
who, ftill, maintained the fight. When, having forced
thefe, alfo, to fly, they followed them in their difiicult, and
flow retreat up the fteep places, cutting afunder the finews
both of their legs, and hams with fide blows of their fwords,

H2 till

ja ROMAN ANTIQJLJITIES OF BookVI.

till thef came to their camp ; and, having forced the guards
of this alfo, who were not numerous, they made themfelves
mailers of their camp, and plundered it. However, they
found no great booty there, but only arms, horfes, and other
things proper for the war. Thefe were the actions of Ser-
vilius, and Appius, during their confulfhip*

XXXlV. They were fucceeded by *^Aulus Virginius
Coelimontanus, and Titus VeturiusGeminus,**Theraiftocles

^y AvxogOvf^rmofKotKifjtcilavoc Si« his Opinion; and fhew that Themi-

gonius haS) certainly, great reafon to ftocles was far from being too young

read this conful's name Coelimonta* to be chofen archon at this time,

nus, inftead of Montanus, as it ftands "" Plutarch tells us that he was fixty

in the editions, and manufcripts •, be- five years of age, when he died,

caufe We find he is called fo in the Now, it appears by ^ Cicero, and by

Fafti confulares. ''Eufebius, that Themiftocks died

H« A^x^iicq Adi;Tif(ri ef/tAJf oxAfyf. I in the third year of the feventy eighth

find M. * * * is of opinion that this Olympiad : From the fourth year of

Athenian archon cannot be the great the feventy firll Olympiad, to the

iThemiftocles : The reafon he gives third of the feventy eighth, are juft

for it, is, that he was too young to be twenty fix years : So that, ThemUto-

archon at this time, that is, in the cles muft have been about thirty nine

fourth year of the feventy firft Olym- years of age in the fourth year of the

piad. I am of a different opinion : For feventy firft Olympiad ; and, confe*

which I ihall give my reafons ; and quently, he was not too young to have

then leave it to the reader to determine been archon that year. Befides, there is

between us. In the firfi: place, among great reafon to believe that Themi-

all the Athenian archons, we find no ftocles had been archon long before

other Themiftocles, till the fccond year he diftinguilhed himfelf fo much when

of the one hundred and eighth Olym- the Perfians invaded Greece, which

piad i and it is not probable that The- was in the firft year of the feventy fifth

miftocles, who faved Athens, and all 01ympiad,Calliades being then archoa

Greece from being inflaved by the at Athens, as we find both in ^ Hero-

Perfians, fhould never have been dotus, and in 'our author ; becaufe

chofen archon by his country. In the * Thucydides, in fpesd^ing of the port

next place, I fhall confider the reafon, of Piraeeus, which was finiftied by the

given by that gentleman in fupport of advice of Themiftocles, after die re-

« Life of Themift. • In Ladio, c. 1 2. f la Ckronic. mdl. s In Uniiiia. c. 5 1 .

>B. ix. c. I. «B.i. c. 93.

being

BookVI. DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSEN SI S. 53

being archon at Athens, the two hundred and iixtieth year
after the foundation of Rome, and the year before the feventy
fecond Olympiad, in which *^ Tificrates of Croton won the
prize for the fecond time. In their confulfhip, the Sabines
prepared to invade the Romans with a greater army than
before; and the **Medullini, revolting from the latter, en-
tered into a treaty of confederacy with the Sabines, confirmed
by their oaths. The patricians, having intelligence of their
defigns, were preparing to take the field, immediately^ with
all their forces : But the plebeians refufed toobey their orders,
remembering, with refentment, the breach of promife they
had, often, been guilty of in relation to thofe poor, who
wanted relief; and that the votes of the fenate pailed in
their fevor, were, always, defeated by contrary votes. And,
afi[embling together by degrees, they bound one another by
oath, no longer, to affift the patricians in any war : and that
they would fupport all the poor in general, and every one
of them in particular, againfl any perfon, who fhould offer
violence to them. This confpiracy appeared upon many
occafions, both in contefls, and fkirmifhes ; but the confuls

treat of the Perfians, fays that it had of the fcventy firft Olympiad,
been begun before, during his annual *S' Tm%(»1tit K^oImmacV. So this

aiag^ftracy i »jnf(itl« #* «v7v wfHt^ov nr$ name muftbe read ', and not lrnfni(»lcf

•rnt txAfv »iX,if* ^f *'^' ""tvloy Adt)ira(iei; with the Vatican, nor JhrixgeHtit with

ijf^f . This, in my opinion, plainly the Venetian manufcript -, becaufc we

relates to the time, when he was ar- * find this man won the prize of the

chon; and, among the Athenian ar- ftadium at the preceding Olympiad,
chons, no perfon of that name is to *6' MtAiAAiroi. See the feventieth'

be found near that time, as I have annotation on the fecond book,
iaid, but the archon of the fourth year

«B.v. c, 77.

had

54 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

had the greateft proof of it : For, when they ordered any of
the people to be feized for not entering into the fervice,
when fummoned, the poor aflembled in a body, and en-
deavoured to refcue the perfon, as he was carrying to prilbn ;
and, when the officers of the confuls refufed to releafe him,
they beat them, and drove them away ; and, if any either
of the knights, or patricians, who were prefent, attempted
to put a flop to thefe proceedings, they forbore not to ftrike
them : Thus, in a fhort time, the city was full of diforder,
and tumult. As the fedition encreafed in the city, the pre-
parations of the enemy encreafed alio. And the Volfci, and
the Aequi forming a defign to revolt, embafladors came
from all the people, who were fubje(Sb of the Romans, to
defire that, as their territories lay in the paflage of the war,
they would fend them fuccours : For the Latines complained
that the Aequi had made an incurfion into their country,
and, were then, laying wafle their lands, and had, already,
plundered fome of tlieir cities. And the garrifbn in Cruflu-
meria ihewed that the Sabines were advanced near that
fortrf fs, and ready to befiege it. Others gave an account of
other mifchiefs, which either had happened, or were like to
happen, and defired immediate afliftance. Embafladors
from the Volfci, alfb, came to the fenate to demand before
they began the war, that the lands, taken from them by the
Romans, might be reflored.

XXXV. The fenate being aflembled to confider of
thefe things, Titus Lartius, efleemed a man of fuperior
dignity, and confummate prudence, was firfl called upon to

deliver

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENSIS. 55
deliver his opinion ; when, rifing up, he faid : "To me,
** fathers, the things, which, to others feem terrible, and to
*' ftand in need of a fpeedy relief, do appear neither terrible,
" nor very urging, that is, in what manner we are to affift
«* our allies, and repulfe our enemies : But thofe thing?,
" which they look upon neither as the greateft of evils, nor
" neceflary to be confidered at prefent, but negled them as
" not likely, in any degree, to hurt us, appear moft terrible
" to me ; and, if we do not, foon, put a flop to them, they
" will caufe a total fubverfion, and confufion of the com-
'* monwealth : Thefe are, the difobedience of the plebeians
" to the orders of the confuls, and our own feverity againft
" that difobedience, and the liberty they take, I am of
" opinion, therefore, that you ought to confider nothing elfe
" at prefent, than, by what means, you may eradicate thele
-" evils out of the commonwealth, and, all, with one confent
** prefer public to private confiderations, in every meallire
" we purfue : For the power of the commonwealth, when
** unanimous, is fufHcient to give both fecurity to our allies,
" and fear to our enemies : But, when divided, as at prefent,
" it can efFe<5t neither." And I fhould wonder, if it did not,
" even, deflroy itfelf, and yield the vidory to the enemy
" without any trouble : Which, by Jupiter, and all the
" other gods, will, foon, happen, if we continue to purfue
" the fame principles of government. ,.

XXXVI. " For we are divided, as you fee, from one
" another, and inhabit two cities; one of which is governed
" by poverty,, and neceffity, and the other by fatiety, and

" pride ;

\

«

56 ROMAN ANTIQiJITIES OF BookVL

" pride; while modefty, order, and juftice, by which alone
" every civil community can be preferved, is to be found in
" neither : For which reafon, we cxaA juftice from one
" another by violence, and make fuperior ftrength the
" meafure of that juftice ; chufing rather, Hke wild beafts,
to deftroy our enemy, though we perifli with him, than,
" by confulting our own fafety, to be preferved together
" with our adverfary. Thefe things I defire you will, fcri-
** oufly, confider, and deliberate, particularly, concerning
" them, as foon as you have difmifled the embailadors.
** As to the anlwers, to be, now, given to them. This is what
** I have to advife : Since the Volici demand reftitudon of
** what we are in pofteftlon of by the right of conqueft, and
** threaten us with a war, if we refufe to reftore it, let our
** anfwer be, that we Romans look upon thofe acquisitions
" to be the moft honeft, and the moft juft, which we have
** acquired by the laws of war ; and will not endure to ob-
<« literate valor with folly, in reftoring them to thofe, who
" could not keep them : And that we will endeavour, by
" force of arms, both to fecure the pofleflion of them to our-
" felves, and to leave it to our pofterity : Whereas, if we did
** otherwife, we fliould treat ourfelves with the feverity of
" an enemy. As to the Latines, we ought to commend their
" affediions, and difpel their fears, by affuring them that we
" will not abandon them in any danger they fliall expofe
" themfelves to upon our account, while they continue
" faithful to us ; but will, fhortly, fend a force fufficient to
" defend them. Thefe anfwers, I judge, will be the beft,

"and

BookVr. DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASSENS IS. 57

" and the moft agreeable to juftice. After the cmbafladors
" are difmifled, I think, we ought to dedicate the firft
" meeting of the fenate to the confideration of the tumults
" in the city, and that this meeting ought not to be deferred,
" but appointed for to-morrow."

XXXVII. Lartius having delivered this opinion, and
every one applauding it, the embafladors received the, an-
fwers he had advifed, and departed. The next day, the
confuls affembled the fenate, and propofed to them to take
into confideration the means of appeafing the civil diflentions:
When Publius Virginius, a popular man, being firft aiked
his opinion, took a middle way, and faid; ** Since the
" people, laft year, fhewed the greateft earneftnefs to ferve
** the commonwealth, and, in conjundion with us, ingaged
" the Volfci, and Aurunci, when they invaded us with great
'* armies, I think that all, who, then, aflifted us, and took
" their fhare in thofe wars, ought to be difcharged of their
" debts ; and that neither their perfbns, nor fortunes ought to
" be fubje<St to their creditors: That thefame immunity ought
"to extend to their parents, as far as their grandfathers ;
** and to their pofterity, as far as their grandchildren : And
" that all the reft ought to be liable to imprifonment at the
" fuit of their creditors upon the terms of their refpedive
obligations." After him, Titus Lartius faid ; *' My opi-
nion, fathers, is, that, not only, thofe, who fought, bravely,
in the wars, but all the reft of the people, alfo, be dk-
" charged of their debts: For this is the only means of re-
" ftoring harmony to the whole city."..

Vol. III. I XXXVIII.

U
€C
iC

58 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OP BookVI.

XXXVIII. The third perfon, who fpoke, was Appius
Claudius, the conful of the former year, who rofe up, and
faid ; " As often as thefe matters have been debated, fathers,
" I was, always, of the fame opinion, that is, never to yield
" to the people in any thing, that is not founded on law,
** and juftice ; nor to debafe the dignity of the common-
" wealth : Neither do I, even now, change the opinion,
** which I, firft, entertained: Fori fhould be the weakeft of
" all men, if, laft year, when I was conful, and my coUegue
** oppofed me, and inflamed the people againft me, I refilled,
" and adhered to my refolutions, unfliaken by fear, and
" unmoved by intreaties, or favor ; and, now, when I am
" a private man, I fhould demit myfelf, and betray that
'* liberty I contended for. I know not whether you will
** call this liberty of my mind, generofity, or pride; but, as
** long as I live, I will never depart from the honed i^o-
lution I have, long fince, taken, never to introduce aa
abolition of debts, myfelf, in favor of wicked men ; but,
even, to oppofe, with all my power, thofe, who endeavour
" to introduce it; convinced as I am that an abolition of
" debts is the fource of all vice, and corruption ; and, ih a
" word, of the total fubverfion of every commonwealth.
" And, whether any one fhall think that what I fey proceeds
from prudence, or madnefs (fince I confider not my own
fecurity, but That of the commonwealtii) or from any
** other motive, I give him free leave to think as he pleafes :
** But I will, ever, oppofe thofe, who fhall introduce inno-
** vations. And, fince the times, inflead of an abolition of

** debts.

C(

c<

(C

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 59

" debts, require a great relief, I will acquaint you with the
" only remedy for the prefent fedition, which is, imme-
*' diately, to create a didator; who, fubje<a to no account
" for the ufe he fliall make of his authority, will force both
** the fenate, and the people to entertain fuch fentiments, as
** are moft advantageous to the commonwealth : For no
** other can be applied to fo great an evil."

XXXIX. This fpeech, and motion of Appius was received
by the young fenators with a tumultuous applaufe, when
Servilius, and fome others of the ancient fenators rofe up to
oppofe it : But they were overcome by the young men, who
came thither for that purpofe, and ufed great violence;
and, at laft, the motion of Appius carried it. After this, the
confuls, ading in concert, when moft people expcded that
Appius would be declared didator, as the only perfbn
capable of governing with the vigor requifite upon that
occaiion, they excluded him, apd created *^ Manius Valerius,

*T Mattw Ouahtftn. Sigonius has the fenate had been guilty of: But *Livy
fhewn, in a note upon Livy, that we will explain the reafon, that induced
muft read Manius, and not Marcus, the fenate to prefer the violent advice
His brother Marcus was flain in the of Appius to the moderate advice of
battle, that was fought near the lake Virginius : Medium maxime., et mode-
Regillus, as ^ our author has, already, ratum utroque confilium Vtrginii babt'
told us. The confuls fhewed more batur, Sed, fadtione, refpe(5luque re-
moderation, upon this occafion, than rum privatarum, quae femperoffecere,
the fenate, and, probably, faved their officientque publicis confiliis, Appius
country by it: For no body can fay vicit: ac frope fuit ut (USIafcg- ille idem
what might have been the confequence crearetur. quae res utique edienaffet ple-
if the latter had conferred the diftator- bem periculqfijimo tempore^ quum Fol/ci,
ibip on « man of fo imperious a tern- Aequiquty et Sabim forte una omnes in
per as Appius, whom the people looked armis ejjent. Sed curaefuit confuUbus et
upon as their capital enemy, and the fenioribus patrumy ut imperium, fuo ve-
aiitbor of the breach of promife, which bement, manfueto permitteretur ingenio.

'C.iz. *B.iLc. JO.

I 2 a bro-

6o ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVI.

a brother of Publius the firft conful, dilator ; a peribn in
years, and like t?o approve himfelf a moft popular man :
For they looked upon the terror alone of this magiftracy to
be fufficient ; and that the prefent fituation of afiairs required
a perfon mild in all refpeds, that he might occafion no frefh
difturbances.

XL. After Valerius was invefted with this magiftracy, he
appointed Quintus Servilius, brother toServilius, who had been
the collegue of Appius, to be his general of the horfe, and
fummoned the people to an aflembly. And great numbers
aflifting for the firft time fince Servilius had refigned his
magiftracy, and the people, by being forced into the fervice,
had been driven to open defpair, he afcended the tribunal, and
faid ; " Citizens, we are very fenfible that you take a pleafiirc
" in being, always, governed by fome of the Valerian fa-
*' mily ; by whom you were freed from a fevere tyranny, and
" never failed of obtaining any thing, that was reafonable,
" when you placed your confidence in thofe, who are looked
" upon, and are, the moft popular of all men. So that, I
" need not inform you that we fball fecure to you that liberty,
" which we, at firft, beftowed upon you ; but only exhort
" you, in few words, to be aflured that we {ball perform
«' whatever we promife you : For I am arrived to that
" maturity of age, which is the leaft capable of impofition,
" and to that fufficiency of dignity, which abhors the leaft
" appearance of deceit : Add to this, that I fliall paTs the
" remainder of my life among you, accountable to you for
** any pradice you may think I have made ufe of to infiiare

" you.

N*

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 61
" you. Thefe things I fhall omit as requiring not many
" words, as I faid, becaufe I fpeak to thofe, who arc ac-
" quainted with them. But there is one thing, which,
" having fufFered from others, you Jeem, with reafon, to
" fiifpeA of all ; you have, ever, obferved that the coniuls,
" when they want to ingage you to march againft the
" enemy, promife to obtain for you what you defire of the
" fenate; but never perform any thing they have promifed :
** That you can have no reafon to entertain the fame fufpi-
" cions of me alfo, I will convince you, chiefly, by thefe
** two conflderations ; the firft, that the fenate would never
" haveabufed my perfon, who am looked upon as the greatefl
** patron of the people, by impofing this office upon me,
** when there are others fitter for it ; and the other, that
** they would not have honoured me with this fovereign
" magiftracy, by which I am invefted with a power of en-
" ailing whatever I think befl, even without their parti-
** cipation.

XLI. " Imagine not, then, that I am capable of joining
** with them to deceive you, or that I have concerted with
** them any criminal defign againfl you : For, if you enter-
** tain thefe thoughts of me, as if I was the mofl deceitful
" of all men, treat me as you pleafe; but believe what I
** I fay, and banifli this fufpicion from your minds : Turn
" your ang^ from your friends to your enemies, who are
" coming with a defign to take your city, to transform you,
" from free men, to flaves, haflening to inflid every other
" feverity on you, which mankind flands moft in fear of, and

62 ROMAN ANTIC^JITIES OF BookVI.

" are, now, faid to be not far from your confines. Receive
" them, therefore, with alacrity, and fliew them that the
" power of the Romans, though agitated with fedition, is
** fuperior to any other, when unanimous ; and be affured
" they will either not fuftain our united attack, or fuffer
*' condign punifhment for their boldnefs. Confider that
" thefe men, who invade you, are Volfci, andSabines, whom
" you have, often, overcome in battle ; who have neither
** larger bodies, nor braver minds now, than thofe you, bc-
" fore, conquered, and only defpife you, becaufe they think
** you divided. When you have taken revenge on your
" enemies, I myfelf undertake that the fenate will reward
<* you, both by compofing thefe contefts concerning the
** debts, and by granting every thing elfe you can, reafon-
" ably, defire of them, in a manner adequate to the valor
" you (hall fhew in the war. And, till then, let all the
" pofleflions, all the perfons, and all the *' families of every

*'• n»<r« it (rvfj-wwa. The editions, fenfe, which it will alfo bear, I mean

and manufcripts have tr«»-a it f»»?i/»««. That of a Fine, the expreffion will be,

which all the tranflators have endea- equally, abfurd : For it will then fig-

voured to make fomething of, except nify, L*t their Fines be difcharged of

Ic Jay, who has left it out. The others debts. Reduced, therefore, to this al-

have rendered it. Honor., Reputation, ternative, either to write nonfenfe, or

or fomething equivalent. This is, to make an alteration in the text, I

certainly, the fenfe of the word j but, have chofen the latter, and fubftitutcd

how will this fenfe agree with the con- tvfytmti to twHifMa. But, in order to

ftruftion ? Valerius fays, according to juftify this alteration, I Ihall lay before

the text, as it (lands, a(p«f«&M v«<r«i the reader the declaration made by

tvUfiAiet ttffuffnifot ttvo Ti ^otuHv, etc. Servilius not long before, which very

that is, let all the reputations 0/ //>* much reiembles this : 'He there fays;

Renuins be difcharged of debts without rat rulm taucit ftnitr* i|«»«i f*nlt k«I«-

Jicurity. If %ish^» be taken in another ;^«r, juiff* vrnxm, ^^t tnx,''(»C*'** W«

* C. 29.

" Roman

(C

«

BookVI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 63
" Roman citizen be difcharged without fecurity both from
" debts, and every other obligation : And to thofe, who
" fhall fight bravely, the moft glorious crown of vidory
" will be the prefer vation of their country, which gave them
** birth ; and glorious will be the praife they will receive
" from their fellow-foldiers, together with the ornaments
** to be bellowed by us, which will be fnfficient both to
" reftore their fortunes by their value, and to illuftrate
" their families by their honors. I defire, alfo, that my
alacrity, in expofing myfelf to danger, vn&y be your ex-
ample : For I will fight for my country with the fame
" fpirit, as the moft robuft among you."

XLII. While he was fpeaking, the people heard him with
great pleafure, as fearing no more to be impofed upon ;
and promifed their afiiftance in the war : Ten legions were
raifed, every one of which confifted of four thoufand men :
Of thefe each of the confuls took three, and as many of the
horfe, as belonged to the three legions : The other four, to-
gether with the reft of the horfe, were commanded by the
didlator : And, having got every thing ready, they took the
field immediately, Titus Veturius marching againft the
Aequi, Aulus Virginius againft the Volfci, and the didator
himfelf againft the Sabines. The city was guarded by Titus

TEVIO'Z »vl«n»it»fHt v(0( /Aiiit*fvf*€i- rius, if we read tntiif/^ntj bcHdes the

h»m. By this, it appears that the fa^ inconvenience, already, mentioned:

milies of the debtors were liable to be Whereas, if we read wfytm», this

carried to prifon for the debts of the immunity will be provided for, and

mafters of them. This exemption, that word will have the fame fignifi-

which was a very material one, will cation in the declaration of Valerius

be omitted in. the declaration of Vale- with ywjf wlm in That of Servilius.

Lartius

64 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

Lartius with thofe of a more advanced age, and a fmall body

of the younger fort. The Volfcian war was foon determined :

For, looking upon themfelves as much fuperior in number,

and forgetting their former defeats, they were forced to fight

with greater hafte, than prudence ; and firft attacked the

Romans, which they did, as foon as they had incamped

within fight of one another : And a fiiarp battle infuing, in

which they, having performed many brave adions, and

fuffered greater lofies, were put to flight : Their camp was

taken, and a city oi note reduced by a fiege : The name of

which was *' Velitrae. In the fame manner, the pride of the

Sabines was, alfo, humbled in a very fliort time, the two

nations defiring to decide the fete of the war by one battle.

After which, their country was laid wafte, and fome fmall

towns were taken, in which the foldiers found many flaves,

and great riches. The Aequi, who fiifpeded their own

weakness, being informed of the event of the war with their

allies, incamped in their faAnefies, declining an ingagement ;

and, retreating, as they could, through woods, and over the

tops of mountains, they deferred the conclufion of the war

for fome time : But were not able to preferve their army

unhurt to the laft, the Romans, boldly, falling upon them,

though defended by fteep places, and taking their camp by

ftorm. After which, they fled out of the territories of the

Latines ; and the cities they had taken in their firfl: irruption,

were furrendered, and Thofe, of which they, obftinately,

defended the citadels, were taken. .

*9* OtffAi7(«i. See the thirty eighth annotation on the third book.

XLIII.

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 65
XLIII. Valerius, having fucceeded in this war accord-
ing to his defire, triumphed, in the ufual manner, on account
of his vidory, and difcharged the people from the fervice,
which the fenate looked upon as premature, fearing the
poor might demand the execution of their promifes. After
this, he (ent a colony to poffefs the lands they had conquered
from the Volfci, chufing out the poorer fort for this purpofe,
to the intent they might, not only, fecure the conquered
country, but, alfo, leflen the number of feditious citizens.
Having done this, he defired the fenate to perform the pro-
mifes they had made to him, fince they had, now, received
the fruits of the alacrity the people had (hewn in the late
ingagements. However, the fenate paid no regard to him ;
but, as before, the young, and violent men, who were fu-
perior to the others in number, had formed a fadion to
oppofe that motion, fo they, now, oppofed it in the fame
manner, and clamoured, violently, againft him, calling his
family the flatterers of the people, and the authors of de-
ftru6tive laws. And Valerius, being informed that thefe men,
particularly, complained of the appeal from the courts of
juftice, given by the Valerian law, as of an inftitution, by
which the power of the patricians was, totally, fubverted,
he, greatly, lamented his misfortune; and, reproaching them
with having ^^ expofed him to the unjuft refentment of the

.3°* Af»6tQKtif*ut( vV «vlair v^o; tov have encouraged fuch an accufation.

3ni*»i' The tranflators have underftood Valerius complains that the fenate, by

this as if the enemies of Valerius had violating the promife they had made

accufed him to the people : But this to him, and he, by their direflion, to

is not the fenfe •, the people would not the people, had expofed him to their re-

VoL. III. K people,

66 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

people, he bewailed the unfortunate events, with which their
refolutions would be attended ; and, as it, often, happens
in fuch diftrefs, having foretold fbme things from the emo-
tion he was then under, and others from his fiiperior
{agacity, he went out of the fenate ; and, aflembling the
people, he faid; " Citizens, finding myfelf under great
" obligations to you for the alacrity you have exprefied
** in giving your voluntary afliflance in the war at my
" defire, and ftill more for the bravery you have fhewn
" in the feveral ingagements, I was very defirous of making
" a return to you in all things, particularly in not difap-
" pointing the hopes I gave you, in the name of the fenate ;
*^ and, as an ad viler, and umpire between the fenate, and
" you, in changing, at laft, the divifion, that, now, fubfifts
" between you, into a perfed harmcaiy. I am hindered
" firom eifeding thefe things by thofe, whole fentiments are
" not the moft advantageous to the commonwealth ; who
" prefer, upon this occafion, the gratification of their own
** defires to its intereft ; and who, being fupericv to the
"others both in number, and the power they derive
" from their youth, rather than from their caufe, have
" prevailed: While I myfelf, as you fee, am old, and {o
" are all my affiftants, whofe ftrength confifts in counfel,
" which they are incapable of fupporting by adion ; ^' and

ientment, which, with great realbn, ?" Km m^itftixn, etc. H. Stephens

he calls unjuft, fince it ought to have has obferved that our author has imi-

been diredbed againft the fenate, and tated Thucydides upon this occafion.

not againft him j as it, really, hap- The palTage he has imitated is in the

pened afterwards. Ipeech of the Corcyraeans to the Athe-

" our

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 67

" our known zeal for the commonwealth, in general, has
** ended in drawing upon us] the private refentment of both
** parties: Fori am cenfured by the fenatefor courting you,
*' and by you for fhewing greater aiFedion to them.

XLIV. " If, therefore, the people, after they had received
** the favors they afked, had violated the promifes made by
** me to the fenate in their name, my apology would have
" been, that you were the deceivers, but that I myfelf was
** guilty of no deceit. Now, fince the promifes, made to
you by the fenate, have not been performed, I am under
a neceiHty of making it appear to the people, that I am
" fo far from having any hand in the treatment you have
" met with, that both you, and I are, equally, impofed
" upon, and circumvented ; and I fb much more than you,
as I am, not only, injured in being deceived in common
with you all, but am, alfo, hurt in my own reputation,
** in being accufed of having given leave to the poorer fort
** to convert the fpoils taken from the enemy to their private
" advant£^, without the confent of the fenate; which is
" interpreted to be taking upon myfelf to divide, as I think
" fit, the property of the citizens ; and of having difoharged

mans, where they fay ; 'mi ■ri{««fvM» make ufc of another word of the fame

n iuuca niMt tr^oit^o* rtt^(»t\nnt to i*n import. I am very far from being

f» «M.ol(t^^»iti*ttX'* Ti) TK v(\«f y*(*i<*!r fond of my tranflation of this pailage;

Iv/tuv^vufvuv, vvf aCvAim km <t^n<M( but I hope the reader will be better

(p«>MjU(nf. Sylburgius advifes to change pleafed with my attempt to tranflate

(Ptg«ftu»it in our author, to ^«uir«/«t>ii« it» than if, in imitation of my brother

becaufe it is fo in Thucydides. But translators, I had given him a para>

this I look upon to have been the phrafeofit.
very reafon, that induced Dionyfius to

rfi.i.c. 32.

K 2 *< you

68 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

" you from the fervice, contrary to law, and to '* their de-
" fire, when I ought to have kept you in the enemy's coun-
" try, and employed you in inefjedhial incampments, and
" marches. I am, alfo, reproached with having fent a colony
" into the territories of the Volfci, and with having granted
" a large, and fertil country, not to the patricians, and the
" knightsi but to thofe among you, who wanted relief.
" But the thing, which has excited the greateft indignation
" againft me, is, that, in raifing the army, more than four
" hundred plebeians of good fortunes have been added to the
** knights. If, therefore, I had been, thus, treated, when I
" was in the vigor of my youth, I fhould have {hewn them
" what kind of a man they had abufed : But, as I am,
" now, above feventy years old, and incapable of doing
" myfelf juftice, and find that your divifions can be, no
" longer, healed by me, I refign my power, and fubmit my
** perfon to be treated by thofe, who may think I have de-
'* ceived them, in fuch a manner, as they fhall think fit."

XLV. This fpeech raifed a general compaffion in the
people, who accompanied Valerius, when he left the forum ;
but encreafed the refentment of the fenate agamft him.
Immediately, the following events happened: The poorer
fort, no longer privately, and in the night as before, but,
openly now, aflembling, confulted together concerning a
feceflion from the patricians : To prevent which, the fenate
ordered the confuls not to difband the armies as yet : For

3*« Hf yt K»Kouttit' I am, intirely, of Cafaubon's opinion, who thinks the
text corrupted in this place.

thefe

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENSIS. 69
thefe had, ftill, a power over the legions, who were under
the obligation of their military oaths, and| for that reafon,
deemed holy, and none of the foldiers ventured to defert
their enfigns : So far did the fear of violating their oaths
prevail with all of them. The pretence, contrived for
leading out the forces, was, that the Aequi, and Sabines, had
entered into an union with a defign to make war upon the
Romans. After the confuls had marched out of the city
with the armies, and incamped near to one another, the
foldiers of both camps aflembled together; and, having
feized both the arms, and the enfigns, they carried away the
latter, at the inftigation of Sicinnius Bellutus, and feceded
from the confuls (for thefe enfigns are held in the greateft
honor by the Romans in time of war, and, like ftatues of
the gods, are accounted holy) and, having apppointed other
officers, and Sicinnius their commander in chief, they pof-
fefl^d themfelves of a "certain mountain, near the river
Anio, not far from Rome, which, from thence, is, ftill,
called the holy mountain. And, when the confuls, and the
reft of the officers perfuaded them to return with prayers,
tears, and many promifes, Sicinnius anfwered ; " To
'** what purpofe, patricians, do you, now, recal thofe, whom
" you have driven from their country, and transformed
" from free men to flaves ? What affurances will you give

33* 0{9j Ti K«7«\«/*6«?flir1«i. This Sacrum Montem fecejjijfe trans Jnienem

mountain was three Roman miles Amnem, tria ab urbe milUa pajfuum.

from Rome, on the other fide of the On this hill, there, now, ftands a

Anio, as we learn from »Livy: In caftle, called, *Cqftelle di S.Silvefiro.

» B. a, c. 32. » Cluver» Ital. Antiq. B. ii. c. 9.

"us

70 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

" us for the performance of thofe promifes, which, it is
" plain, you have, already, fo often violated? But, fince
" you defire to have the fole pofleffion of the city, return
" thither undifturbed by the poor and the obfcure: We
" fhall be content to live in any part of the world, in which
" we may enjoy our liberty ; and, wherever it may be, we
" fhall look upon that place, as our country."

XL VI. When thofe in the city were informed of thefe
things, there was a great tumult, and lamentation, and a
concourfe in every ftreet j the people preparing to leave the
city, and the patricians endeavouring to difluade them,
and offering violence to thofe, who refufed to obey. And a
great clamor, wailing, and hoftile words were heard at the
gates, and hoftile adions committed, while none diftinguiihed
either age, friendfhip, or the dignity due to virtue. When
the guards, appointed by the fenate to prevent the people
from going out of the city, being few in number, were un-
able, any longer, to refift them, and forced from their poft,
the people rufhed out in great multitudes, and the face
of things appeared like a city taken by ftorm; and the
lamentations of fuch, as were left behind, and the mutual
accu&tions were heard of thofe, who faw the city upon the
point of being deferted. After this, there were frequent
confultations in the fenate, where the perfbns, who had given
occafron to the feceflion, were, feverely, cenfured. At the fame
time, their enemies, alfb, invaded them, laying wafte their
territories to the gates of Rome. However, the feceders,
taking the neceflary provifions from the country, that lay

near

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 71
near them, without doing any other mifchief to it, remained
in the field, and received fuch, as reforted to them from
the city, and the neareft fortrefles, who were, already, come
to them in great numbers : For, not only, thofe, who were
defirous to fly from their debts, judgements, and other
feverities they expeded, flocked to them,' but many others
alfo, who led lazy, or diflblute lives, or whole fortunes were
not fufficient to gratify their paflions ; or men of bad
principles, or envious of the profperity of others; or,
through any calamity, or other caufe, enemies to the prefent
eftabUfliment.

XL VII. The patricians, at firft, were full of diforder,
and aftoniftiment, fearing lefl: the feceders fliould join with
their foreign enemies, and, prefently, befiege the city.
After that, they took arms at once, as if the fignal had been
given ; and, being attended with their clients, fome pofted
diemfclves in the roads, by which they expeftcd the enemy
would approach; others marched to the fortrefles in order
to fecure them ; and others incamped in the fields before
the city: And thofe, who, by reafon of their age, were
unable to do any thing of this kind, placed themfelves upon
the walls. But, when they heard that the feceders did
neither join the enemy, lay wafl:e the country, nor do any
other mifchief worth fpeaking of, they were fi-eed from
their fears; and, changing their refolutions, confidered,
upon what terms, they fliould come to an agreement with
them : And fpeeches of every kind, diredly oppofite to
one another, were made by the leading men of the fenate ;

but

72 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

but the moft moderate, and the beft adapted to the prefent
jundure, were Thofe of the oldeft fenators, who fliewed
that the people had not made this feceffion from them with
any malicious defign, but, partly, compelled by irreflftible
calamities, and, partly, deluded by their advifers, and judging
of their intereft by paffion rather than reafon ; a misfortune
ignorance is liable to: And that the greateft part of them
were confcious to themfelves of having taken wrong mea-
fures, and feeking an opportunity of redeeming their offences
with decency. As a proof of which, they, already, aded
like men repenting; and, if encouraged with favourable
hopes by a vote of the fenate for their impunity, and by
propofals for an honourable accommodation, they would,
chearfully, return home. The fenators, who advifed this,
defired that men of the greateft worth would not be more
implacable than Thofe of inferior merit, nor defer an ac-
commodation till mad men ihould be either taught wifdom
by neceflity, or induced by it to cure a fmaller evil by a
greater, in depriving themfelves of liberty, by delivering up
their arms, and furrendering their perfons at difcretion :
For thefe things were next to impoflible. They ought,
therefore, to treat the people with moderation ; to fet the
example of falutary counfels, and to be the firft to propofe
an accommodation ; when they confidered that, ai patricians,
their duty was to govern, and take care of the common-
wealth, and, as good men, to promote friendfliip, and peace :
That the dignity of the fenate would not fuffer any dimi-
aution by, generoufly, fupporting unavoidable calamities in

order

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 73

order to fecure the government ; but by preferving an un-
feafonable refentment under their misfortunes, which tended
to fubvert it : And that it was folly to aim at decency, and
negled fecurity : That both, indeed, were to be wiflied ;
but, if one of them muft be given up, fecurity was a more
iieceflary thing, than decency. They ended their advice
with defiring that, as the feceders had, hitherto, been guilty
of no irreparable ofFence, embafladors might be fent to them
to treat of an accommodation.

XL VIII. This was approved of by the fenate: After
which, they chole the moft proper perfons, and fent them
to the people in the camp, with orders to inquire of them
what they defired ; and, upon what terms, they thought fit
to return to the city : For, if their demands were moderate,
and poffible to be complied with, the fenate would not
oppofe them. If, therefore, they, now, laid down their arms,
and returned to the city, they fhould be intitled to an im-
punity for their offences, and, from henceforward, to an
amnefly. And, if, they fhall, hereafter, entertain the befl
ajiedions for the commonwealth, and, chearfully, expofe
themfelves for the fervice of their country, they fhall receive
honourable, and advantageous returns. The embafladors,
having received thefe inflru6lions, communicated thena to
the people in the camp, and fpoke in conformity to them.
But the feceders, reje<9ing thefe invitations, reproached the
patricians with haughtinefs, feverity, and '* great difHmula-
tion in pretending to be ignorant of the demands of the

H- E$(»iimaf. See the forty fixth annotation on the fourth booic.
Vol. III. L people.

74 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVI.

people, and of the neceflity, which had compelled them to
fecede : That they grant them an impunity for their fecef-
fion, as if they were, ftill, matters, when they themfelves
ftand in need of the afliftance of their fellow-citizens againft
their foreign enemies, who will, foon, invade them with all
their forces ; which they will not be in a condition, even, to
face, though, now, they look upon their prefervation to be
not (o much the advantage of themfelves, as the good fortune
of thofe, who Ihall affift them. They ended their anfwer
with telling them that, when they (hould be better acquaint-
ed with the difficulties which the commonwealth laboured
under, they would know what kind of adverfaries they had
to deal with ; and added many violent threats : To all which
the embafladors making no anfwer, departed, and informed
the patricians of the dilpofition, in which they had found
the feceders. When thofe in the city were informed of thefe
anfwers, their confufions, and fears encreafed ; and thcfenate,
unable either to extricate themfelves out of thefc difficulties,
or to delay their operation, and being tired with the abufes,
and accufations, which the leading men threw out againft
one another for many days together, was difmifled. Neither
were the plebeians, who had been induced by their affedion
to the patricians, or their fondnefs for their country, to ftay
in the city, in the fame difpofition as before ; but great part,
even, of thefe, both openly, and privately, ftole away, and
there feemed to be no dependance upon thofe, who were
left. In this fituation of affairs, the confuls (for the remain-
ing time of their magiftracy was not long) appointed a day
for the election of magiftrates. XLIX.

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 75

XLIX. When the tiqae came, in which the aflembly was
to be held in the field, in order to their eledion, no perfbn
either ofFering himfelf for the confulfliip, or venturing to
accept it, if conferred upon him, the people themfelves
created two confuls, who had, before, been invefted with
that magiftracy, and who were acceptable both to the people,
and to the ariftocracy: Thefe were Poftumus Cominius,
and Spurius Caflius, under whom the Sabines, fubdued by
their arms, had refigned the fovereignty : They were re-
chofenin the '^fcventy fecond Olympiad, in Which Tificrates
of Croton won the prize of the ftadium, Diognetus being
then archon at Athens. Thefe, having entered upon their
ms^iftracy on the calends of September, (boner than had
been cuftomary for the former confiils, the firft thing they
did, was to aflemble the fenate, in order to take their opinion
concerning the return of the plebeians: The firft fenator
they called upon to deliver his fentiments, was Agrippa Me-
nenius, a man, then, in the maturi^ of his age, and looked
upon as a perfon of iiiperior wifdom: He was, particularly,
coinmended £<x his principles of government, and for taking
a middle courfe ; being inclined neither to encreafe the pride
of the ariftocratical party, nor to fiiiFer the licentioufnefs of
the people. This perfon advifed the fenate to an accommo-
dation by thefc^owing {peech : " Fathers, if all, who are
** preient, were of the £ime opinion ; if no man would oppo/e
" an accommodation with the people ; and that the terms

35* Eiri nit OKuftintJof hvltfot. So and Sylburgius ; and not iCJof*>ir, as it
^ muft read k with Lapus, Gelcnius, ftands in the editions, and manufcripts. '

L 2 "of

76 ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVI.

" of it, whether they are juft, or unjuft, were only to be
" confidered, I fhould deliver my fentiments in few words :
" But, fince fome loolc even upon this, as a matter of
" confultation, whether we ought to^ee with the feceders,
** or go to war with them, I do not think it eafy for me to
** fupport the advice I fhall give you, by a fhort difcufHon :
*^ On the contrary, it is neceflary for me to extend my
** difcourfe to a greater length, in order to convince thofe
** among you, who oppofe an accommodation, that they
<* contradidk themfelves, when they go about to frighten us
" with thofe evils, that are moft inconfiderable, and cafily
" reformed; and, at the fame time, careleflly enough negled:
** the greateft, and Thofe, that are incurable. This contra-
" didion they fall into for no other reafon, than becaufe
**. they do not judge of what is expedient by reafon, but by
** paflion, and fury: For how can thefe men be fkid to
** forefee what is expedient, or poflible, who imagine that
** fo powerful a commonwealth, ipiftrefs of Co extenfive an
" adminiftration, already envied by, and grievous to, her
" neighbours, will be able either eafily to reftrain, and pro-
** ted the nations in fubjedion to her without the plebeians,
or to bring another lefs wicked people into the city, in the
room of this, who fhall fight for their fovereignty, and
** live with them under the fame government, in profound
** quiet, behaving themfelves with modefly both in peace,
" and war? For they can alledge nothing clfe in fupport of
" their, opinion, when they defire us not to receive an ac-
" commodation.

L. « How

«

C(

BookVI. DIONYSIUS HALICARN A'SSEN SIS. 77
L. " How weak either of thofe two expedients is, I defire
'* you will confider from the fads themfelves, andrefle£tthat^
" when the lower fort among the. people grew difaffeded to
" you by reafon of thofe, who treated their misfortunes,
" neither like fellow-citizens, nor like moderate men, and,
" afterwards, withdrew, indeed, from the city, but neither
" do, nor have any thought ofdoingyou, any other mifchief,
" and confider only, by what means, they may be re-
" conciled to you without diflionor, many of thofe, who
" are not well difpofed to you, joyfully, feized this incident
" prefented to them by Fortune; and, exulting in their
" thoughts, looked upon this, as the jundure they had long
-" wiflied for to deprive you of the fovereignty. For the
" Aequi, the Volfci, the Sabines, and the Hernici, who have,
** never, ceafed to make war againfl us, are, now, exalpe-
*' rated at their late defeats, and, already, divide among
" themfelves the territories we are poflefled of. As to the
" people of Campania, and Tyrrhenia, whom we leftwaver-
" ing in their affedions towards us, fome of them, openly,
** revolt from us, and others are, privately, preparing to do
" the fame. The Latines, alfo,our relations, feem, no longer,
** to retain for us that friendfhip they had afliired us of, but
" many, even, of thefe are faid to labor under the general
" diflemper, a fondnefs for a change. While we, who ufed
" to befiege the cities of others, are now fhut up in our own,
" leaving our lands uncultivated, and feeing our country
<* houfes plundered, our cattle driven away, and our flaves
** deferting, without knowing whatrefblutionsto take under

«* thefe

78 ROMAN ANTIQXJITIES OF Book VI.

** thdc misfortunes. And thefe things we fiifFer ftill expeft-
** ing the people (hould fue to us for an accommodation,
** when we know it is in our own power to put an end to
** the {edition by a fingle vote.

LI. " While our af&irs are in this unhappy pofture
** abroad, Thofe in the city are in no lefs terrible a condition.
** For we have not provided ourfelves with allies before-
** hand, as if we expe<aed to be befieged, neither are our
** numbers fufficient to refift fo many nations of enemies :
** The greateft part of our fmall, and weak army confifts of
** plebeians, of our own fervants, and clients, and of artificers;
•* feeble fupports of a {haken ariftocracy. And the continual
'* defertions of thefe to the feceders have rendered all the
** reft liable to fufpicion. But, above all thefe things, the
" impoflibility of bringing in provifions, while the country
** is in the power of the enemy, threatens us with a famine ;
** and, when we are once in want, will threaten us ftill more.
" But, befides this war, which gives us no reft, it furpaftes
** every thing, that is dreadful, to fee the wives, the infant
** children, and aged parents of the feceders running about
" the forum, and through every ftreet, their habits mournful,
** and their looks diflreflcd, with tears in their eyes, fuppli-
** eating, embracing the hands, and knees of every one, and
** bewailing the forlorn condition they are reduced to, and ftill
" more, That, which threatens them ; a cruel, and intolerable
" fight 1 None, fure, are fb inhuman, as not to be moved,
" when they fee thefe things, nor to compaffionate the mif^
" fortunes of their fellow-creatures. So that, if we are to place

"no

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSlS. 79
" no confidence in the plebeians, we muft fend away all thefe
** alfo, fome of them being of no ufe in a fiege, and others,
" not to be relied on. And, when thefe too are fent away,
" what forces will be left to defend the city ? And what at-
" fiftance can we depend upon to dare to encounter thefe ter-
" rors? For the natural refuge, and the only hope to be con-
** fided in, the patrician youth, is inconsiderable, as you fee,
" and not worth our glorying in. What! are thofe, who advife
** us to fuftain a fiege, triflers, and do they impofe upon us,
" or do they not rather, openly, advifeus to deliver up the city
" at once to our enemies without blood, and without trouble?
LII. " But I myfelf, perhaps, magnify thefe apprehendons,
" and would have you fear things, that aire not formidable :
" The commonwealth may be threatened with no other dan-
ger, than a change of inhabitants, a thing of no great con-
fequencc : And we may, with great eafe, bring hithera num-
" ber of fervants, and clients from every nation, and every
** place. For this is what many of the oppofers of the plebeians
" throw out, and thefe are, certainly, not the leaft confider-
" able among us : Some being arrived to that pitch- of folly,
<* as to deliver impoflible wifhes, inftead of falutary opinions.
" Thefe I would, willingly, aik what leifure we fhall have
" to execute this projed, when the enemy is fo near the
" city ? What allowance will be made for the delay of future
" aiHftance, when we are in the midft of adual, and prefbit
** evils? And what man,.or what god will grant us, quietly,
" to raife fuccours from all parts, and, ^ely, condu<^ tbem
" hither? Befides, who are the people, who will leave then-

«< own

C(

cc

8o ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVI.

" own countries, and remove to us ? Are they fuch, as have
" habitations, families, fortunes, and are refpeded by their
" fellow-citizens for the luftre of their anceftors, or the
" reputation of their own virtue? And who would fubmit
to leave the enjoyment of his own happinefs, in order to
fhare, with indignity, the misfortunes of others? For they
" will not come hither to partake of peace, and luxury, but
" of dangers, and of war, the event of which is doubtful.
*-* Or, fhall we bring hither a mean fort of people, who
" have no habitations, like thofe driven from hence, who,
" to avoid their debts, judgements, and other calamities of
** that nature, are glad to remove to any place Fortune throws
in their way ? Thefe, though otherwife of a good, and
modefl difpofition, that we may grant them this alfb, yet,
from their being neither born here, bred here, nor ac-
" quainted with our cuftoms, laws, and education, would
'* be fer, nay, in every refped, worfe than our own.

LIII. " The natives have their wives, children, parents,
*' and many other friends among us, as pledges, and a fond-
** nefs, without doubt, for the place, where they have been
" bred, which is an innate paflion, and not to be eradicated :
While the others we propofe to bring hither, this people
without houfe, or home, if they fhould live among us, hav-
ing none of thefe pledges here, in defence of what advan-
** tages fhould they expofe themfelves to dangers, unleis
we were to promife them a pajpt of the lands, and of the
city, and dilpofl^fs the prefent owners of both, which are
** things we refuie to grant to our own citizens, who have,

" often.

(C

«

C(
C(
C(

«
<c
cc

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Book VI. DIONYSIUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS. 81

" often, fought in their defence. And, poflibly, they might
" not be content even with thefe grants alone, but would,
" alfo, infift upon an equal fhare of honors, of magiftracies,
" and of all other advantages with the patricians. If,
" therefore, we do not grant them every one of their de-
" mands, they will be our enemies, becaufe they have not
" obtained them. And, if we grant their demands, our
** country, and our conftitution will be deftroyed, and de-
" ftroyed by our own hands. I do not add, here, that we
" want well difciplined men at this jundure, not hufband-
" men, fervants, merchants, or artificers, who will be obliged
" to learn military difcipline, and put it in pradtice at the
" fame time : And the pradice of every thing is difficult to
" thofe, who are not accuftomed to it : And fuch muft,
" neceflarily, be men coUeded, and reforting hither, from
" every nation. As for foldiers, I neither lee any railed by
" your allies to aflift you, neither, if any, unexpededly, ap-
" peared, fliould I advife you to admit them, inconfiderately,
" within your walls, fince we know that many cities have"
" been inflaved by troops, introduced to defend them.

LIV. " When you confider thefe things, and what I
" have, before, faid, and, alio, recoiled the motives, which
" invite you to an accommodation, that we are not the only,
" nor the firft, people, among whom poverty has quarrelled
" with riches, and obfcurity with luftre ; but, in all cities,
" as I may fay, both gfeat, and fmall, the inferiors are,
" generally, enemies to their fuperiors : In all which cities,
" the men in power, when they aded with moderation,
. Vol. III. M « faved

82 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVI.

" faved their countries ; but, when with pride, they loft
" their lives, together with all the other advantages diey
" had ftruggled for : And, when you remember that every
" thing, compofed of many parts, is, often, aiFeded with a
" diforder in fome one of them : And, befides, that neither
" the affedted part of a human body, ought, always, to be
" cut off; for, that would be to render the reft deformed,
" and of fliort duration; nor the difcM'dered part of a civil
** fociety to be driven out ; for, by that means, the whole
** would, in time, afliiredly be deftroyed by the lols of its
" particular parts: And conflder, alfo, the power of necef-
** fity, to which alone the gods fubmit, quarrel not with
** your misfortunes, nor fuffer yourfelves to be filled with.
*' pride, and ^orance, as if every thing were to iucceed
** according to your wifhes ; but relent, and yield, deriving
** examples of prudence, not from the actions of others,
** but from your own.

LV. " For every man, and every community ought to
'^ emulate the moft illuftrious of their own anions, and
** to endeavour that all the reft may correfpond with them.
** Thus, you yourfelves have fubdued many c^your enemies,
«* by whom you had been injured in the higheft degree ;
** but you defired neither to defboy them, nor drive them
*• out of their pofleflions • On the contrary, you reftored
*< their houfes, and lands to them, and fufl^red them to
" Kve in the countries, that gave them birth ; and have>
** already, granted the rights both of fuffiage, and of Roman
" citizens to fbme of them. But I have yet a more wonderful

" action

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 83
" adion of yours to relate ; which is, that you have fuffered
" ofFences of a high nature, committed by many, even, of
" your own citizens, to go unpunifhed, while the authors
" of them alone felt the weight of your refentment : Of
" this number were the colonies fent out to Antemnae,
** Cruftumerium, McduUia, Fidenae, and to many other
" places : For, to what purpofe fhould I, now, enumerate
" all thofe, whom, after you had taken their towns by ftorm,
" you correded with moderation, and as became fellow-
" citizens ? And the commonwealth has been fb far from
" incurring either danger, or cenfure by this condud, that
" her clemency is applauded, and her iecurity not at all
" diminifhed. After that, will you, who fpare your enemies,
** make war upon your friends? Who fufFer the conquered
" to go unpunifhed, punifli thofe, by whofe afliftance you
" have conquered ? Who allow your city to be a fafe refrige
** for all, who (land in need of it, rcfolve to drive out of
" that city the natives, with whom you have been bred,
" and educated, and with whom you have {hared many
'* good, and bad events, both in peace, and in war ? No,
" you will not, if you defire to ad with juftice, and in a
" manner agreeable to your former behaviour, aiid judge of
" your intereft without paffion.

LVI. " But, fome may fay, we are not left convinced
" than you that the fedition ought to be appeafed, and we
" have, eameflly, defired it : It is, now, incumbent on you
** to {hew, by what means we may appeafe it : For you fee
** how imperious the people are grown ; who, though they

M 2 " them-

84 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVI.

" themfelves are the offenders, neither fend to us to treat of
" an accommodation, nor return fuch anfwers to thofe we
** have fent to them, as become men, or fellow-citizens;
" but afliime an exceflive haiightinefs, and threaten; Co
" that, it is not eafy to guefs what they aim at. Hear, then,
** in what manner I advife ybu to ad: in this fituation ; For
" my own part, I do not look upon the people to be irre-
" concilable to us, neither do I think they will execute any
" of their threats : My reafbn is, that their anions do not
** agree with their words ; and I am of opinion that they
" are far more earneft than we ourfelves are to bring matters
" to an accommodation : For we live in our own country,
" which is moft dear to us, and have in our own power
" our fortunes, our houfes, our parents, and every thing we
** moft efteem : While they are baniflied from their city,
** and from their habitations, are deprived of their neareft
" relations, and ftraitened in their daily fupport. If any
'* one fhould afk me, for what reafon, then, do not the
" people, even under thefe miferies, accept our invitations,
" and why do they themfelves not fend to treat with us ?
" I fhould affuredly, anfwer, becaufe they are amufed with
" fair words by the fenate, but fee no a<5t of benevolence,
" or moderation flow from thofe words, and look upon
** themfelves to have been, often, deceived by us, while we,
" always, promife to give them fome relief, and give them
" none. They cannot refblve to fend deputies to us, from
" their appreheniion of thofe, who are accuftomed to inveigh
** againft them here, and, alfo, left their defires fhould be

" rejeded :

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. Bs
" rejecaed : Poffibly too, they may be poflefled with fonie
** foolifh pride ; no wonder : Since there are fome even
" among us, who are influenced by the lame litigious, and
" and contentious fpirit ; and, like the vulgar, cannot bear
" to be overcome by their adverfaries ; but, always, feek to
" conquer by any means whatever, and never confer a favor,
" before they have fubdued thofe, who are to have the
" benefit of it. When I confider thefe things, I think wc
" ought to fend an embafly to the plebeians, confifting of
" fuch perfons, as they can moft confide in : And that the
" perfons, fo to be fent, be inverted with a difcretionary
" power to put an end to the fedition upon fuch terms, as
" they theihfelves (hall think fit, without any further appli-
" cation to the fenate : For the people, who, now, ieem
" haughty, and intradable, will be fenfible of this ; and,
" finding that you promote an accommodation in earneft,
" will defcend to more moderate conditions, and demand
" nothing of us, that is either diflionourable, or impoflible :
" For all men inflamed with anger, particularly thofe of a
" low condition, when treated imperioufly, are inraged ; and,
" when courted, appeafed."

LVII. When Menenius had done fpeaking, a general
murmur ran through the fenate, and each party held con-
fultations together ; The patrons of the people exhorting
one another to exert themfelves, in order to bring back the
plebeians to their country, fince they had now, at their head,
the mofl: confiderable man of the ariftocratical party : And
thofe of this party, who made it a point to fuffer no

altera-

86 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

alteration in the eftablifhed form of government, were at a
lofs how to behave themfelves in the present jundure, being
unwilling to change their opinion, and unable to perfifl in
it. While thofe, who were uningaged in either party, and
entered into the contefb of neither, deiired to fee peace
reftored, and that the fenate would confider of the proper
means to prevent the city from being befii^ed. When all
were (ilent, the elder of die confuls celebrated the generofity
of Menenius, and recommended to the refl to fhew the fame
zeal for the public, and, not only, to fpeak their fentiments
with freedom, but to execute their refoludons without fear;
and called upon another fenator by name, in the fame
manner, to deliver his opinion : This was Manius Valerius,
a brother of die perfon, who had afllfled in delivering his
country from the kings ; a man, of all the ariflocratical
party, the mofl acceptable to the people.

LVIII. Who, riflng up, firfl put the fenate in mind of
the meafures he himfelf had purfued, when a magiflrate,
and that he had, often, foretold the dangers they would be
expoied to, and they, as often, negleded his predidions.
He, then, defired that thofe, who oppofed an accommoda-
tion, would not, at this dme, confider the reafonablene^ of
the terms ; but, fince they would not fufFer the fedition to
be appeafed, while it was yet in its infancy, now, at leafl,
to confider, by what means a fpeedy end might be put to it,
lefl, by making a further progrefs, it might, infenfibly, be-
come perhaps incurable, or, at leafl, hard to be cured,
and produce great evils : He told them that the demands

of

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 87
of the plebeians would, no loagcr^ be tl;^ fame as before ;
neither ^id he thiok they would a^ee with them iupon the
iame terms, or be coatoited with ao aboUtioa of their debts;
but that they would, poiUbly, iniift even upoa ibioe pro-
tet^on, under which theymight, fc^r the future, live fecurely :
For that, fince the inititution of the di(^tx>r{hip, the ^ar-
dian law of their liberty was abolifhed ; which law allowed
no citizen to be put to deadi by the magUbates without a
trial, nor any of the plebeians, who had been condemned by the
patricians, when tried, to be delivered up to the magtftratesj
who condemned them ; but granted to thoie, who defired
it, a right of appealing from the patricians to the pec^le ;
and that the determination o( thefe fhould be £nal.
He added that almoft all the other privileges, befcxre en-
joyed by die plebeians, had been taken away, fuice they
could not obtain from the ienate even a triumph in ff^vor of
Publius Servilius Prifcus, who had deferved this honor more
than any man : For which reasons, it was pfobabk the
people were diflieartened, and entertained fn^ hopes of
their future fecurity ; fince neither a (X)nful, noff a diditator
were at liberty to take care of their intereft, when they
defired to do it; but the concern, and care they fhewed for
the people drew upon them abufes, and igpominy from the
fenate. That thefe things were efFeAed by a combination,
not of the moil confiderable peribns among the patricians, but
of fome infolent, and avaritious men, eagerly, aiming at an
unjuftgain, who, having advanced large fumsatahigh intereft,
and made flaves of many of their fellow-citizens, had, by

treating

88 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVI.

treating thefe in a cruel, imperious, and fevere manner,
alienated the whole body of the plebeians from the arifto-
cracy ; and, having formed a fadion, and placed at the
head of it Appius Claudius, an enemy to the people, and a
favourer of oligarchy, they, under his patronage, had ruined
all the affairs of the commonwealth : Which, if the fober
part of the fenate did not oppofe their attempts, was in
danger <tf being inflaved, and fubverted. He ended with
faying that he was of the fame opinion with Menenius, and
defired that embafladors might, immediately, be fent ; and
that thefe fhould endeavour to appeafe the fedition upon
fuch terms, as they thought proper : But, if thefe were not
confented to, that they accept fuch, as are offered.

LIX. After he had done fpeaking, Appius Claudius, who
was of the faftion, that oppofed the people, being called
upon to deliver his fentiments, rofe up ; a man who fet a
great value upon himfelf, and not without juft caufe: For,
in his private life, he was temperate, and folemn, and his
political principles were noble, and tending to preferve the
dignity of the ariftocracy : He took occafion, from the {peech
of Valerius, to fpeak as follows: " Valerius would have de-
" ferved lefs cenfure, if he had, only, delivered his own fen-
" timents, without inveighing againft thofe, who are of a
" contrary opinion : For, by that means, he would have had
" the advantage of not hearing an expofition of his own
" faults. However, fince he has not been contented withde-
" livering fuch an opinion, as can end in nothing elfe, than
'* in making us flaves to the moft profligate of the citizens,

" but

BookVL DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 89

" but has, alfo, caft reflexions upon thofe, who differ from
** him, and attacked me perfonally, I find it, abfolutely,
*• neceflary for me, alfo, to fpeak to thefe things ; and,
** firft, to clear myfelf of the charge he has brought againft
" me : For he has reproached me with a condud becoming
** neither a citizen, nor a man of worth, that, defiring to
" get money by every method, I have deprived many of
" the poor of their liberty, and that the feceflion was, chiefly,
" occafioned through my means. Now, it is an ealy matter
" to convince you that neither of thefe allegations is true,
" and well grounded : For, fay, Valerius, who are thofe I
" have inflaved on account of their debts ? Who are thofe I
" ever kept, or now keep, in prifon? Which of the feceders
*' is deprived of his country through my cruelty, or avarice ?
" You can name none. For I am fb far from having in-
" flaved any one of the citizens fof debt, that, having ad-
** vanced my own money to very great numbers, I have
** caufed none of thofe, who did not make good their pay-
" ments, to be either furrendered to me, or difcredited ; but
** all of them enjoy their liberty, and all look upon them-
** felves to be under the fame obligations to me with my
** friends, and clients, and are confidered by me in the fame
" Hght. When I fay this, I mean not to accufe any, who
** have not adled like me in this refpeft ; neither do I think
" any man guilty of injuftice, if he has done what the law
" allowed him to do ; but I fay it only to acquit myfelf of
<' the accufations brought againft me.

Vol. III. N LX.

90 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

LX. " As to the feverity, and patronage of wicked men,
" with which he has reproached me, calling me an enemy
" to the people, and a favourer of oligarchy, becauie I
** adhere to the ariftocracy, thefe accufations, equally, siSe€t
" all thofe among you, who, being men of fuperior worth,
" think it beneath you to be governed by your inferiors,
** or to fufFer the form of government you have in-
" herited from your anceftors, to be transformed into the
** worft of all conftitutions, a democracy. For, if this man
" fliall think fit to call the government of the beft men, an
** oligarchy, it does not, therefore, follow, that the thing
** itfelf, becaufe it. is traduced by that appellation, will be
** impeached. While we can fix a much jufter, and a truer
** reproach upon him for flattering the people, and aiming
" at tyranny. Since all the world knows that every tyrant
'* fprings from a flatterer of the people : And that the fliort
"way for thofe, who defign to inflave their country, is That
<* which leads to domination through the favor of the moft "
" pit)fligate citizens, whom he himfelf has ever courted,
" and courts even to this day : For you are very fenfible that
** thefe vile, and mean wretches would never have dared to
« commit fuch crimes, if they had not been encouraged by
" this venerable man, this lover of his country, and told
" that the a<^On flioyld be attended with no danger ; and
" that it fliould, not only, go unpuniflied, but their condi-
" tion fliould even be improved by it. You will be convinced
" of the truth of what I lay, when you remember that,
" while he was frightening you with a war, and fliewing

« the

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSI8, 91

* the necefUty of an accommodation, he told you, at the

* fame time, that the poor will not be contented with an

* abolition of their debts, but will, alfo, infift upon fome

* protedion, and, no longer, fubmit to be governed by

* you, as before : And, at laft, he exhorted you to acquiefce

* under the prefent.fituation of affairs, and to grant every

* thing the people fliould think fit to demand as the con-

* ditions of their return, without diftinguifliing whether
•^ thofe demands were honourable, or diflionourable, juft,

* or unjuft. With fo much arrogance have the fenielefs

* people been infpired by this old man, who has enjoyed

* every honor we could confer upon him. Did it, then,

* become you, Valerius, to charge others with the reproaches

* they have not deferved, when you yourfelf lie open tofuch

* accufations? ,

LXL " What I have faid is fuiEcient to refute the ca-

* lumnies this man has brought againft me. Concerning

* the fubjed of your prefent debate, I am, not only, of

< opinion that what I firft propofed was juft, worthy of this

* commonwealth, and advantageous for yourfelves, but I ftill

* continue in the fame fentiments, ^d advife you not to

< confound the order of the government, not to alter the

* unalterable cuftoms of your anceftors, not to banifli public

* faith, a facred thing, from human fociety, on which the

* fecurity of every city is founded, nor to give way to a

* thotjghtlefs people, who defire unjuft, and unlawful things :

< And I am fo far from retracing any part of my opinion,

* through the fear of my adverfaries, who endeavour to

N 2 " frighten

92 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

"frighten me by exciting the plebeians againft me, that I
" am much hiore than ever confirmed in my refentment;
" and my indignation at the demands of the people is
" doubled. And I wonder, fathers, at the extraordinary
" turn of your difpofition, that yoU, who refufed to grant
" to the people an abolition of their debts, and a difcharge
" from their judgements, before they were in open war .
" againft you, fhould now, when they are in arms, and
" commit adls of hoftility, fcem willing, not only, to make
" thefe conceflions, but, alfo, to grant them every thing
" elfe they defire: And they will defife, and the firft of
" their demands will be, to have an equal fhare of honors
" with you, and to enjoy the fame privileges. Will not that
" be to transform the government into a democracy, which,
" of all conftitutions, as I faid, is the moft fenfelefs, and the
" leaft expedient for you, who aim at commanding others ?
" This, if you are wife, you will not do : Otherwife, it
" would be a moft glarin'g abfurdity, if you, who looked
" upon it as a thing intolerable to be governed by one tyrant,
" ftiould, now, deliver up yourfelves to the people, a many-
" headed tyrant, and. fubmit to this without conferring an
" obligation, or being perfuaded to it, but forced by nccef-
** fity, and as if you had it not in your power to do any
thing in your prefcnt circumftances, but to yield contrary
to your inclination. And, when this fenfelefs multitude,
" inftead of being puniflied for their offences, fliall even
" obtain honors, as a reward for thofe offences, how proud
" and unperious do you think this will render them ? For

" you

(C

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 93

" you are not to flatter yourfelves with the hope that the
*' people will moderate their demands, if they know that
** you all concurred in this refolution.

LXII. " But, in this refpedt, Menenius, who is a worthy
" man, and judges of the good intentions of others by his
" own, is very much miftaken; For they will urge you with
** an importunity grievous beyond all meafure, encouraged
" both by the pride which, always, accompanies victory,
" and by their folly, of which they have fo great a fhare.
" And, if not, at firft, they will, afterwards, upon every
** occafion, when their demands are not granted, take arms,
" and fly in your faces with the fame infolence. So that,
" if you yield to their firfl: demands, as expedient, you will,
" prefently, have fomething worfe impofed upon you ; and
" after that, fomething elfe flill more intolerable than the
" former, upon a fuppofition that your firft conceflions
" flowed from fear ; till, at laft, they drive you out of the
" city, as it has, already, happened in many others, and,
" lately, at Syracufe, where the ^^ landed men were expelled
" by their clients. If, then, your indignation at their demands
" will induce you, at laft, to rejed them, why, do you not,
" from this inft^nt, begin to afllime the Ipirit of free men }"

36' 0( j/twpo^oi. Sylburgius has taken to our author, becaufe the books, in
notice that Herodotus calls thefe ya- which Diodorus Siculus, very proba-
^of«, according to the Dorfc dialed, bly,gave an account of this tranfadtion,
which was fpoken at Syracufe. We are loft. But this we know from ''He-
know nothing of the manner, in which rodotus, thai Gelon reftored them to
thefe landed men were driven out of the^r country, and, by reftoring them,
that city by their flaves, as Herodotus made himfclf matter of Syracufe.
calls them, or their clients, according . '

^ In Polymnia, c. 15J,

" FOY

94 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VL

" For it is better to aft with couragp upon a finall provo-
" cation, before any damage is received, than^ alter fufFering
" many ads of injuftice, to complain of what is paft, refufc
** the reft, and begin late to grow wife. Let none of you
** be terrified either with the commotion of the revolters,
** or with a foreign war ; nor diflruft our domeftic forces,
as infufficient to preferve the city: For the ftrength of
the fugitives is finall, and they cannot long continue in
huts during the winter, with the fame eafe as they now
** incamp in the open air ; and they will be fo far from
^tting provifions by plunder, when they have confumed
their prefent ftock, that they will not be able even to
" purchafe any firom other places, and convey them to their
camp, by reafon of their poverty, as having no money,
either public, or private : Whereas, wars are, generally,
" fiipported by plenty of money. Befides, anarchy, as may
** well be imagined, and fedition, flowing from anarchy,
" will feize them, and foon difllpate, and difeoncert their
** counfels : For they will not fubmit to deliver up them-
« felves either to the Sabines, or the Tyrrhenians, and
" become flaves to thofe, whom they themfelves, in con-
** jundion with you, formerly deprived of their libertjr ;
** and the men, who have, wickedly, and fhamefully, en-
** dcavoured to deftroy their own country, will, leaft of all,
** be trufted by them, left they treat the country, that rc-
'* ceives them, in the fame manner : For all the nations
** round us are governed by ariftocracies, and the people,
" in every city, are excluded firom an equal fhare in the

" govem-

it

(C
<(

«

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 95

" government. So that, the leading men in every city,
" vj^ho do not fuffer their own fubjcds to attempt any
" alteration in the commonwealth, will never receive this
" foreign, this feditious people into their country j left, by
** admitting them to a fliare in the privileges of their fubjeds,
" they themfelves fhould, one day, be deprived of their owa
** fhare in the adminiftration. But, if I am miftaken, and
" any city fliould receive them, they will, prefently, dif-
" covCT themfelves there to be enemies, and deferve to be
" treated as fuch. We have here their wives, parents, and
" the reft of their relations, as hoftages ; and better we
" could not defire the gods to give us ; all whom we will
** place in the fight of their relations; and, if they dare to
" attack us, we will put them to death under the moft
" fevere, and the moft ignominious tortures. And, when
" they know this, be affured they will intreat, lament, and
" deliver up themfelves to you unarmed, and ready to ftib-
** mit to every thing you defire : For fuch diftrefles have
" an irrefiftible power to break the moft haughty Ipirits,
" and annihilate their refolution.

LXIII. ** For thcfe reafons I affirm that a war fi-om the
" fugitives is not to be feared. As to the dangers of
*^ foreign wars, this is not the firft time thofe dangers have
" been formidable only in difcourfe ; but, even before this^
** as often as we have experienced them, they have been
^ found leis terrible than we apprehended. And, let thofe,
" who think our domeftic forces not fufficiently ftrong,
** and, for this reafon chiefly, apprehend a war, know that

" they

96 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

" they are not enough acquainted with them. We fhall
** have a body ^^ of citizens equal in ftrength to the revolters,
** if we think fit to chufe out the ftbuteft of our flaves, and
** give them their liberty : For, it is better to grant liberty
". tothefe, than to be deprived of our authtwity by the others*
" The former are, already, fufficiently inftru<Sted in mi-
** litary difcipline, by having attended us in many expedi'
" tions. And againft our foreign enemies let us march
** ourfelves, with all poffiblc alacrity, at the head of all our
** clients, and of the people, who are left : And, in order
" to ingage thefe to fight chearfully, let us grant them an
<* abolition of their debts, not generally, but to every one in
" particular : For, . if we are, by yielding to the times, to
" (hew Ibme moderation, let not that moderation exert itfelf
" towards fuch of the people, as are our enemies, but to-
" wards fuch of them, as are our friends ; on whom we may
** feem not compelled, but perfuaded, to beftow favors.
" And, if more fuccours (hould ftill be wanting, thefe being
*' infufficient, let us fend for the garrifons of all the fortrefles,
'* and recal our colonies. And how many the number of
** thefe will amount to, may be, eafily, learned from the laft

37* n^ Of jMtv yt T«f «^6f );ico7«f ruv been Roman citizens the moment they

o-oAiI«» «v7iar«A(i» ;^«j-« i^ojusK. TheLa- had been manumitted. Whereas, if

tin tranOators, and, after them, the we adhere to the connexion they have

French, have rendered this fentence, adopted, ru* zroXiiwv will be inaftive,

as if they underftood that rut vo^ilttv a.nd fignify no more than Tvf»!Ptir,xo]tit

was joined by our author to *%t<;y,y.olx(: without that addition ; as Appius faid,

I own that the text will bear this con- before, in this very fpeech, t«/ THN

ftruftion -, but I think the fenfe will A^ESTHKOTflN ii» rr.i iuv,¥ ufialr^»t

be much ftronger, if we conntft tu¥ etc. and, afterwards fays, firjt nr^itQetM

btoA/Jwv with »v[ivah9y x^?* i|9|t*w : For wijturfl* u^tf TOTS A*E2THKOTAX,

thefe flaves would, certainly, have etc.

" cenfus J

C(

Book VI. blONYSIUS H ALICARNASSENSIS. 97

" cenfiis; when there were regiftered one hundred and thirty
** thoufand men grown; of thefe the fugitives do not make
a feventh part. I aver, alfo, that the thirty cities of the
Latin nation would defire nothing more than- to fight
" our batdes, by reafbn of their relation to us, if you would
** only grant them the fame privileges with our own citizens,
** which they have ever defired.

LXIV. " But the advant^ the nioft confiderable in
" war is That, which neither you yourfelves have yet thought
" of, nor any of your advifers fuggcfted : This I fhall add
** to what I have faid, and, then, make an end. There is
" nothing fo neceflary to fuccefs in war, as good generals :
" With thefe our city abounds ; while there is a fcarcity of
" them among our enemies: For numerous armies, when
" commanded by unfkilful generals, difgrace themfelves,
and, very often, occafion their own defeat ; and the more
numerous they are, the more they are expofed to this
** misfortune: Whereas, good generals, although the
" armies they receive are fmall, foon augment them to
" great numbers. So that, as long as we have generals
" able to command, we fhall never want men defirous to
** obey. Confider, therefore, thefe things; refle<ft on the
** adions of this commonwealth, and determine nothing
** mean, ungenerous, or unworthy of yourfelves. What,
" then, if any one fhould afk me, do I advife ? (For, in all
" probability, you, long fince, earneftly delire to know this)
" Neither to fend embafladors t;o the revolters, to decree an
*• abolition of their debts, nor do any other ad, that may
Vol. III. O « betray

pS ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

" betray fear, or perplexity : But, if they lay down theif
'* arms, return to the city, and fubmit their interefts to b^
" difcuffed by you at leifure, I advife you to treat them
" with moderation, as you well know that all fenfelefs men,
" particularly, the populace, behave themfelves with impe-
" rioufnefs to the fubmiflive, and with fubmiflion to the
" impcr^)us."

LXV. When Claudius had done fpeaking, there was a
great clamor, and prodigious tumult in the fenate, which
laftcd a confiderable time : For thofe, who feemed to be of
the ariftocratical party, and thought themfelves obliged to
prefer the consideration of juftice to That of injuftice, ad-
hered to the opinion of Claudius j and defired the confuls
particularly to join the better iide, and to confider that
they were inverted with a regal, not a popular, power ; or,
at leaftjto keep themfelves neuter, and not to overbear either
party, but to count the opinions of the fenators, and declare
for the majority : But, if they negle<3:ed both thele, and
aflumed to themfelves the fole power of concluding the ac-
commodation, they faid they would not fuffer it ; but would
Dppofe them to the utmoft, with words, as far as they
might, and, if rieceflary, with arms. Thefe were a confider-
able body, and almoft all the young patricians adhered to
this party : But all the lovers of peace efpoufed the opinion
of Menenius, and Valerius, particularly, the ancient fenators,
who confidered the calamities, which all governments are
expofed to, by civil wars: But, being overborne by the
clamor, and diforderly behaviour, of the young men, and,

fufpe<fting

BookVI. DIONYSIUS HALIC ARKASS ENS I S, 99

fiifpedting tlie confequences of their ambition, and, alfo,
fearing left the haughtinefs, with which they had treated the
confuls might end in violence, unlefs fome kind of fubmiffion
>vere made to them, they, at laft, had recourfe to tears, and
intreaties, with which they endeavoured to foften their op-
pibfers.

LXVI. The tumult being appeafed, and every one filent
at laft, the confuls conferred together, and pronounced their
final determination, which wias to this effcd; " Fathers,
the thing in the world we defire moft, is, that you would
all be unanimous, particularly, when the public fafety is
" the fubjed of your debate; but, if that cannot be, that
** the younger fenators would yield to their feniors, and
*' not contend with them ; but confider that, when they
" are arrived to the fame age, the fame deference will
" he paid to them by their juniors : But we obferve that
" a fpirit of contention, the moft deftrudive of all dif-
" eafes incident to mankind, has feized you ; and that the
** young men among you, behave themfelves with great
" arrogance : And, fince the remaining part of the day is
** (bort, and there is not time to perfed your refblutions,
" depart for the prefent ; and bring with you to the next
**aflembly greater moderation, and a better difpofition:
" But, if you fhould preferve the lame contentious humor,
" we (hall, not, for the future, make ufe of young men,
*< either as judges, or counfellors; but, from henceforward,
" we will reftrain their dilbrderly behaviour by a law,

O2 "which

c<

100 ROMAN AtTTIQUITrES OF BookVL

" ^* which fhall fix the age required in a fenator. As to the
" fenior members, wcfliall, again, give them an opportunity
^^ of delivering their opinions ; and, if they do not agree,
" we ihall put an end to then* contefts by a ihort method,
" which it is proper you fhould be apprized of beforehand :
^^ You are fenfible that we have a law, as ancient as the city
'* we inhabit, by which the ienate is invefted with a fbvereign
" power in every thing, except the eledion of magiftrates,
" the enading of laws, and the declaring, or putting an end
^^ to, wars ; and that the people have the power of deter-
" mining thefe three things by their votes : Now, the prefent
*^ debate has no other objed:, but war, or peace: So that,

3'- ToL^xvlu ct^iiAov fl(0f ov iififfH Tj<c of that natuFC was before in being ;

fi^htvo^lm^ fX^y. It does not appear that bccaute he tells us that the firft Scipio,

this threat was carried into execution ; afterwards called Africanus^ was op-

at leaft, not till many ages after, that pofed by the tribunes of the people,

16) ia the year of Rome 575 ; when, when he flood for the curule e^ilc-

by the Villian law, the ages of all (hip, for this reafon, that he ha^ not

magftrates was fixed. *^ Fuhius the age, required by law, for that

FIaccus conful eft creatus cum L. Mantio magiftracy % ^ quod nondum adpeiendum

Acidino. — Eo anno rogatio primum eft legitima aetas eJfeL This happened in

lalaa L. yillio tribune flebis^ quot annos the confullhip of Q. Fulvius Flaccus

nati quemque magiftratum pettrent^ ca- for the third time, and of Ap. Claudius

p&entque. This law, indireftly, fixed Pulcher, and in the year of Rome 542,

the age required in a Roman fenator •, that is, 33 years before the Villian law

becaufe the , magiftracy was the femi- was enaded. Whenfoevcr the law,

nary of the fenate, into which all ma- upon which the tribunes grounded

giftrates had a right to be admitttd, their oppofition to Scipio^ was pafied,

as fenators, upon the firft call of the certain it is that there was no fuch law

fcnate after the expiration of their ma- in the early times of the common-

^iftracy, unlrfs the cenfors could ob- wealth. This we know from ^ Cicero,

jeft to their behaviour. ThoughLivy who fays ; Majores ncftri^ vetens illi^

fays this law was firfl: enafled by Vil- admodum antiqui^ Leges annates non

lius, yet he himfeif, in another place, hakbaiti.
gives us reafon to think that fome law

« Livy, B, xl. c. 44, ' B. xxv. c. 2. • Philippic, v. c 1 7.

"it

Book VI. DION YSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. loi

" it is, abfolutely, neceflary that die people Hiould, by their
" votes, give a (andtion to our refolutions, We (hall, there-
" fore, fummon them to be prefent in the forum, purfuant
" to this law ; and, after you have delivered your opinions,
*' we fhall take their votes, as the only means to put an end
" to your contefts ; And, whatever the majority of the
'* people fhall determine, we fhall efteem That as valid.
" Thofe, who have continued faithful to the commonwealth,
" and are to fhare both our good, and bad fortune, well
" deferve this honor.**

LXVII. Having faid this, they difmifled the aflembly.
The following days, they ordered all the citizens, who were
in the country, and in the fortrefles, to be prefent ; and,
having given notice to the fenate to af^mble the fame day^
when they found the city was full of people, and that the
refolution of the patricians was fiibdued by the intreaties,
tears, and lamentations both of the parents, and infant
children, of the fecedcrs, they went, on the appointed day,
to the forum, which was crowded with a concqurfe of dl
forts of people, who were there long before it was light :
And, going into the temple of Vulcan, where it was cufto-
mary for the people to hold their aflemblies, they, firfl,
commended them fortheeameflnefs, and alacrity they fhewed
by affifting in fo great numbers : Then advifed them to wait
quietly, till the previous decree of the fenate was pafled^
and exhorted the relations of the feceders to comf(»'t them-
felves with the h(^es of feeing thofe, who were deareft to
them, in a fhort time. ' After that, they went to the fenate j

and

102 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book YI.

and, not only, fpoke themfelves with gentlenefs, and mode-
ration, but, alfo, defired the reft to deliver mild, and hu-
mane opinions. They, firft, called upon Menenius ; who,
rifing up, (poke in the fame manner as before, exhorting
the fenate to an accommodation ; and, delivering the fame
opinion, defired that embafTadors might, immediately, be
fent to the feceders^ with difcretionary powers to make fuch
an accommodation as they fhould think proper.

LXVIII. After him, other confular fenators, being called
upon according to their age, rofe up, and were all of the
fame opinion with Menenius, till it came to the turn of
Appius to fpeak, who, rifing up, faid; " I find, fays he,
** fathers, that it is the pleafure both of the confuls, and of
•* almoft all the fenate, to bring back the people upon their
** own terms ; I am the only perfbn left of all thofe, who
<* oppofed the accommodation, and I remain expofed to the
" refentment of the people, and can be, no longer, of any
" ufe to you ; However, Ifhall not, for thefe reafbns, depart
" from my former opinion, nor, willingly, defert my fyftem
" of government : But, the more I am abandoned by thofe
" who, before, efpoufed the fame fcntiments, the more I
** fhall, one day, be efteemed by you ; while I live, I fhall be
** praifedby you ; and, when dead, remembered by pofterity;
** And you, O Capitoline Jupiter, you guardian gods of this
" city,, yoii heroes, and tutelary genius's of the Roman land,
" grant that the return of the fugitives may be honourable,
" and advantageous to all, and that I may be miftaken in
^* my prefages of futurity : And, if any misfortune fhould

" redound

BookVi. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 103
** redound to the commonwealth from thcfe counfels (for
** this will foon be manifeft) may you, fpeedily, reform
" them, and infure the (afety of the commonwealth !
" And, to me, who neither, upon any other occafion, ever
" chofe to fay thofe things, that were moft agreeable, inftead
" of thofe, that were moft profitable, nor, upon this,
** betray the public to fecure myfelf, may you be favourable
** and propitious 1 Thefe are the prayers I addrefs to the
*< gods : For words are of no further ufe : But my opinion
" is the fame it was, that is, to difcharge the people, who
" continue in the city, of their debts, and to make war
" upon the revolters with the utmoft vigor, as long as they
" remain in arms."

LXIX. Having faid this, he ended. When the opinions
of the fenior fenators were found to agree with That of
Menenius, and it came to the turn of the juniors to fpeak>
the Whole fenate being in fufpence, Spurius Nautius rofe up,
the. heir of a moft illuftrious family (for Nautius, the
author of his race, was one of the colony, that came over
with Aeneas, and a prieft of Minerva, the tutelary goddefs
of Troy ; and, when he removed from thence, he brought
with him the flatue of that goddefs, which the family of
the Nautii had the cuftody of fucceflively) This perfon
was efteemed the moft illuftrious of all the young fenators
for his perfonal virtue ; and it was expeded that he would
foon be honoured with the confulftiip. He began by making
the apology of all the young fenators, and faid that neither
a ipirit of contention towards their feniors, nor pride had

induced

ra4 ROIVIAN ANTIQJJITIES OF . Book VI.

induced them to differ from the latter in opinion at the laft
meeting of tlie fenate ; and, if they had committed an error,
it was an error of judgement, incident to their youth: And
he ended with faying that by changing their opinion they
would convince them of this : They confented, therefore,
that then- feniors, as men of better judgement, might decree
whatever they thought moft conducive to the good of the
public, and declared they fhould meet with no oppoiition
from them ; but, on the contrary, an intire fubmidtpn to
their determinations. And all the other young men making
the fame declaration, except a very fmall number, who were
related to Appius, the confuls commended their orderly
behaviour, and exhorted them to behave themfelves in the
iame manner upon all public occafions ; and, then, proceeded
to the choice of the deputies, who were ten in number,
being the moft illuftrious of the fenior fenators, all of whom
had been confuls, except one. The deputies were thefe 5
Agrippa Mcnenius Lanatus the fon of Caius, Manius Vale-
rius the ion of Volufus, Publius Servilius, Publius Poftumius
the fon of Quintus, Tubertus Titus, Aebutius the fon of
Titus, Flavins Servius,SulpiciusCainerinus the fon ofPubliuSj
Aulus Poftumius the fon of Publius, and Balbus Aulus.
After this, the fenate being difmifled, the confuls went to
the aflembly of the people; and, having ordered the decree of
the fenate to be read, prefented the deputies : And, every one
defiring to be informed of the inftrucftions, which the fenate
had given them, the confuls faid publicly, that they had ordered
them to reconcile the people to the patricians, by any means

they

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 105

they could, without fraud, or deceit, and to bring home
the fugitives immediately.

LXX. The deputies, having received thefe inftrudions,
went out of the city the fame day. But the news of this
deputation, and of every thing, that had pafled in the city,
arrived at the camp, before the deputies : And, prefently,
all the plebeians came out, and met the deputies upon the
road. There was in the camp a man, extremely, bufy and
feditious, ^' quick in forefeeing things at a great diilance ;
and, being a man of many words, and talkative, not in-
capable of exprefling his thoughts : His name was Lucius
Junius, the name of the perfon, who had deftroyed mo-
narchy ; and, defiring to complete the fimilitude of their
names, he would, alfo, be calleld Brutus : The generality of
the people laughed at the vanity of the man ; and, when
they had a mind to make themfelves merry with him, they
gave him the additional name of Brutus. This perfon in-
formed Sicinnius, who commanded in the camp, that it was
not the intereft of the people to fubmit eafily to the propofals,
that were to be offered, left, by demanding things of fmall
confequence, their return might be the lefs honourable ; but to
oppofe them for a long time, and to ad a part in this nego-

fttttn fit iroAAy> CtC. It may fcem odd, f^ttlct X^i^f »X»'> **« t^tifticraiB-ai itot rt,

but it is true, that feme parts in this I cannot very well underftand how

charaftcr of Lucius Junius bear a near both the French tranflators came to

refemblance to the great qualities a- render «tov a «»«; cet avanturievy this

fcribed by 'Thucydides to Themifto- adventurer.
cles, who was ton jt((AAair7«» i7rnrAMf«r

fB.i.c. 138.

Vol. III. P tiation;

io6 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

tiation ', and he promifed to take upon himfelf the defence
of the people ; and, having fuggefted every thing elfe, that
was to be done, and faid, he prevailed upon Sicinnius. After
which, the latter, afliembling the people, defired the deputies
to acquaint them with the caufe of their coming.

LXXI. When Manius Valerius, who was the moft an-
cient, and the moft popular man of all the deputies, prefented
himfelf ; the people teftifying their affection for him by the
moft endearing expreffions, and appellations ; and, after
they were lilent, he fpoke as follows ; " Nothing, now,
" hinders you, citizens, from returning home, and being
" reconciled to the fenate : For they have voted you an
'* honourable, and advantageous return, and granted you an
" amnefty for all that is pafled : They have, alfo, fent us,
" as deputies, whom they knew to be the greateft patrons
" of the people, and, defervedly, relpeded by you, with
" difcretionary powers, to conclude an accommodation ; to
** the end we may not judge of your fentiments by ap-
" pearances, or conjectures, but may learn from yourfelves
" upon what terms you think fit to put an end to the fedition ;
" that, if there is any moderation in your demands, and they
" are not impoftible in themfelves to be granted, or rendered
" fo by fome infuperable diflionor annexed to them, we
<* may grant them, without expeding the opinion of the
" fenate, or expofing the fuccefs of our negotiation to the
" danger of long delays, or to the envy of your adverfaries.
"The fenate having decreed thefe things, receive their
" favors, citizens, with joy, and with all alacrity, and ear-

" neftnefs j

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 107

" neftnefs ; fetting a value upon fo great a happinefs, and
" returning the greateft thanks to the gods that the Roman
** commonwealth) which commands fo many nations, and
" the fenate, which has the dilpolal of all her honors, with
" whom it is an eftablifhed cuftom to yield to none of her
" adverfaries, willingly departs from her dignity in favor of
" you alone, and neither thinks fit to enter into fuch an
" exadl difcuflion of what belongs to each, as might be
" expeded from fuperiors, who treat with their inferiors,
" but they themfelves have firft fent deputies to propofe an
" accommodation ; neither have they received the imperious
" anfwers you gave to their former deputies, with anger ;
** but have fuffered this forbidding, and juvenile exertion of
" your pride, like good parents That of their thoughtlefs
" children ; and judged proper to fend another deputation,
** to depart from their right, and to fubmit to every thing,
" citizens, that is reafonable. Poffefled of fo great a felicity,
" delay not to acquaint us with what you defire, and do not
" amufe us : And, when you have put an end to the fedi-
" tion, return, with joy, to your country, in which you
<* have received your birth, and education, and for this
" you have made her no good return, in having left her,
*' as far as in you lay, defolate, and a pafture for cattle.
" If you let flip this opportunity, you will, often, wifli for
** fuch another."

LXXII. When Valerius had done fpeaking, Sicinnius
prefented himfelf to the aflembly, and faid that thofe, who
deliberated properly, ought not to form a judgement of the

P 2 " expe-

io8 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

expediency of any meafurefrom a fingle reprefentation of it;
but that arguments of a contrary nature fliould, alfo, be
fuggefted, particularly, when affairs of fo great moment were
under their confideration. Then he declared that any perfon,
who pleafed, might anfwer thefe reafbns, without being at
all afliamed, or afraid : For the fituation of their affairs,
and their prefent diftrefs did not allow them to be influenced
either by fear, or baftifulnefs. All being filent, and looking
upon one another to find out the man, who would defend
the common caufe, *° none appeared, though Sicinnius, often,
repeated the fame thing. At laft, Lucius Junius, the fame
perfon, who defired to be fumamed Brutus, prefented him-
felf, as he had, before, promifed ; and, being received with
the general acclamations of the people, he fpoke in the
following manner : " It feems, citizens, that the dread of the
** patricians, is fo far rooted in your minds, that it aftoniflies
** you : And, caft down by that, you dare not, publicly?
" avow thofe difcourfes, which are the common topics of
" your converfation. For every one of you, poflibly, thinks
" that the next man to him will plead the common caufe,

^' EP(*ni!o 3t vitt. This puts me in feems, the decemvirs pretended to be

mind of ajuft reflexion made by Livy ignorant of the caufe of their feceflion,

upon the behaviour of the feceders, and fent deputies to them to know

when they left the decemvirs, and in- what they meant by it : Upon which,

camped on the Aventine hill. As the Livy obferves that the people were not

firft feceflion ended in the creation of at a lofs for an anfwer: They were at

the tribunes of the people ; fo This a lofs for a perfon to give that anfwer.

ended in the fubverfion of the decern- But • Livy has cxprefled this better

virate: The firft eftablilhed liberty; than I can; Non defuit quid refpondere-

and the laft abolifhed tyranny. It tur i deerat qui daret refponfum.

(B.iii. c. 50.

"and

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARN A SSENSIS. 109

" and had rather *' That man fhould undergo the danger,
" if any ; while he himfelf, (landing fecure, expeds to enjoy,
" in fafety, his fhare of the benefit arifing from the boldnefs
" of the other. But in this he is miftaken : For, if we were
" all of this opinion, the backwardnefs of every individual
" would prove a general mifchief; and, while every man
" confulted his own fafety, he would deftroy That of the
** public ; But, if you did not know, before, that you are
** freed from that dread, and that you fecured your liberty,
" at the fame time you took up arms, learn it now at leaft,
" and learn it from them: For they come not with pride,
" and feverity, to command, as before, or to threaten ; but
** to beg, and invite you to return home, and now begin to
" converfe with you, as with free men, upon equal terms.
** Why then are you, any longer, afraid of them, and why
" are you filent ? Why do you not afllime the fpirit of free
" men 5 and, having, at Taft, broken your chains, publifh
" the injuries you have received from thefe ? Unhappy men f
" What are you afraid of, when you follow me as your
" leader in fpeaking freely ? For I (hall expofe myfelf to
" the danger of difplaying the juftice of your caufe before
" them with freedom, and (hall hide nothing. And, fince
" Valerius has faid that nothing hinders you from going
" home, the fenate having given you leave to return, and
" having, befides, granted you an amnefty, I fhall give him
" this anfwer, which is true, and neceflary to be infifted on.

4«* Aviot fjtcchKtr. This, I think, the which ftands in all the editions, and
fcnfe requires, infteadofv«iir1«f /tA^Aoc, manufcripts.

LXXIIL

no ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

LXXIII. " There are many other rcafons, Valerius, that
" hinder us from laying down our arms, and putting our-
" felves in your power ; but thefe three are the moft con-
** fiderable, and the moft notorious: The firft, becaufeyou
** come to accufe us, as if we had offended, and think that,
** when you give us leave to return, you confer a favor on
<* us ; The next, that, when you invite us to an accommo-
** dation, you do not, at all, explain yourfelves upon what
terms of juftice, and humanity we are to enter into it:
And, laftly, becaufe we can find no fecurity in any thing
** you promife us ; fince you have, always, deceived, and
" impofed upon us. I (hall (peak to each of thefe points
** feparately, beginning with That, which relates to juftice:
** For it is the duty of all, who Ipeak either in private, or in
" public, to begin from thence. If, then, we injure you in
** any thing, we defire neither an impunity, nor an amnefty ;
<* we do not defire, even, to partake, any longer, of the
fame city with you ; but will live in whatever place Fate
{hall lead us to, leaving it to Fortune, and to the gods to
" to dire<9: our courfe. But, if, injured by you, we have
" been compelled to make trial of the condition we are, now,
" reduced to, why do you not acknowledge that you your-
** felves have wronged us, and ftand in need of pardon, and
** an amnefty ? Whereas, you pretend to grant the pardon
" you afk, and magnify your acquitting us of the refent-
" ment you yourfelves defire to be acquitted of: This is to
" confound the nature of truth, and invert the claim of
"juftice. That you are not the injured, but the injurers ;

" and,

€€

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. iii

" and, that you have not made handfom returns for the
** many great lervices you have received from the people,
" in refpe<3: both to your liberty, and your fovereignty, learn
" from what follows. I fhall begin from thofe tranfadions
" you yourfelves are acquainted with ; and I beg of you,
** by the gods, if I advance any thing untrue, that you will
" not bear it, but, prefently, refute me.

LXXIV. " Our ancient government was monarchy,
" under which conftitution we lived, till the feventh gcne-
** ration : And, in all thefe reigns, the people never fufFered
" any hardfhip from their kings ; and leaft of all from thofe,
" who reigned laft : For I omit the many confiderabie ad-
** vantages they enjoyed under them ; fince, befides the other
** methods they ufed of courting, and flattering the people,
" in order to gain their affedtions, and make them enemies to
" you (which is the pradice of all kings, who aim at extend-
** ing their power to tyranny) after they had made themfelves
" mailers of SuefTa, a very opulent city, by a long fiege,
" and had it in their power to grant no part of the fpoils to
" any one, but to appropriate the whole to themfelves, and
" furpafs all other kings in riches, they did not think fit to
** do fo, but gave all the booty to the army : So that, be-
** fides the flaves, cattle, and the other fpoils, which were
" many, and of great value, every man had five minac of
** filver for his (hare : All which we negleded, when tiicy
" ufed their power like tyrants, by the excefTes they com-
** mitted not againft us, but againfl: you, and refented their
" behaviour; and, revolting from our affedion to our kings.

" we

112 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VL

" we joined you : And, entering into the confpiracy you
" had formed againft them, both thofe of us, who were in
" the city, and thofe in the camp, we expelled them, and
" invefted you with their power : And, though it depended,
" often, on us to transfer that power, again, from you to
" the expelled kings, and we were invited to it by promifes
** of great rewards, yet, not to violate our faith to you, we
" refufed to do it, and underwent many great, and continual
" dangers, and wars for your fake : And, at this time, which
" is the feventeenth year, we are worne out with fighting
" againft all mankind for our common liberty. For the
" government being unfettled (as it, often, happens infudden
" revolutions) we ingaged the numerous forces of two very
" confiderable cities of Tyrrhenia, Tarquinii, and Veil, that
" fought to reftwe the kings, with an army, vaftly, inferior
" in number ; and, fighting with the greateft alacrity, we,
" not only, overcame our enemies, but preferved the power
" for the furviving cbnful. Not long after, when Porfena,
" king of the Tyrrhenians, was, alio, endeavouring toreftore
" the exiles with the united forces of all Tyrrhenia command-
" ed by himfelf, and Thofe, which the others had, long be-
" fore, raifed,we, though unprovided with an army of equal
" ftrength, and, for that reafon, befieged, and reduced to
" difficulties, and to the want of every thing, by fupporting
" ourfelves under all thefe terrors, we forced him to depart in
** friendfliip. And, laft of aU, when the kings, for the third
** time, fought to effed their reftoration by the afliflance of
'* the Latin nation, and brought againft us the forces of

" thirty

BookVf. blONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 113

" thirty cities, we, feeing you humbly intreating, lamenting,
" calling upon every one of us, and putting us in mind of
** our friendfliip, our common education, and our common
" warfare, could not bear to abandon you : But, looking
** upon it as a moft honourable, and glorious thing to fight
" your battles, we ruftied into the midfl of terrors, and
" expofed ourfelves to a greater danger, than we had, ever
" before, encountered j in which, after we had received
** many wounds, and loft many of our relations, of our
" friends, and fellow-foldiers, we overcame the enemy,
** killed their generals, and deftroyed the whole royal family.

LXXV. " Thefe are the actions we have performed to
** affift you in freeing yourfelves from the tyrants, in which
" our alacrity has exceeded our power, and in which we
*' ingaged rather through virtue, than neceflity. Now
** hear what we have done to obtain for you the refped, and
*' command of others ; and alfo to acquire for you a power
** greater than was, at firft, expe<?:ed ; and, as I faid before,
" if, in any degree, I fwerve from the truth, objed: to what
" I fay. When you thought you had fecured your liberty,
" you were not contented to flop there; but ingaging in
" bold, and new attempts, perhaps looking upon every man
" as your enemy, who defired to preferve his liberty, and
** declaring war almoft againft all the world, in all thefe
" perils, and in all thefe battles, fought to fupport that
" ambition, you thought fit to lavifh our blood. I omit the
" number of cities that, fometimes fingly, fometimes two
" jointly, made war upon you in defence of thdr liberty ;

Vol. III. Q^ « the

cc
c<

114 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. OF BookVl

*' the forces of fome we overcame in pitched battles, and
" others we took by ftorm, and compelled them to become
" fubjedts to you. Why fhould we particularize the adions,
when the fubjed is Co ample ? But, who were they, who
aflifted you in fubjeding all Tyrrhenia, which was divided
** into twelve dynafties, and exceeding powerful both at
" land, and fea? Whole fuccours rendered the Sablnes, a
" nation of fuch ftrength, who had ever contended with
" you for the fuperiority, unable, any longer, to contend
" with you for an equality ? Who were they, who fubdued .
" the thirty cities of the Latines, who, not only, were
*' elated with the fuperiority of their forces, but derived
** magnificent hopes from the fuperior juftice of their de-
" mands, and compelled them to fly to you to deprecate
" flavery, and the demolition of their cities ?

LXXVI. " I omit the other dangers, in which we ingaged
" with you, before we were difunited, and while we our-
** felves entertained the hopes of Ibme advantages under the
" government. But, when it appeared you had converted that
" government into a tyranny, that you treated us like flaves,
" and that we, no longer, continued in the lame dilpofition
" towards you, then it was that almoft all your fubjeds
" revolted, the Vollci letting the example, which was fol-
lowed by the Aequi, the Hernici, the Sabines, and many
others ; and an opportunity feemed to be offered, the like
" to which had, never before, happened, if we had coun-
** tenanced it, to effed one of thefe two things, either to
•* fubvert your government, or to render it more moderate

« for

CC
CC

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 115

" for the future : Do you remember to what a defpair of
" your fovereignty, and to what a degree of diftrefs you
" were then reduced, left we fliould either not aflift you
** in the war, or, indulging our refentment, join the enemy ;
" and to what intreaties, and promifes you had recourfe ?
" What did we do then, mean citizens though we are, and
** abuied by you ? We fufFered ourfelves to be overcome by
" the intreaties, and prevailed upon by the promifes, which
" Servilius, the beft of men, then confiil, made to the people ;
" and retained no refentment of your former ill-ulage ; but,
" conceiving good hopes of your future behaviour, we gave
" ourfelves up to you ; and, having fubdued all your ene-
" mies in a fhort time, we prefented ourfelves to our country
** with many prifoners, and a fine booty. What return did
** you make to us for thefe fervices? Did you make us a
" return, that was juft, and worthy of the dangers we had
" expofed ourfelves to ? Far, far from it : You violated even
" the promifes j^ which you had ordered the conful to make
" to us in the name pf the commonwealth : And this very
" perfon, this beft of men, whom you had made ufe of to
'* deceive us, you deprived of a triumph, though, of all
** others, he moft deferved that honor; and fixed this dif-
" grace upon him for no other reafon, than becaufe he
** defired you to do that juftice you had promifed, and was
** known to refent the impofition.

LXXVII. «' And, very lately (for I ftiall add one in-
" ftance more to that part of my difcourfe, which relates to
(< juftice, before I make an end} when the Aequi, the Sabines,

0^2 "and

ii6 ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVI.

" andtheVolfci, uniting their counfels, themfelves took arms
" againft you, and invited others to do the fame, were not
" you, who are fo awful and imperious, obliged to fly to us,
" who are mean and defpifed, and to promife every thing in
" order to ingage us in your defence? And, that you might
" not feem to have an intention to deceive us again, as you
" had often done before, you made ufe of Manius Valerius,
" the greateft patron of the people, as a cover for your
" deceit ; in whom we confiding, and thinking ourfelves
" in no danger of being impofed upon by a di<Elator, and,
" leaft of all, by a man who loved us, we afllftedyou in this
" war alfo ; and, having fought not a few battles, nor thofe
< * either inconfiderable, or obfcure, we overcame your enemies :
" But, the war being ended in a moft ^orious manner, and
" fboner than it was, generally, expeded, you were fo far from
" rejoicing, and thinking yourfelves, greatly, obliged to the
" people for the fuccefs of it, that you defired ftill to keep
*' us in arms againft our will, and under our enfigns, that
" you might violate your promifes, as you had, at firft, deter-
" mined : However, this perfon not Submitting to the im-
" pofition, nor to the indignity of the adion ; but bringing
" the enfigns into the city, and difbanding the forces, you
" made ufe of this as a pretence for not doing us juftice; you
" abufed him, and performed not a fingle thing you had pro-
** mifed us; but, at one and the fame time, you committed
" three crimes of the blackeft dye; you debafed the dignity
" of the fenate ; you deftroyed the credit of this perfon ; and
" deprived your benefedors of therecompence, that was due

" to

<(

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BookVi. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSEN SIS. 117
" to their labors. Siiice, therefore, patricians, we have thefe,
** and many other things of the like nature to alledge againft
" you, we did not think fit tofolicityou byfupplications, and
" intreaties ; nor, as if guilty of heinous crimes, to accept of
** our return iipon the terms of an impunity, and an am-
nefty : Neither do we think proper to aiter into an exad
" difcuffion of thefe things at prefent, fince we are met to treat
* * of an agreement; butare willing to overlook, and forget them.
LXXVIII. " But why do you not explain the fubje<3: of
*' your deputation, and fay, plainly, what you are come to afk ?
Upon what hopes do you defire us to return to the city ?
And what kind of fortune would you have us take for our
guide? What is the alacrity, or joy, that is to receive us?
** For we have not, hitherto, heard you propofe any thing
" humane, or benevolent; no honors, no magiftracies, no
" relief of our poverty,, nor any thing elfe, no, not the leaft.
Though, in reality,, you ought not to tell us what you
defign to do, but what you have done; to the end that,
havii^ beforehand tailed fbme efFe£l: of your benevolence,
we might conclude that your future favors, alfo, would
" be of the lame nature. I exped they will anfwer to this,
" that they are come with difcretionary powers in all things^
*' So that, whatever we can perfuade one another to agree
" to, That is to be valid. I fuppofe this to be fo : Let the
" event juftiiy it; Icontradid it not: But, I defire to know
** from them what is to. follow upon this; and, after we
" have fignified.the conditions, upon which we think fit to
** return, and thefe conditions are agreed to, who will

" under-

«

u

u

ii8 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

** undertake for the performance of this agreement? What
" fecurity fliall we truft to, if we lay down our arms, and
** put ourfelves again in the power of thefe men ? Shall wc
. '* truft to the votes of the Cenate, that are to pafs upon this
** fubjed ? For they are not yet pailed : And what ihall
" hinder thefe from being, again, repealed by other votes',
" when Appius, and thofe of his fadHon (hall think fit ?
" Or fhall we truft to the dignity of the deputies, who
" ing^e their own faith? But the fenate have, already,
" made ufe of thefe men to deceive us. Or fliall we truft
" to an agreement, .entered into under the iandion of the
** gods, and affure to ourfelves the performance of it by oaths?
" For my own part, I am more afraid of relying on this,
than on any other aiTurance mankind can give; becaufe
I fee it defpifed by the men in power ; and, becaufe I
" have obferved, upon many other occafions, as well as this,
" that involuntary agreements, entered into by men defirous
" to command, with thofe, who defire to be free, laft no
" longer, than the power of that neceffity, which fcn-med
" thofe agreements. What kind offriendfliip, therefore, and
" afturance is that, under which we flidl be obliged to
** court one another againft our will, while each of us are
'' watching our own opportunities to iurprife one another ?
'< This fituation will be fucceeded by fufptcions, and con-
*' tinual accufations of one another, by envy, and hatred,
" and evils of every kind; and by an eternal conteft which
** of us fliall firft efted the deftrudion of his adverfery, left
<< a delay may prove the means of his own.

LXXIX.

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 119
LXXIX. " And all know there is not a greater mifchief,
than a civil war, in which the conquered are unfortunate,
and the conquerors criminal i and in which the former
are defhx)yed by, and the latter deftroy, their deareft
friends. To flK:h misfortunes, and to fuch abhorred cala-
mities invite us not, patricians ; neither let us yield to
their invitations, citizens : But let us acquiefce under that
fortune, which has feparated us. Let them have the whole
city to themfdves, and enjoy it without us ; and let them
pofiibfs alone every other advantage, after they have driven
the mean, and obfcure plebeians from their country.
Let us depart to whatever place Fortune fhall conduct us ;
and look, upon That we leave, as a foreign country, not
our own : For none of us leave there either his lands, his
paternal habitation, common facrifices, or the dignity every
man is intided to in his own country ; the defire of which
things might induce us to be fond of flaying there, even
contrary to our refolutions; we have not there even the
liberty of our own perfbns, which we have purchafed
with our arms, and with many labors: Since feme of
thofe have been deflroyed by the enemy, fbme confumed
by the fcarcity of daily neceflaries, and others we have
been, deprived of by thefe imperious creditors : For whom
we, miferable men, are, at lafl, obliged to till our own
lands, digging, planting, plowing, tending flocks of fheep,^
becoming fellow-fervants to our own flaves taken by us in
war i fome of us being bound with chains, fome with
fetters, and others, like the mof): mifchievous of all wild

"beafls,

120 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

* * beads, with wooden, and iron collars : I fay nothing of
" the blows, outrages, ftripes, the continual labors, and every
" other cruelty, abufe, and infolence we have undergone.
" Freed by heaven from Co many, and fo great evils, let us,
" joyfully, fly from them with all the fpeed, and power we^
" are able ; and, following Fortune, and that god, who
" preferves us, as our guides, look upon our liberty as our
" country, and our courage as our riches. For every nation
" will receive us into their community, becaufe we fhall be,
" in fome refpefts, inoffenfive to thofe, who will receive us,
" and, in others, ufeful.

LXXX. " Of this let many Greeks, and many Barbarians
" be examples to us, particularly the anceftors both of thefe
" men, and our own : Some of whom, leaving Afia with
" Aeneas, came into Europe, and built a city in the country
" of the Latines; and others, coming from Alba, under the
" condud of Romulus, as chief of the colony, built, in thefe
" parts, the city we are, now, leaving. We have with us
** forces more numerous than they had, even three times
** their number, and a more juft caufe of removing : For
'* thofe^ who left Troy, were driven out by their enemies ;
** but we, by our friends ; and there is more compaflion
" due to fuch, as are expelled by their own people, than to
** thofe, who are expelled by foreigners. The colony under
** Romulus defpifed the country of their anceftors, in hopes
" of acquiring a better ; but we, who quit a life attached
** to no city, and to no habitation, ingage in a colony, that
** will be neither envied by the gods, troublefome to men,

" nor

Book VI. dlONYSIUS HALIC ARNASSENSIS. 121

** nor grievous to any country. We have neither {pilled the
*' blood of our fellow-citizens who expel us, laid wafte the
** country we quit, with fire, and fword, nor left any other
<* monument of an everlafting hatred, according to the
" cuftom of all nations, who have been abufed by a viola-
" tion of treaties, and reduced to unavoidable neceffity t
** But, calling upon the gods, and genius's, who direA all
" human allairs withjuftice, as witnefles to our complaints;
<* and, leaving it to them to revenge our wrongs, we, only,
" defire this favor, that you will reftore our infant children,
" and parents, and fuch of our wives, as are willing tofhare
" our fortune : Thefe will fuffice ; and we defire nothing
" elfe from our country : May you be happy, and lead the
" life you chufe ; fince your fentiments are (o inconfiftent
" with civil government, and lb incommunicative to your
" inferiors.'*

LXXXI. Brutus thus ended his fpeech : When all, who
were prcfent, looked upon every thing he had advanced in
relation to jufticc to be well-grounded, asalfo whathe alledged
againft the pride of the fenatc; particularly what he laid to
fhew the affurance, offered for the performance of the agree-
ment, to be full of fraud, and deceit : But, when, laftly, he
delcribed the abufes which the people had fulFered from their
creditors, and put every man in mind of his own misfor-
tunes, none were (o obdurate, as not to Ihed tears, and to
bewail their common calamities ; and, not only, the people
were affeded in this manner, but the deputies of the fenate
alio : For even thele could not refrain from tears, when they
. Vol. III. R con-

124 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BoolcVI.

confidered the misfortunes, that would flow from a repa-
ration of the people : And they continued, a long time,
confounded, pouring forth tears, and at a iofs what to fiiy.
But, after this great lamentation ceafed, and the affembly
was filent, Titus Lartius prefented himfelf to anfwer thefe
accufations ; a man, who feemed to excel the reft of the
citizens by his dignity as well as age, and had been twice
conful ; and had, of all men, made the beil ufe of the
didatorial power, and caufed that invidious magiftracy to
be looked upon as facred, and refpedable. He fpoke firft
to the point of juftice; and, fometimes, cenfured the credi-
tors for having aded with cruelty, and inhumanity ; and, at
others, glanced at the poor for defiring things unjufl, and
aiming at being difcharged of their debts by violence, rather
than favor ; and told them they were in the wrong to quarrel
with the fenate for refilling to grant them what was reafon-
able, rather than with thofe, who were the caufe of that
refufal: He, alfo, endeavoured to (hew that there was a
fmall part of the people, whofe offence was involuntary, and
who were forced, by the excefs of their poverty, to demand
an abolition of their debts; but that the greateft part of
them were abandoned to libertinilm, and infolence, and to
a life of pleafure, and prepared to gratify their pafHons by
robbing others ; and he thought a difference ought to be
made between the miferable, and the wicked, and between
thofe, who deferved favor, and thofe, who deferved hatred :
And, laying fome other things to the fame purpofe, that
were true indeed, but not grateful to all who heard him,

• he

BookVLDIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 123

he did not gain their approbation ; but every thing he faid
was received with a great murmur, fome being difcon-
tented at his renewing the memory of their forrows ; and
others owning that he concealed no part of the truth. But
thefe were, greatly, inferior to the former, and being drowned
with numbers, the clamor of the difcontented prevailed.

LXXXII. After Lartius had added a few things to what
he had, before, faid, and touched upon their revolt, and the
precipitancy of their refolutions ; Sicinnius, who was then
at the head of the people, replied, and inflamed them ftill
more, faying that, " by what Lartius had advanced, they
" might learn what honors, and favors were like to receive
them, when they returned to their country t For, if thofe,
who are in the height of their apprehenfions, who im-
" plore the ^fHflance of the people, and are come hither for
" that purpofe, cannot, even now, prevail upon themfelves
" to fpeak to them with moderation, and humanity, what
** fentiments are you to expeft they will entertain, whea
" every thing fhallhave fucceeded according to their wifhes;
" and that thofe, who are, now, abufed by their words,
** fhall become fubjeA to their a&ions ? What pride, what
** flripes, what tyrannical cruelty will they forbear ? If you
" are contented to be flaves all your lives, to be bound,
** fcourged, and deflroyed by fire, fword, famine, and every .
'* other abufe, defer it not ; but throw dovwi your arms,
" and follow them with your hands tied behind you : But,
" if you have any love for liberty, bear not this u&ge. And,
*.* as for you, deputies, either explain the terms, upon which

R 2 "you

124 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVL

" you defire to recal us; or, if you do not explain them,
<< withdraw &om the aflbmbly: For, after this, we ihall not
" allow you to fpeak."

LXXXIII. When he had faid this, all prefent tcftified,
by their acclamatioas, diat they approved of his reaibns.
After they were filent, Menenius Agrippa, the fame perfoii,
who had pleaded die caufe of the people in die &nate ; and,
having moved that deputies might be fent with difcre-
tionary powers, had been the chief cauie of that deputation,
iignified that he, alio, had a defire to {peak. The people
looked upon this, as the thing they had wifhed ; and, now
at leaft, expeded to hear propofals tending to a iinoere
accommodation, and to the fecurity of both parties: And
firft they encouraged him with a great {hout, and called out
to him to {peak : After that, they were quiet, and (o great
a filence prevailed in the afiembly, that the place refembled
-a fditude. He feemed, in all refpeds, to ipeak in the mod
perfuafive manner, and the beft fuited to the inclinations of
his audience : And, at the end of his fpeech, it is faid he
made uie of a kind of fable, like Thofe of Aefbp, which
bore a near refemblance to the prefent occaiion ; and, bj
this means chiefly, p-evailed with them: For which reafbn,
it has been thought worthy to be recorded, and is cele-
brated in a^l the ancient hiftories. The difcourfe made
by this perfen, as chief of the deputies, was to this
purpofe : " We were fent to you by the fenate, citizens,
" neither to excufe them, nor to accufe you : For thefe
l^ thingB were not thought feafonable, or expedient in the

" prefent

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Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 125
prefent dlArefled conditioa of the commonwealth ; but,
to put an end to the {editicm with all poflible zeal, and
by all methods ; and to reftore the government to its
former ftate : And, for that purpofe, we are invefted with
full powers. So that, we do not think ourfelves, at all^
'* obliged, like Junius, to ipend a long time in debating the
point of right: But we fhall acquaint you with the hu-
mane conditions, upon which we think fit to put an end
** to the fedition ; what afTurance we fhall give you for the
" performance of our convention ; and the refolutions we
** are con[ie to concerning both. When we confidered that
" every fedition is then cured in all cities, when the caufes,
" that produced the difagreement, are removed, we thought
" it necejGlary both to difcover, and put an end to, the primary
" caufes of this diflention : Andj having found that the
** iprings, from whence the prefent evils flowed, have been
" the fevere exadions of debts, thus we reform thofe ex-
<* adions ; we think it jufl that all thofe, who have con-
** traded debts, and are unable to pay them, be difcharged
." of thofe debts : And, if the perfons of any, who have
" fuffered the day appointed for the payment of their debts,
" to elapfe, are, already, confined by legal proceedings
" thereupon, we determine that thofe, alfo, be free. And,
" as to fuch, as have had judgement pafled againft them,
" and have, already, been deUvered over to the perlbns, who
«< fued them to judgement, we order that thefe, alio, be
<« enlarged, and we reverfe thofe judgements. Conceming
" your paft debts, there£3re,on account of which you thought

« fit

126 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVI.

" fit to fecede, we redrefs them in this minner. And, as to
" future debts, whatever fhall be approved of both by you,
" who are the people, and by the fenate, after a law has
" pafled for that purpofe, let it be fo ordered. Are not thefc
" the things, citizens, that divided you from the patricians ?
** And, if you could have obtained them, would you not
" have been contented, and aimed at nothing elfe ? They
" are now granted to you . Return then to your country
** with joy. •

LXXXIV. " The aflurances, which (hall confirm this
** convention, and fecure to you the performance of it, fhali
** be fuch, as are founded both on law, and on the pradice
" of all men, who put an end to their enmities : For the
" fenate will confirm thefe things by a vote, and give the
** force of a law to the conditions, that fhall be drawn up.
** But rather let the conditions agreed upon, be drawn up
" here, by us, and the fenate will ratify them. That the
** concefCons, now, made to you, may remain firm ; and that
** nothing contrary to them may, for the future, be enaded
" by the fenate, firft, we, the deputies, are your fureties,
" and give you our perfons, our lives, and our families, as
" pledges. And, in the next place, the fenators, ** whole

4»' B8A«vI«j, oV« T« 4">^««'«*«''i ffvrtf- "fenate. The fenfe, therefore, of the

y^a^tifoHeu. I am afraid the French Greek words I take to be this : It was

tranflators have miftaken the fenfe of ufual to infert in the decrees of the

thefc words. Le Jay has faid ; tout ce fenate, before the enafling part, the

ja*// y a de Jhtateurs, en fignant Varrefi names of thofe fenators, who, to teftify

Jufinat i and M. ***, Us autres Jem- their approbation of that decree, affift-

tQirs qui ftgneront le finatus-confuUe. ed at the drawing it up ; which was

I do not think it was the cuftom for fignified by thefe words,- fcrib. affue-

^e fenators to Cgn the decrees of the runti that ii, fcribendo affuerunt: After

" names

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASS ENSIS. 127

" names will be inferred in the decree of the leoate, fhall
" enter into the fame ingagement : For nothing can be
** mentioned in it contrary to the intereft of the people,
** while we oppofe it ; lince we are the leading members of
" the fenate, and, always, deliver our opinions firft. The
*' laft affurance we fhall give you is That in ule among all
" men, both Greeks, and Barbarians, which no time fhall
** ever abolifh, and which, by the interpofition of oaths,
** and hbations, makes the gods fureties for the performance
** of agreements ; under this afTurance, many great enmities
" between private men, and many wars, arifen between na-
** tions, have been compofed. Receive, then, this afTurance
** alfo, and confider whether you will allow a few of the
" principal members of the fenate to give you their oaths in
" the name of their whole body, or infill upon it that all the
" fenators, whole names will be inferted in the decree, fhall
" fwear, by every thing that is facred, that they will, in-
" violably, obferve the agreement. Traduce not, Brutus,
" afTurances, given under the fandion of the gods, and con-
" firmed by pledging hands, and by libations; nor deflroy
" the mofl illuflrious of all human inflitutions : Neither do
** you, citizens, fufFer him to mention the impious violations
" of oaths, committed by wicked, and tyrannical men;
" adions far diflant from the Roman virtue.

which words, the names of thefe fe- Coelius fends a copy to •" Cicero, will

•nators were inferted. The famous de- explain what I have faid. It there ajv

cree of the fenate, relating to the con- pears that thirteen fenators attended

fular provinces, which tended to rccal at the drawing up of that decree.
Caefar from Gaul, and of which

•" Cicero's Epiflles, B. viii. Epift. 8.

LXXXV.

((

it

128 JIOMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

LXXXV. " I fhall mentioa one affurance more, which
no man is ignorant, or doubts, of, and then have done.
" What is That ? It is the affurance, that introduces the
*.* common advantage, and preferves both parts oi the con-
" ftitution by their mutual affiftance. This was the firft,
'* and only motive, that brought us together, and will never
" fuffer us to be afunder : For the ignorant multitude will,
always, want, and never ceafe to want, prudent leaders ;
and the fenate, who are capable of governing, will never
" ceafe to want a multitude willing to obey. This we know
** by experience, and not by {peculation, and conjeflure alone.
" Why, therefore, do we terrify, and difquiet one another ?
** Why do we^ treat one another with ill language, when it
*' is in our power to do good offices to one another ? Why
** do we not rather open our arms, embrace <me another,
** and return to our country, to tafte the pleafures we,
formerly, enjoyed, and gratify defires, of all others, the
moft agreeable ? Inftead of that, we are feeking frail fe-
" curities, and faithlefs affurances ; like thofe who are the
" greateft enemies, and fufped the worft of every thing.
** As for us fenators, we want no other affurance, citizens,
** that you will never, if you return, behave yourfelves ill to
** us, than the knowledge we have of your good education,
** of your adherence to the laws of your country, and of
" every other virtue, of which you have given many proofs
'* both in peace, and war. But, if there fhould be a necef^
<* fity of a further aflurance from an expedation of a benefit
« by reforming die joint agreement, now entered into, we

"are

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 129

" are fo far convinced of your good difpofition in every
" thing that we fhall require, from the people, neither
** oaths, nor hoftages, nor any other aflurance. How-'
** ever, we fhall oppofe nothing you defire. And fo much
" concerning our fidelity, upon which fubjed: Brutus en-*
" deavoured to impeach us. But, if any groundlefs envy
" poflefles you with an ill opinion of the fenate, I defire to
** fpeak to that point alfo, citizens j and I beg of you, in
«' the name of the gods, that you will hear me with filence,
" and attention.

LXXXVI. " A commonwealth refembles, in ibme mea- ,
" fure, a human body : For each of them is compofed of
" many parts j and each of thefe neither has the fame
" powers, nor is- applicable to the fame ufes : And, if thefe
" parts of the human body ihould each of them be indued
" with a particular fenfe, and voice, and then a fedition
" fhould arife, and all of them unite againft the belly ; and
" the feet fhould fay that the whole body refls on them ;
" the hands, that they exercife arts, get provifions, fight
" with the enemy, and fupply the community with many
" other advantages ; the fhoulders,. that they bear all
" burdens ; the mouth, that it fpeaks ; the head, that it fees,
" and hears, and comprehends, in itfelf, all the other fenfes,
" by which the body is preferred; and then fhould fay to
" the belly ; and you, good creature, which of thefe. things
" do you do? What return do you make, and what advan-
** tage are you, to us ? You are fo far from doing any thing, ,
" and from affifling us in efFefting any good for the com-
, Vol. III. S « munity,

139 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Bo^kyi.

" munity, tl^at you aye a hindrance, and a tyo^We to. us,
« in impofing on us an intojerable drudgery, an<i in coni-
" pelling us to bring to you, from all parts, fuppUes fgir your
*< luxury. Come, let us aflert our liberty, and fr^ ourfelyes
" fropi the inany troubles we undergo ^r the fake of this
** indolent creature. If they flaould refolve upon this, and none
V of the parts, any longer, perform their offices, is it poffible
" that the body fhould fublift for anyconfiderable time, and
" not, in a fe\y days, be confumed by the worft of all deaths,
" famine ? None can fay otherwife. Now, confider the
" commonwealth in the feme light : For this, alfo, is cc«n-
** ppfed. of many ranks of people, not at all, refembling one
** another : Every one of which, affords fome particular uje to
*^ the commonwealth, like the members to the huinan body:
" For ibme cultivate the lands ; fome fight againft the enemy
'* in defence of thole lands; others carry on a beneficial
" trade by fea ; and others exercife neceflary arts. If, then,
** all thefc different ranks of people fhould rife againft the
*•* ienate, which is compofed of the beft men, and fay. What
" good, fenate, do you do us ? And, for what reafbn» do you
" pretend to govern others ? For you can alledge none. And
" fhall vf e not, at laft, free ourfelves from your tyranny, and
" live without a governor ? If, then, they fhould take this
*^ refblution, and quit their ufual employments, what could
** hinder this miferable city from perifhing njiferably by
" faminp, ^ar, and every other evil ? Be afTured, therefore,
" citizens, that, as in our bodies, the belly, thus reviled by
<< the members, while it is nourifked, nouriihes the body,

« and,

BookVI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 131

** and, while it is preferved, preferves it; and, lilcea common
" florehoufe, diftributes that, which is bfeneficial to them
" all, and maintains their harmony : So, in commonwealths,
** the fenate, which adminifters the aiFairs of the public,
** and confiders what is expedient for every one, prefervesi
** guards, and reforms all things : Ceafe, therefore, to throw
** out invidious exprefllons againfl her, and to complain
*' that you are driven out of your country by her ; and that,
** by her means, you wander about, like vagabonds, and
" beggars: For fhe neither has done you any harm, nor
** defigns to do you any ; but fhe calls you, fhe intreats you ;
** and, *' opening her arms, together with her gates, is de-
** firous to receive you."

LXXXVII. While Menenius was {peaking, many and
various were the exprefllons of the audience throughout his
whole fpeech. But, when, at the clofe of itj he had recourfc
to lamentations ; and, enumerating the calamities, that would
befal thofe, who remained in the city, and thofe who were
driven out of it, bewailed the misfortunes of both, tears
flowed from all, and they cried out to him, with one voice,
to lead them back to the city, without lofs of time : And
they were very near quitting the af^mbly that moment,
and leaving all their concerns to the deputies, without fettling
any thing relating to their fecurity, if Brutus had not flood

43* Tut x"?** ^V" *!** ""fK wXtui ieafbnable at the winding up of a
^fdTrHwavm. Aflcing our Author's fpeedi made upon fo interemng an
pardon, this prettincfs, which might occafion. However, this, I believe,
do well enough in a comedy of Ari- . is the only time he has indulged his
ftophan^, is, in my opinion, Ixilow imagination at the expence of his
the dignity of hiftory ; and very un> judgement.

S 2 up,

132 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

up, and reftrained their eagernefs, faying, that the promifes,
made ,by the fenate, were, indeed, advantageous to the
people ; and he defired that great thanks might be returned
to them for thofe concefHons: But he faid that he was afraid
of what might happen in future times ; and that tyrannical
men might, one day, (if an occafion offered) attempt to make
the people feel their refentment for what they had done :
And that the only fecurity to thofe, who were afraid of their
fuperiors, was, for the former to be convinced, that, if the
others had the will to injure them, they fhould not have the
power : For, as long as ill men had the power, they would
never want the will. If, therefore, they could obtain this
fecurity, they fhould want nothing more. And Mencnius
having replied, and defired him to name the fecurity he
thought the people yet flood in need of; the other faid;
Give us leave to chufe, out of our own body, every year, a
certain number of magiflrates, who fhall he invefled with
no other power, than to relieve thofe plebeians, to whom any
injury, or violence is offered ; and to fuffer none of them
to be deprived of their rights. This favor we intreat, and
beg you to add to Thofe you have, already, granted us, if
our accommodation is not defigned to end in words only,
without effe<9:»

LXXXVIII. When the people heard this, they gave great,
and long acclamations to Brutus, and defired the deputies
to grant this alfb. Thefe, having withdrawn from the af-
fembly, and conferred together, returned not long after.
And, all being filent, Menenius prefented himfelf, and faid ;

"This

Book VI. DI0NY:6IUS HALICARN ASSENSI S. 133

" This is a matter of great moment, and full of ftrangc
" fufpicions : And we are dilqiiieted with fear, and anxiety,
" left we fhould, by this, form two commonwealths in one
** city. However, as for ourfelves, we do not oppofe your
" defire even in this ; But grant this to us, which is, alfb,for
"your own intereft ; Allow fome of the deputies to go to tlie
" city, and inform the fenate of thefe things : For, though
"we have a power from them to conclude an accommoda-
" tion in fuch a manner as we think fit, and can, at our
" own difcretion, make fuch promifes in their name, as we
" pleafe, yet we do not think proper to take this upon our-
^* felves: But, fince a new matter has been, unexpe<Stedly,
** propofed to us, we defign to abrogate our own power,
" and refer it to the fenate : However, we are perfuaded the
" fenate will be of the fame opinion with us in this refped.
" I, therefore, (hall ftay here, and, with me, fome of the
" deputies : And Valerius, with the reft, fliall go to the
" fenate." This was refolved upon ; and the perfons, ap-
pointed to inform the fenate of what had happened, rode in
all hafte to Rome. The confuls having propofed the af^ir
to ^ the fenators, Valerius was of opinion to grant this favor,
alfo, to the people. On the other fide, Appius, who, from
the beginning, had oppofed the accommodation,, did not
fail to oppofe this demand alfo ; . crying out, calling the gods
to witnefs, and foretelling what feeds of future evils they
were fowing in the commonwealth. But he was not able to
prevail with the majority of the fenate, who, as I faid, had
refolved to put an end to the fedition. They pafled a decree,

by

134 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

by which they ratified all the promifes, made by the depu-
ties to the people ; and granted the fecurity they defired.
The deputies, having tranfaded thefe things, returned to the
camp the next day ; and made known the refblutions of
the fenate. After which, Menenius advifed the plebeians to
fend fome perfons to receive the afTurances, which the fenate
was to give : And, purfuant to this, Lucius Junius Brutus, of
whom I before made mention, Marcus Decius, and Spurius
Icilius were fent : With thefe, one half of the deputies re-
turned to the city ; and Agrippa, with the reft, remained in
the camp, being defired by the plebeians to draw up the law
for the creation of their magiftratcs.

LXXXIX. The next day, Brutus, and thofe, who had been
fent with him, having completed the agreement with the fe-
nate, by the intervention of the Ei^nvo^ixoiiy called by the Ro-
mans, Fecialesy returned to the camp : And the people divid-
ing themfelves into the$f«7fwt<, confifting of the citizens then
in the camp, or, however they may be termed, which the Ro-
mans call, Curiaey they chofe for their annual magiftrates the
following perfons, Lucius Junius Brutus, and Caius Sicinnius
Bellutus, who, to that time, had been their leaders : And, to
thefe, they added Caius, and Publius Licinnius, and Spurius
Icilius Ruga. ** Thefe five perfons were the firft, who received

44- Ov7w infMt^x.*tyt» i|»n«» vp w7o< Howcvcr, there is great reafon to be-
va^tAa&v »l malt «»/(tr. ' Livy does licve, with Dionylius, that their num-
not feem to contradict our author con- ber was, originally, five-, becaufe
cerning the number of the firft tri- " Livy himfclf fays that, when ten tri-
bunes fo much as to doubt whedier bunes were created thirty fix years
two, or five, were, at firft, created, after, two were chofen out of each

'B. ii. c. 33. I* B. iii. c. 30.

the

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 135
the tribunitian power, with which they were invefted on the
fourth day before the ides of December, as it is pradifed

clafs; the laft being not confidered -, into the ancient hiftoiy of his country

tricefimo fexto anno a primis tribunis I wilh I could commend as much as

pkbis^ decern creati funt ; bini exjingulis his impartiality in dating the fubjefts

clqffibus. It is, therefore, probable that of difpute between the fenate, and-

the fame rule was obfervcd in the ere.- people, his juft reflexions on thofe

ation of the firft tribunes, and that difputes, and his eloquence in exprcf-

one was then chofen out of every clafs. fing thofe reflexions. ' Livy, there-

I obfcrvc, not without fome indigna- fore, will tell us that the news of the

tion, that all modern writers, whofe death of the laft Tarquin tranfported

works have fallen into my hands, treat the fenate with too luxurious a joy,

the tribunes of the people, as incen- the firft eflfeft of which was to injure

diaries, and difturbers of the public the people, whom, till then, they had

pe^ce J not confidering that the efta- courted : Eo nuncio ere£ii patres^ ereSa

bliflimcnt of the tribunelhip was, not plebs\ fid pairibus nimis luxuriofa ea

only, the fource, but the fupport, of fuit laetUia : Plebiy cm ad earn diem

Kberty; and that, if the Romans had fummA ope infirvitum erat^ injuriae a

DOt been a free people, they would primoribus fieri coepere. The people, in

have figured in the world as little as expelling their tyrant, defigned to ex-

any of their neighbours, and would pel tyranny too •, againft the return of

never have erefted fo immenfc a which, in another (hape, they could

power, which liberty alone could raife, find no fecurity, after the fenate had,

as the lofs of that liberty fubverted it. fo often, deceived them, but in the

When I fay this, I do not mean to inftitution of their own magiftrates.

juftify the extravagance of every hot Thefe "■ Cicero compares with the

brained tribune ; but only to Ihew that Lacedaemonian ephori, and thinks it

the liberty of the Ronians was owing was not without reafon that the ephori

to this inftitution ; and that the formed were oppofcd to the kings at Sparta,

defignof the fenate, after the expulfion and the tribunes to the confuls at

of the kings, and, particularly, after Rome, ^are nee ephori Lacedaemone

the death of the laft, was to render the fine caufd a Tbeopompo oppofiii regibus ;

people as great flaves to ariftocracy, nee apud nos confulibus tribuni. This

as they had, before, been to monarchy, was the opinion that great man enter-

and not to free them from tyranny,, tainedoftne inftitution of the tribunes;

buti only, to make them change their which has been traduced with fo much

tyrants. This I (hall (hew, not from virulence by flavifh writers, who, no

our author, whofe hiftory will fupply doubt, underftood government in ge-

the reader with numberlefs inftances neral, and the Roman conftitutton in

of what I have advanced \ but from particular, much better than: Cicero.

Livy, whofe diligence in fearching

»B. ii. c. ai. ~ De Lcgibus, B. iii. c. 7.

even

136 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

even to this time. The eledion being over, the deputies of
the fenate looked upon every thing, contained in their in-
ftrudions, to have been performed : But Brutus, calling the
plebeians together, advifed them to render this magiftracy
facred and inviolable ; and to eftablifli the fecurity of it both
by a law, Snd an oath. This was approved of by all ; and
the following law was drawn up by him, and his coUegues :
" Let none compel a tribune of the people, like a private
" perfon, to do any thing againd his will : Let none whip
" him, or order another to whip him : Let none kill him,
<* or order another to kill him : And, if any perfon ftiall
" Z&. contrary to any one of thefe injun(ftions, let him be ac-
" curfed, and his goods confecrated to Ceres : And, if any
** one kills the perfon, who has committed thefe things, let
" him not be guilty of murder." And to the end the people
might not, even in future times, be at liberty to repeal this
law, but that it might, for ever, remain unalterable, it was
ordained that all the Romans fhould fwear, by every thing
iacred, that both they, and their pofterity would, ever after,
moft afluredly preferve it. And this ** prayer, and impre-
cation was added to the oath : That the heavenly, and
infernal gods might be propitious to the obfervers of it, and

45* A(«. This is an unlucky word word of this double import ? Portus

for us tranflators. It fignifies both a has faid Precathy and his follower, le

prayer^ and a curfe •, and, the follow- Jay, Prieres ; Sylburgius, Imfrecatioy

ing fentence containing both, the word and M. • • *, Imprecation. I ha#c ufed

is no doubt exceeding proper in this both ■, becaufe it is as abfurd to apply

place : But, what are Latin, French, an imprecation to a prayer, as it is to

and Englifh tranflators to do, whofe apply a prayer to an imprecation,
language cannot fupply them with a

chaftife

BookVI. DIONYSIUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS. 137

chaftiie the tranfgrefibrs of it, as perfons guilty of the moft
execrable impiety. This gave birth to the cuftom eftablifhed
among the Romans of looking upon the perfons of the
tribunes of the people to be all-facred: Which cuftom con-
tinues to this day.

XC. After they had voted thefe thmgs, they creeled an
altar upon the fummit of the hill, where they had incamped,
which they named, in their own language, the altar of
Jupiter Terribilis^ from the terror with which, at that
time, they were poflefled: To whom they performed fa-
crifices; and, having confecrated the place, which had
received them, they went down to the city with the de-
puties. After this, they, alfo, returned thanks to the gods
worfliipped in the city ; and prevailed upon the patricians to
pafs a vote for the confirmation of their new magiftracy :
And, having obtained this alfo, they defired further that the
fenate would allow them to create, every year, two perfons
out of their own body, to ad as minifters to the tribunes
in every thing they fliould ftand in need of; to determine
fuch caufes, as the others ,{hould refer to them; and to
take care of the confecrated, and public places ; and that
the market be fupplied with plenty of provifions. Hav-
ing obtained this conceflion," alfo, from the fenate, they
chofe thofe perfons, whom they called the minifters, and,
the collegues of the tribunes, and judges : However, they
are, now, called, in their language, from one of their func-
tions, Aediles, that is, ^^ Superintendants of the holy edifices \

46- itj«, TOJTw* «7ri,ufX)j7«i. Thefe were ferent from the curule aediles, who
the plebeian aediles. They were dif- were not inftitutcd till the year of

Vol. III. T and

13? ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVI.

and ftill retain a power fubordinate to other magiftrates,
which they were, before, poflefled of: Many affairs of great
moment are intrufted to them ; and, in moft things, they
refemble thofe magiftrates, among the Greeks, called
Afo^avojuo;, Superintendants of the markets,

XCI. When affairs were fettled, and the commonwealth
was reftored to its former (late, an army was raifed, by the
generals, to be employed in foreign wars : In this the
people ingaged with great chearfulnefs j and, in a fhort
time, got every thing ready, that was neceflary for the war.
The confuls, having drawn lots for their adminiftration,
according to cuftom, Spurius Caflius, to whom the govern-
ment of the city was allotted, kept with him as many of the
forces, which had been raifed, as were neceflary, and gave
the reft to his coUegue. With thefe Poftumus Cominius
took the field, having with him a confiderable number both
^of the Romans themfelves, and of the Latin auxiliaries.
And, defigning to fall upon the Volfci firft, he took by
ftorm a city belonging to them, called Longula, notwith-
Handing the inhabitants fhewed an appearance of bravery^
and fent fome forces into the field, in hopes of forcing the
enemy to retire : But thefe being put to a Ihameful flight,
. before they had performed any remarkable adion, the others
did not behave themfelves with the leaft courage in the

Rome 388 i which year was remark- " annus bic erit in/ignis nevibominis con-

able for three things ; the firft plebeian fuUtu^ injignis novis ducbus magifira-

conful, the inftitution of the praetor- tibus^ praeturd et curuli aediUtate.
Ibip, and That of the curule aedilcs ;

" Livy, B. vii. c. i .

aflault :

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALIC ARNASSENSIS. 139

affault : So that, the Romans, in one day, and without
trouble, pofleffed themfelves of their country ; and alfo,
took their city by ftorm, without much difficulty. The
Roman general granted all the booty to the foldiers ; and,
having left a garrifon there, he led his army againft
another city of the Volfci, called *'Polufca, not far
diftant from Longula ; and, none daring to oppofe him, he
marched through the country with great eafe, and aflaulted
the walls ; when, fome of the foldiers forcing open the
gates, and others fcaling the walls, they made themfelves
mafters of this city alio, the fame day they attacked it.
After the conful had taken the city, he caufed a few of the
inhabitants, who had been the authors of the revolt, to be
put to death ; and, having punifhed the reft by taking
away their effects, and difarmed them, he obliged them to
be fubjeft to- the Romans for the future.

XCII. He left, in this city alfo, a finall part of the army, as
agarrifon ; and, the next day, marched with the reft to *z Co-
rioli, a city of very ^eat note ; and looked upon as the metro-
polis of the Volfci. In which city, there was a ftrong garrifon ;
the walls were not eafy to be fcalcd ; and every thing neceflary
for a (lege had been, long before, prepared by the inhabitants.
The conful ordered an attack to be made upon the walls ;

47* itjAKOK*, TO itotfXfjtay etc. • Clu- of the towns taken by Cominius this

ver has (hewn that we muft read thefe campaign, fays j inde Polu/camy item

words in this manner, inftead of eroAsr, Folfcorum, cepit.

Kcticc iict?n(i»i as it ftands in ail the edi- 4»' Eir» Ko{mA(»». In Latin, CerioS,

tions, and manufcripts. This is con- See the fifty fourth annotation on the

firmed by ' Livy, who, in fpeaking fourth book.

• Ital. Antiq. B. iii. c. 8. r B. ii. c. 33.

T 2 and,

14© ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

and, having continued the attack till late in the evening, he
was repulfcd with great lofs. The next day, he got ready
the *' battering rams with their coverings, and fcaling lad-
ders^ and was preparing to give a general allault to the city ;
but, receiving intelligence that the Antiates defigned to come
with numerous forces to the afliftance of the Coriolani, by
reafon of their affinity to them ; and that they were, al-
ready, upon their march, he divided his army, and refolved,
with one half of it, to aflault the city, leaving the command
of it to Titus Lartius; and, with the other, to flop the
march of the auxiliaries. By this means, there were two-
adions the fame day ; and the Romans gained the vidory
in both ; all of them having fought with great ardor : And
one of them, in particular, fhewed an incredible bravery,
and performed actions, that exceed all relation : This perfon-
was a patrician, and of no obfcure parents; his name
Caius Marcius ; He was a man of fbbriety in his private life,
and of a free fpirit. The circumftances of both adions were
thefe : Lartius, having marched out of the camp with his

49" Kf w Tut«« ytpV*. Harpocration hides of oxen. Under this roof, the

fays that yip'pov fignifies any kind of battering ram was fufpended, and

cover, whether made of (kins, or of played againft the walls of a town.^

any other matter ; »V«» «««•«*•/*«, alt 1 doubt much whetherAfaw/^/f/j, in le

im*»lm* Mif, tilt «AAi(f T0O( uAuf , y*ff»f Jay, or Gabions^ in M. • ♦ *, are proper

txtydt. This is a general explication of tranflations of ytffoi ; becaufc neither

the word : But I take j-ipy«» to fignify, of thefe arc covered ; and, though

in this place, what the Romans called, both may be a good defence againft

Teftudo \ fuch a one as is defcribed by Ihot, which flies in a horizontal line,

' Vitruvius v which was a fmall move- yet they cannot defend the men from,

able houie of carpenter's work, the any thing, that comes from above,
roof of which was covered with the

^B. z. cig.

army

Book VI. DIONYStUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 141
army by break of day, advanced to the walls of Corioli,
and aflaulted' the city in many places : On the other fide^
the Coriolani, elated with the expedation of fuccours from
the Antiates, which they concluded would foon arrive,
opened all their gates, and made a general fally upon the
enemy. The Romans fuflained their firft attack, and
wounded many of thofe, who charged them: After which,
the numbers of the af&ilants encreafing, they were forced
down a defcent, and fled. Marcius, whom I before mentioned,,
feeing this, ftood his ground with a few men, and fuftained the
attack of the whole body of the enemy; and, having killed
many of them, and the reft giving way, and flying to thecity^
he purfued them, killing all he could overtake ; and called
out, without intermiflion, to thofe of his own men, who
fled, to face about, to take courage, and follow him : Thefey
afliamed of their ad^on, rallied, and prefled upon all before
them, wounding, and purfuing them: In a fliort time^
every man put to flight thofe he was ingaged with, and
puflied on to the walls of the city : And Marcius, expoflng.
himfelf> now, with greater boldnefs, advanced ftill ; and,
coming to the gates, entered them together with thofe, who
were flying before him : And many others alfo, forcing
their way into the city in various places, great numbers were
flain on both fldes; fome fighting in the ftreets, and others
in the houfes they were taking. The women, alfo, aflifted
die inhabitants, by throwing down tiles upon the enemy
from the roofs. And every one, according to his ftrength^
and power, bravely defended his country. However, they

did

142 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVI.

did not long refift thefe terrors, but were obliged to fur^
render to the conquerors. The city being taken in tliis
manner, mod of the Romans employed themielves in
plundering, and continued for a long time intent on the
booty ; there being found in the city a large quantity of
money, and a great number of flaves.

XCIII. But Marcius, who had firft fuftained the ihock
of the enemy, and diftingui(hed himfelf above all the Ro-
mans, both in the attack of the city, and in the feveral
actions, which had happened within the walls, gave ftill
more illuftrious proofs of his valor in the fecond battle
againfl the Antiates : For he refolved to have a {hare in
this a£tion alio ; And, as foon as the city was taken, he
took with him a fmall liumber of men, who were able
to follow him ; and, running in all hafte, found the two
armies, already, drawn up, and going to ingage. He was
the £rft man, who informed the Romans that the city was
taken ; and, as a proof of it, fhewed them the fmoke, which
broke out, in great abundance, from the houfes, that were
on fire ; and, having obtained leave of the conful, he drew
up his men oppofite to the Arongeft body of the enemy.
As foon as the fignal for the battle was ^vcn, he charged
firft ; and, having killed many of thofe he encountered, he
forced his way into the middle of their army. The Antiates
durft, no longer, ingage him hand to hand ; but, leav-
ing their ranks, where he attacked, they furroundcd him
in a body ; and, retreating as he advanced upon them, af-
failed him with miflive weapons. Poftumus, being informed

of

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 143
of this, and fearing left the man, thus left alone, might
meet with fbme misfortune, fent fome of the braveft youth
to his relief: Thefe, doubling their files, charged the enemy ;
and the firft line not fuftaining their charge, but flyii^ be-
fore them, they prefled forward, and found Marcius covered
with wounds, and many lying ro;und him, fome dead, and
others expiring. After which, they joined their forces; and,
led on by Marcius, attacked thofe of the enemy, who ftill
kept their ranks, killing all, who made any refiftance, and
treating them like flaves. Many Romans gained great re-
putation by their behaviour in this adion ; but thofe, who
defended. Marcius, greater than the reft ; and Marcius him-
felf the greateft of all ; who was, without any doubt, the
chief caufe of the vidory. When it grew dark, the Romans
retired to their camp, greatly exulting in the advantage they
had gained, having killed many of the Antiates, and carry-
ing with them a great number of prifbncrs.

XCI V. The next day, PoftuiHus, having aflembled the army>
gave great commendations to Marcius ; and crowned him with
the crowns, ufuaUy, given to the pcrfon, who has fliewn the
greateft bravery, as rewards for his behaviour in both the
anions: He prefented him, alfo, with a war horfe, adorned
with all the eniigns belonging to That of a general ; together
with ten captives, fuch as he fhouldchufe ; and as much filver^
as he himfelf fliould be able to carry ; and many other valuable
things, as the firft-fruits of the booty. This being followed
by great acclamations of the army, in token of their ap-
plaufe, and congratulation, Marcius advanced, and faid, that

he

144 ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES ,OF Book VI.

he returned great thanks both to the conful, and to all
prefent, for the honors they did him : However, that he
ihould not accept them ; but would be contented with the
war horfe for the fake of the illuftrious enfigns ; and with
one captive, with whom he happened to have an intercourfe
of hofpitalitjr. The foldiers, who had, before, admired the
man for his valor, now admired him ftill more for his con-
tempt of riches, and for his moderation in fuch profperity.
From this adion, he was furnamed Coriolanus ; and bcr
came the moil illuftrious man of his age. This having been
the event of the battle with the Antiates, the reft of the
VoUcian nation, together with all thofe, who had efpoufed
their reientments, made peace with the Romans ; and fuch
as were, already, in arms, or preparing for war, laid-vaftde
the thoughts of it : All of whom Poftumus treated with
humanity; and, returning home, difbandcd the army.
Caflius, the other conful, who had been left at Rome, in the
mean time confecrated the temple of Ceres, Bacchus, and
Proferpine, which ftands at the end of the great circus, and
is built over the ftarting places; and which Aulus Poftu-
mius, the didator, made a vow to dedicate to the gods, in
the name of the commonwealth, when he was upon the
point of ingaging the army of the Latines ; and the fenate,
after the vidory, having decreed that this temple fhould
be built, mtirely, out of the fpoils, the work was, then,
finiflied.

XCV. At the fame time, the treaties of peace, and friend-
ftiip were renewed with all the Latin cities upon oath : The

reafon

Book VI. DIONYSIUS HALICARNAS8ENSIS. 145

reafon of which was, that they had not attempted to raife
any commotions during the fedition ; and had, not only,
made public rejoicings for the return of the people, but had,
alfo, fhewn great readinefs to affift the Romans in reducing
thofe nations, which had revolted from them. The articles of
thefe treaties were as follows : " Let there be peace between
" the Romans, and all the Latin cities, as long as the heavens,
" and the earth fhall remain in the feme fituation : Let
" them neither make war upon one another themfelves,
" bring in foreign enemies, nor grant a fafe paflage to thofe,
" who fhall make war upon either: Let them affift one
" another, when warred upon, with all their forces; and
" let both have an equal fliare of the fpoils, and booty, taken
" in their common wars : Let fuits, relating to private con-
*' trads, be determined in ten days among that people,
" where the contrad was made : And let nothing be added
" to, or taken away from, thefe treaties, but by the joint
" confent both of the Romans, and of all the Latines.",
Thefe were the articles of the treaties entered into by the
Romans, and the Latines, and confirmed by their oaths. The
fenate, alfo, decreed that facrifices fliould be offered up to
the gods, in thanklglving for their reconciliation with the
people, and added a third day to the ^° Latin feftivals : The
firft of which was appointed by Tarquinius, when the Ro-
mans overcame the Tyrrhenians : The fecond the people
added, after 'they had freed the commonwealth by the
expulfion of the kings: To which the third was, now,

s°' AcS»»K logljMf. See the fifty eighth annotation on the fourth book.
Vol. in. U added,

146 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VI.

added,. on account of the return of the feceders. The fuper-
intendance, and care of the facri£ces, and games, performed

. during thefe feftivals, was committed to the minifters of the
tribunes of the people, who are, now, as I faid, invefled
with the agoranomical, or aediUtian power ; and they were
honoured by the fenate with a purple robe, an ivory chair,
and the other enfigns, before, made ufe of by the kings.
XCVI, Not long after this feftival, Menenius Agrippa,

/ one of the confular fenators, died : This perfbn had over-
come the Sabines, and triumphed in a moft glorious manner
for that vidlory : By his perfuafion, the fenate allowed the
feceders to return ; and the people, through the confidence
they placed in him, laid down their arms : He was buried
at the expence of the public ; and his funeral was, of all
others, the mofl honourable, and the mofl fplendid. The
fortunes of this perfbn were not fufficient to flefray the
expence of a magnificent funeral, and interment : So that,
the truftees of his children refolved, after confultation, to
carry him out of the city, and bury him like one of the
vulgar, without any expence. This the people would not
fufFer; but the tribunes having aflemblcd them, and, with
great commendations, difplayed both the military, and po-
litical virtues of the map, his temperance, and the fimpli-
city of his life ; and, above all things, celebrated, with the
higheflpraifes, his abflinence from every method of amafling
riches, they faid it would be the mofl difhonourable thing
imaginable, that fuch a man fhould be buried in an obfcure,
and ignoble manner, by reafbn of his poverty : And they

advifed

Book VI. DIONYSmS HALICARNASSENSlS. 147

advifed the people to take the expence of his funeral upon
themfelves, and every man to contribute towards it in fuch
a proportion as they fhould order. The people received
this propofal with joy : And each citizen, prefently, bring-
ing in the proportion he was taxed at, the contribution
amounted to a large fum. The fenate, being informed of
this, were alhamed of the thing, and refolved not to fuffer
the moil illuftrious perfon of all the Romans to be buried
by a private contributicwi, but thought it, highly, reafon-
able, that the expence (hould be defrayed by the public,
and committed the care of it to the quaeftofs. Thefe,
having given a very large fum of money for the exhibition
of his funeral, decorated his body with the moft ftimptU'
ous Ornaments ; and, furniihing every thing elfe, that could
tend to magnificence, interred him in a manner worthy of
his virtue. Upon which, the people, in emulation of the
fenate, refiifed even to receive the fum they had contri-
buted, which the quaeftors offered to return, but prei^nted
it to the children of the deceafed in compafHon to their
poverty, and to prevent them from ingaging in any purfuits
derogatory to their father's virtue. There was alfo, at this
time, a cenfus performed by the confuls : According to
which, the number of the citizens was found to amount to
above one hundred. and ten thoufand. And theie vvere the
a<Etions of the Romans under the confuls of this year.

The end of the Sixth book.

U2 THE

THE

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

Q F

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

THE SEVENTH BOOK.

TITUS Geganius Macerinus, and Publius Minucius
having entered upon their confulfliip, a great
fcarcity of com was felt at Rome, occafioned, ori-
ginally, by the feceflion: For the people feceded from the
patricians about the autumnal equinox, at the beginning of
feed time ; And the hufbandmen left the country upon this
commotion; and, dividing themfelves, thofe, who were
eafieft in their fortunes, joined the patricians ; and their
fervants, the plebeians : From that time, they remained
afimder, till the commonwealth was compofed, and reunited,
the reconciliation not being effeded long before the winter
folftice: And, during that interval, which is the proper
feafon for fowing all forts of winter corn, the country was
deftitute of people to cultivate the land, and remained fb
for a confiderable time : So that, even when the hulband-
men returned, it was not eafy for them to repair this damage,

par-

Book VII. ROMAN ANTIQUITIES, etc. 149

particularly as they had been great fuiFerers both by the
defertion of their flaves, and the lofs of their, cattle, with
which they were to cultivate their land ; and that few of
them had made any provifion, for the next year, of corn
either for feed, or for their fupport. The fenate, being in-
formed of thefe things, fent embafladors to the Tyrrhenians,
and to the Campanians, and alfo to the Pometine plain, to
buy up all the corn they could. ' Publius Valerius, and

Annotations on the Seventh Book.

and, after him, M. ♦ ♦ ♦

Glarcanus,
, cenfure two

points, mentioned by our author,
concernin8>the Valerian family. The
firft relates to Marcus Valerius, who,
they fay, was flain at the battle near
the. lake Regillus, and, afterwards,
created didaton And the other, that
Dionyfius makes Publius, and Marcus
Valerius, the fons of Poplicola, to
have been killed at the fame battle ;
and, here, introduces Publius, as one
of the two embafladors, who were fent
to Sicily. The firft of thefe objedions
is, eafily, anfwered, and would not
have been made, if they had read, as
they ought to have done, Manius
Valerius, and not Marcus, for the
name of the didaton Concerning
which, I (hall not repeat what * I have,
already, faid upon that occafion. As
to the fecond, I do not think it, at all.

Regillus, was not Publius, poflibly
Manius, like That of his uncle, who
was, afterwards, didator j which is
the more probable, becaufc his brother
Marcus, who was killed at the fame
time, had the fame name with his
uncle, in whofe defence he 16ft his life.
As for the perfon, who was fent to
Sicily, his name was Publius : He
was conful in 2 79 with Caius Nautius,
under the name of Publius 'Valerius
Poplicola. However, as great miftakcs
are imputed to our author by Glare-
anus, and, after him, by M. * * *, in
relation to the Valerian family •, and,
as no family, .ever, produced a fuc-
ceflion of greater, and better men,
I Ihall beg leave of the reader,,
to lay before him a pedigree of it,
as far, at leaft, as thefe remaining
books of our author will carry it -, by
which, I hope, his great exadnefs.

probable that Poplicola ihould have rather than his inaccuracy, will appear.

had two fons, whofe names were Pub- The reader will find this pedigree of

lius, which is the expedient M. * * * .the Valerian family to be, totally, dif-

has recourfe to : I rather think that fercnt from That given of jt by Sigo-

the name, or rather praenomen of nius in his notes upon the third book

his fon; who was Oain near the lake of Livy. .

* See the twenty feventh annotation on the fixth book»

Lucius

150 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

Lucius Geganius were fent to Sicily : Of whom, Valerius
was a fon of Poplicola, and Geganius, brother to one of the
confuls. At that time, the cities of Sicily were governed by
kings, the moft illuftrious of whom was * Gelo, the fon of

VOLTTSUS.

PuBLius Valerius Poplicola.

iMarcusValbrius. ManiusValeiuus^

PubliusValbrivs Marcus Valbrivs. ManiusValeriuT) LucivsValerjvs
Poplicola. Poplicola. .

' Lucius Valerius Potitus.

We know nothing more of Volufus,
than that he was the father of Publius
Valerius Poplicola, Marcus Valerius,
and Manius Valerius. Of the firft our
author has faid a great deal : ** He was
four times conlul. ' His brother Mar-
cus was conful with Publius Poftumius
Tubertus, in the year 249, the fifth,
year after the expulfion of the kings,
and ** loft his life at the battle near the
lake Regillus in 258. * His brother
Manius was diftator in the year 260.
Publius Valerius Poplicola, the eldcft
fon of Publius Valerius Poplicola, was
fent ^embaffador to Sicily in 262,
* was conful in 279 with Caius Nau-
tius; and, alfo, in ^294 with Caius
Claudius Sabinus ; and, during his
conful (hip, loft his life at the attack
of the capitol, then in the poffelEon of
Appius Hcrdonius. ^His two bro-
thers, Marcus, and Manius, as I would
read his name, loft their lives in de-
fending their uncle Marcus in 258.
The fon of this Publius Valerius Pop-
licola was ^ Lucius Valerius Potitus,
who, with Marcus Horatius Barbatus,,

*>B.v.c.4(f.
^ B. X. c. 9.
"B. viii.c. %i.

;Ib.c.s7.
»B. vi. c. 12.
oB. ix.c. 51.

made fo noble a ftand agalnft the ty-
ranny of the decemvirs in 305, and,
after their abolition, was, ^ with htm,
chofen conful the fame, or the follow-
ing year. As for Marcus, the iecond
brother of the firft PopUdcJa, I find
he had a fon, called Lucius Valerius
Poplicola, who, "* being quae^or in
269, accufed Spurius Caflius for aim*
ing at tyranny, and was very inftru-
mental in bringing him to punifliment.
He was "chofen conful in 271 with
Marcus Fabius; and, alfo, *" in 284,
with Tiberius Aemilius. I cannot find
any thing relating to the defccnt of
Marcus Valerius, who was 'conful
with Spurius Virginius in 298.

x(«7v< wccttwf rvfmviia wctfnKnp^f, It
is aftonifliing that both the French
tranflators fhould have taken their
notes upon this pa(rage,word for word,
from a Latin note of Caraubonȴathouc
taking the leaft notice of him. The
latter has, juftly, obferved that Gelo
was not the brother of Hippocrates,
as our author makes him, if we read

SB. ix.c. 28.
«" B. viii. c. 77*

Dino-

^B.vi.c. 12. «Ib.c. 39. ^B.vii.c.
^E. XI. c. 4. J B. xi.c. 45.

pB. X. c. 3(.

BookVlL DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 151^

Dinomenes, who had, lately, fucceeded in the kingdom to

the fons of Hippocrates, and not Dionyfius the Syracufan,

T» cLiih(fiSj as it ftands in all the cdi- cording to the Mediccan manufcript)
tions, and manufcripts. For which the fons of Hippocrates, Gclo, under
reafon I have fubftituted m<Kii»vy the the pretence of fupporting thcfe, over-
very word made ufe of by Herodotus, came the inhabitants of Gela in battle,
in the room of t» cthx^u : Since it is and made himfelf king of that city,
not poffible to imagine our author Some time after this, he poffefled him-
did not know that Gelo was not the felf of Syracufe alfo, by reftoring the
brother of Hippocrates ; particularly, Gamori, as has been, already, 'Taid :
fince his favourite author, Herodotus, So far Herodotus. • Diodorus Siculus-
has fhewn who Gelo was, and, by fays that Gelo died in the archonfhip
what means, he, firft, made himfelf of Timofthenes, after he had reigned
king of Gela, and, afterwards, of Sy- feven years at Syracufe. Timofthenes
racufe. It is a misfortune that the was archon at Athens in the third year
whole five books between the fifth, of the feventy fifth Olympiad : Sch
and the eleventh, in which laft Dio- that, he muft have begijp his reign at
dorus Siculus. treats of the death of Syracufe in the firft year of the feventy
Gelo, are loft 5 otherwife, we fhould fourth Olympiad, when Leoftratus
be much better informed than we are, was archon at Athens. From this, it
now, of many things relating to Hip- appears that the two embafladors, who
pocrates, and Gelo. However, I Ihall went to Sicily to buy corn in the fe-
lay before the reader a fhort account cond year of the feventy fecond Olym-
ot both, not from Cafaubon, but from piad, were fcnt thither fix years before
Herodotus ; and add to it the number Gelo was king of Syracufe. This af-
of years Gelo reigned at Syracufe ; fords le Jay, who has miftaken Cafau-
andthe time, when he died, from Dio- bon, matter of great cenfure, as he
dorus Siculus. Cleander, king of Gela, thinks, againft our author, who does
being flain by Sabyllus, after a reign not fay that Gelo was king of Syra-
offevenyears, his brother Hippocrates cufe, when the Roman embafladors
fucceeded him. In his reign, Gelo, a went to Sicily; on the contrary, he
deicendant of Telines, prieft of the fays, plainly, that he had then, lately,
infernal gods, having given ^ many fucceeded to the kingdom of the fons
inftances of his conduft, and bravery, of Hippocrates: Now, thefe were not
was made general of the horfe ; and kings of Syracufe, but of Gela: Con-
Hippocrates being killed at the fiege fcquently, Gelo had then, lately, fuc-
of Hybia, after a reign of feven years, ceeded to the kingdom of Gela ; vt ayi
and the inhabitants of Gela growing ti^v Imrox^cR^q vatJm rv^»mt» wo.^h-
uneafy under the government of Eu- Aj7<pw?. Gelo fucceeded to the kingdom
elides, and Cleander (or Caffander, ac- of Hippocrates, not to Hippocrates.

9 In Polym. c. 1 54 and 15 j. ' See the thirty fixth annot. on the fixtli book. *£. xi. c, 38.

as

152 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

as Licinnius, and Gellius have written, and many other Ro-
man hiftorians, without examining the circumflances of the
time with accuracy, as the thing itfelf fhews, but, raflily,
relating the firft account, that offered itfelf; For the em-
bafladors, appointed to go to Sicily, fet fail for that ifland in
the fecond year of the feventy fecond Olympiad, Hybrilides
being, that year, archon at Athens, feventeen years after the
expulfion of the kings, as thefe, and almoft all other hifto-
rians agree: Whereas Dionyfius, the elder, having invaded
the liberties of the Sytacufans the eighty fifth year after
this, poflefled himfelf of the tyranny in the third year of
the ninety third Olympiad, Callias being, then, archon at
Athens, after Antigenes. Thoie, who write thd hiftories of
early times, and fuch as contain the tranfadiions of many
ages, may, indeed, be forgiven an error of a few years; but
not a deviation from the- truth of two, or three intire gene-
rations : However, it is probable that the firft, who gave
this fad a place in his account of thofe times, whom all the
reft have followed, finding only this, in the ancient writings,
that embafladors were fent, under thefe confuls, to Sicily to
buy corn, and returned from thence with the prefent of corn,

If I fhew this, I hope it will recoin- their domination, v /3kAo^»mv tw* vt-
mend the alteration I have made of a<)}?{«v x<»7ijx««» ETI eifcu t« t^fu : They
TK «JtA$>f, into zfetiiuy, to the appro- had, therefore, fubmitted to it. This
bation of the reader. * Herodotus fays is the force of the word Hi j which is
that the pretence of Gelo, when he fo very fignificant, fo often ufed by
took arms againft the inhabitants of the beft writers, and fo often left out
Gela, was to aflift ihe fons of Hippo- by their tranflators, that I Would de-
crates ; Toifi Initnyi^eCtdt vruici, becaufc fire every gentleman, who reads thoie
the former would, no longer ^ fubmit to writers, to pay a particular regard to it,

'In PoIym..c. 155.

which

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASS ENS IS. i $3
which the tyrant had given them, never informed thtfni-
felves further from the Greek, hiftorians, who was, at that
time, tyrant of Sicily, but, without examination, and, as it
happened, called him Dionyfius.

II. The embafladors, therefore, who imbarked for Sicily,
having met with a ftorm at fea, and, being obliged to fail
round the iiland, were a long time before they arrived at
the king's court ; and, having ftaid the winter there, re-
turned to Italy in the fpring, bringing with them a great
quantity of provifions. But thofe, who had been fent to
the Pometine plain, were very near being put to death by
the Volfci, as fpies, the Roman exiles having accufed them
of being fuch : And, having, with very great difficulty,
been able to fave their perfons, for which they were obliged
to the adivity of their own guefts, they returned to Rome
with the lofs of their money, and without having effeded
any thing. The lame misfortune happened to thofe, who
went to ^ Cumae in Italy : For many Roman exiles, who
had fled with Tarquinius out of the laft battle, refiding in
that city, they, at firft, endeavoured to prevail upon the
tyrant to deliver up the embafladors to them, to the end
they might put them to death : But, not fucceeding in this,
they deflred they might detain their perfons, as pledges, till
they fliould receive, from the city that fent them, their
fortunes, which, they faid, had been, unjuftly, confifcated
by the Romans ; and thought it reafonable that the tyrant

'- Kof*i \t»XiuIh. Our author has See the thirty firft annotation on the
added the laft word to diftinguifh it fifth book,
from Kv/4i> in Aeolis in the lelTer Afia.

Vol. III. X ihould

154 ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVII.

fhould be the judge in this caufe. Ariftodemus, the fon of
Ariftocrates, was, at that time, tyrant of Cumae, a man of
no obfcure birth, who was called, ♦ MaAa^of, Effeminate^ by
the citizens, which appellation came to be more known in
time than his own name ; either becaufe, when a boy, he
was efieminate, and fufFered that treatment, which is ap-
propriated to women, as fbme relate ; or becaufe he was of
a mild nature, and of a difpofition too foft to be incenfed,
as others write : I look upon it not to be unfeafonable to
fufpend the relation of the Roman affairs for a fhort time,
in order to give an account of the opportunities, by which
he was encouraged to aim at the tyranny, and of the
meafures he purfued to obtain it ; of the manner in which
he governed, and of the cataftrophe he met with.

III. In the fixty fourth Olympiad, when Miltiades was
archon at Athens, the Tyrrhenians, who inhabited the
country lying near the Ionian gulph, and were driven from

♦• Of t««Xei7o /A«A«exor vVo tun ttson. Greeks ; and, in their language, every

Cafaubon has a note, alfo, upon this one, who underftands it, knows- the

occafion, which the French tranflators fignification of fMixuxot. But Plutarch,

have rendered in their language, Ukc prefcntly after, gives us great rcafon

the other, without the leaft acknow- to believe that this name was given

ledgement. In this note, ' Plutarch is him, by the citizens of Cumae, for

quoted for faying that Ariftodemus his infamous vice : For he fays that,

was not called juaAaxer for any igno- after Ariftodemus had prevailed upon

minious reafon, but that he was called the army to aflift him in banifhing the

fo by the Barbarians, in whofe Ian- fenate, and he had obtained the ty»

guage, that word fignifies a youth. I ranny,. he furpafled himfelf in that

wifli Plutarch had told us who thefe very vice, from which he, probably^

Barbarians were, who gave him this derived his name : ijv jww w rctit «r«{*

name. They could not be his fellow- ^*«aictt x«i HAIAAS «A«vO«f«t oJduchs

citizens of Cumae, becaufe thefe were «v7of lavly /««;^dq;o1ffI«;.

" rvtaiK. «{i7. p. 261.

thence^

Book VII. DION YSIUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS. 155

thence, in procefs of time, by the Celtae, together with the
Umbri, the Daunii, and many other Barbarians, endeavoured
to fubvert Cumae, a Greek city, fituated in the country of
the Opici, and built by the citizens of Eretria, and Chalcis,
without being able to alledge any other juft caufe of their
animofity, than the profperity of the city : For Cumae was,
at that time, celebrated throughout all Italy for its riches,
power, and many other advantages, as poffeffing the moft
fertil part of the Campanian plain, and being miftrefs of the
moft convenient havens round the promontory * Mifenum.
The Barbarians, therefore, inticed by thefe advantages,
marched againft this city with an army, confifting of no lefs
than five hundred thoufand foot, and eighteen thoufand
horfe. While they lay incamped not far from the city, a
prodigy happened to them, of fo wonderful a nature, that
nothing like it is recorded to have fallen out at any time,
or in any place, either among the Greeks, or Barbarians :
For the rivers, that ran near their camp, one of which is
called the '^ Vulturnus, and the other, the Glanis, leaving
their natural courfe, flowed back, and, for a long time,

»• Miftifof. See the one hundred and VoUurno, is, now, to be feen. The

eighty fecond annotation on the firft other river was called Glanisj Clanis,

book. Glaniusy and Liternuj, now, // Lagt$o.

•• Oux7K{»of — TKeuK. The firft of On the right of this river, and near

thefe is the moft confiderablc river of the mouth of it, ftood the city of

Campania, and, ftill, retains its name, Liternum^ famous for the voluntary

being called, by theItaIians,"^(?//Krw, exile of the firft Scipio Africanus,

and VoUerno. At the mouth of this whofe country houfe was here ; on the

river, and on the left of it, ftood a ruins of which, a watch tower, called

town, which, from the river, was call- la Torre di Patria, was, afterwards,

ed VuUurmmy where Caftello d mar M erefted.

«CIuver, Ital. Antiq. B.iv. c. a.

X 2 con-

156 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

continued to run, from their mouths, to their fources. The
Cumaeans, being informed of this prodigy, were encouraged
by it to fight the Barbarians, in confidence that Heaven de-
figned to deprefs the elevated condition of the latter, and
to raife their own, which then feemed low. And, having
divided all their youth into three bodies, they appointed
one of them to defend the city, another to guard the fhips,
and the third they drew up under the walls to receive the
enemy : Thefe confifted of fix hundred horfe, and of four
thoufand five hundred foot. And, though fo few in number,
they fuftained the attack of fo many myriads.

IV. When the Barbarians heard they were refolved to
fight, they came on Ihouting, according to the cuftom of
Barbarians, without order, the horfe intermixed with the
foot, in expeftation of cutting them all in pieces. The place,
where they ingaged, lay before the city, being a narrow
valley, furrounded with mountains, and lakes, which was a
friend to the valor of the Cumaeans, and an enemy to the
multitude of the Barbarians : For, being thrown down, and
trampled upon by one another, particularly in the boggs
near the lake, the greateft part of them were deftroyed by
their own people, without, even, ingaging the army bf the
Greeks. By this means, their foot, confiding of fuch num-
bers, defeated itfelf ; and, without performing any brave
adlion, difperfed themfelves every way, and fled. However,
the horfe ingaged, and gave the Greeks great trouble : But,
being unable to furround them, by reafon of the narrownefs
of the ground, and the gods afiifting the Greeks, in fome

meafure.

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENS IS. 157
meafure, with lightning, rain, and thunder, the others were
feized with fear, and ran away. In this ac9:ion, all the
Cumaean horfe fought with remarkable bravery ; and were
allowed to have been the chief caufe of the vidory. But
Ariftodemus, furnamed Malacus, diftinguiflied himfelf above
all the reft : For, he alone fuftained the attack of the enemy,
and killed their general, and, with him, many other brave
men. The war being at an end, the Cumaeans, having
offered lacrifices to the gods in thanklgiving for their vi<ftory,
and buried, in a fumptuous manner, thofe, who had been
(lain in the battle, entered into great contefts to whom they
ought to give the firft crown, as a reward- for his fuperior
bravery : For the impiartial judges were defirous to beftow
this honor upon Ariftodemus, who was, alfo, fupported by
the favor of all the people. On the other fide, the men in
power defired to confer it upon Hippomedon, the general
of the horfe ; and, in this, the whole fenate concurred :
The Cumaeans were, at that time, governed by an arifto-
cracy, and the people had not the difpolal of many things.
A fedition arifing from this conteft, the men of a more ad-
vanced age, being afraid left this emulation fliould proceed
to arms, and murders, prevailed on both the parties to con-
fent that each of the pretenders fhould receive an equal
fliare of the honors. From this beginning, Ariftodemus
Hakcus became a leado- of the people ; and, having ac-
quired a faculty of Ipeaking upon political fubjeds, he fe-
duced them by his harangues, improved their condition by
popular laws, difcovered the depredations of the men in

power,

158 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

power, and relieved many of the poor with his own money.
By this means, he became both odious, and formidable, to
the leading men of the ariftocracy.

V. The twentieth year after the ingagement with the
Barbarians, embaf&dors from the Aricini came to the Cu-
maeans with the enfigns of fuppliants, to beg their afllftance
againft the Tyrrhenians, who made war upon them : For,
as ' I related in a former book, Porfena, king of the Tyr-
rhenians, having made peace with the Romans, fent his Ion
Aruns with one half of the army, at his defire, to acquire a
fovereignty for himfelf. His fon was, then, befieging the
Aricini, whom he had forced to fly to their city for refuge,
and expeded to take it, foon, by famine. When thefe
embafladors arrived, the leading men of the ariftocracy,
hating Ariftodemus, and fearing he might do fome prejudice
to the eftabliflied government, thought they had the faireft
of all opportunities to get rid of him, under a fpecious pre-
tence : And, having prevailed upon the people to fend two
thoufand men to the relief of the Aricini, and appointed
Ariftodemus to be their general, as a man famous for his
military achievements, they, after that, took ftich meafures,
as gave them room to expedt that he would either be de-
flxoyed in battle by the Tyrrhenians, or perifli at fea : For,
being impowered by the fenate to raife the forces, that
were to be fent as auxiliaries, they employed no men of
family, or reputation ; but, chufing out the pooreft, and
the moft profligate of the common people, from whom they

I' Cit i» Toij 9(0 villi itinKmMKtUn. See the thirty fixth chapter of the fifth book.

were

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 159
were under continual apprehenfion of fome innovations,
they, with thefe, made up the complement of men, who
were to be fent upon this expedition ; and having brought
out of the docks ten old fhips, the worft failors they had,
and appointed the pooreft of all the Cumaeans to command
them, they imbarked the forces on board thefe fhips, threa-
tening with death every one, who fhould defert the fervice.

VI. Upon which, Ariftodemus, having only faid that he
was not ignorant of the defign of his enemies, who were
fending him, in appearance, to the afliftance of the Aricini,
but, in reality, to manifeft deftruAion, accepted the com-
mand, and, immediately, let fail with the embafladors of
the Aricini ; and, having performed the voyage with great
difficulty, and danger, he arrived on the coaft near to Aricia ;
and, leaving a fufficient number of men to guard the fhips,
he marched, the firfl night, from the fea, to that city, which
was not far diflant, and, unexpectedly, appeared the next
morning early within fight of the inhabitants : Then, in-
camping near the city, and having prevailed upon the citi-
zens, who had fled to Aricia, to come out into the field,
he, prefently, invited the Tyrrhenians to an ingagement.
And, a fharp battle infuing, the Aricini, after a very fhort
refiflance, all gave way, and, again, fled to the city : But
Ajiftodemus, with a fmall body of Cumaeans, who were
chofen men, fuflained the united fhock of the enemy ; and,
having killed the general of the Tyrrhenians with his own
own hand, he put thefe foreigners to flight, and gained the
mofl glorious of all vidories. After he had performed thefe

things.

i6o ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

things, and been honoured with many prefents by the Ari-
cini, he failed away immediately, defiring to be himfelf the
meflenger to the Cumaeans of his own victory. He was
followed by a great number of merchant fliips belonging to
the Aricini, laden with the fpoils, and prifoners, taken from
the Tyrrhenians. When they were arrived near Cumae, he
brought his fliips to the fliore ; and, afiembling his army,
inveighed, vehemendy, againfl the chief men of the city,
and gave great commendations to thofe foldiers, who had
diftinguiflied themfelves in the late ingagement ; and, hav-
ing given money to every one of them, and divided the
prefents he had received from the Aricini among them all,
he defired they would remember thefe favors, when they
returned home; and, if he fliould be threatened with any
danger from the oligarchy, that every one of them would
aflift him to the utmoft of his power. All the foldiers ac-
knowledged themfelves to be under great obligations to him,
not only, for their unexpeded prefer vation, for which they
were indebted to him, but, alfo, for their not returning
home with empty hands ; and promifed to facrifice their
own lives, fooner than to abandon him to his enemies :
Upon which, he commended their zeal, and difmifled the
aflembly. After this, he called into his tent thofe among
them, who were the moft profligate, and the moft daring in
their own perfons ; and, having corrupted them with pre-
fents, fair words, and hopes, the feducers of all men, he
ingaged them to aflift him in fubvertmg the eftabliflied
government.

VII.

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 161-

VII. After he had fecured the concurrence, and af-
fiftance of thefe men, and acquainted every one with the
part he was to ad, he fet at Hberty all the prifoners he had
brought, without ranfom, in order to gain their afFedion
alfo, and failed into the ports of Cumae, his fliips carrying
th&enfigns of vidory. When the foldiers difimbarked, they
were met by their fathers, mothers, the reft of their rela-
tions, their children and wives, who, embracing them with
tears, and kifles, faluted each of them with the moll tender
appellations : And all the other citizens, receiving the ge-
neral with joy, and applaufe, conduced him to his houfe.
The chief men of the city, particularly thofe, who had
given him the command, and concerted the other meafiires
for his deftru6tion, were grieved at this, and full of appre-
henfions for their future fafety. After a few days were
pafled, in which Ariftodemus employed himfelf in per-
forming his vows to the gods, and in waiting for the mer-
chant {hips, that were not yet arrived, when the time was
come, he faid he defired to give the fenate an account of
the circumftances of the battle, and fhew them the fpoils.
The fenators aflembling in great numbers, he prefented
himfelf, and made a fpeech to them, in which he related
every thing, which had pafled in the ingagement. While
he was fpeaking, his accomplices in the confpiracy rufli-
ed into the fenate, in a body, with fwords under their
garments, and killed all the partifans of the ariftocracy.
Upon this, all, who were in the forum, except thofe,
privy to the confpiracy, faved themfelves by flight ; fome
Vol. III. Y running

i62 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIL

running into their houfes, and others out of the city : In
the mean time, the confpirators poUefled themfelves of the
citadel, and the docks, and the other ftrong places of the
city. The following night, he releafed out of priibn all
under fentence of death, who were many; and, arming
them, together with his friends, among whom were the
Tyrrhenian prifoners, he formed of all thefe a guard for
the fecurity of his perfon. When it was day, he ailembled
the people ; and, after many invcdives againft the citizens,,
who had been put to death by his orders, he faid that, hav-
ing often fought his life, they had been juftly puniflied
by him, and that he was come to give liberty, equality, and
many other advantages to all the reft of the citizens.

VIII. Having faid this, and filled all the people with
wonderful hopes, he eftablifhed two inftitutions, which are,,
of all others, the moft deftrudtive, and the prologues tO:
every tyranny, a divifion of lands, and an abolition of debts;,
and promifed, that he would take upon himfelf the care of
both thefe things, if he were appointed general with abfo-
lute power, till the public tranquillity fhould be fecured, and
they had eftabliflied a democracy. The populace, and,^
particularly, the moft profligate part of it, joyfully receiving
a propofal, which expofed the fortunes of other men to their
rapine, Ariftodemus invefted himfelf with the abfolute
command, and propofed another meafure, by which he
deceived them, and deprived them all of their liberty : For,
pretending to fufped that the rich would raife difturbances^
and infurredions againft the common people, on account

of

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 163
of the divifion of lands, and the abolition of debts, he faid
the only means he could think of to prevent a civil war,
and the flaughter of citizens, and to guard againft thefe
niiferies before they happened, was, for all of them to bring
their arms out of their houfes, and to confecrate them to
the gods, that they might make ufe of them againft the
invafions of a foreign enemy, whenever there fhould be a
neceflity for it, and not againft one another ; and that, in
the mean time, they would be, properly, difpofed of, when
placed in the temples of the gods. They being prevailed
upon to agree to this alfo, he difarmed all the Cumaeans
the fame day, and, the following days, he fearched their
houfes ; where he put to death many worthy citizens, pre-
tending they had not delivered up all their arms to be con-
fecrated to the gods: After which, he ftrengthened his
tyranny by three forts of guards j the firft conftfted of the
meaneft, and the moft abandoned of the citizens, by whofe
means he had deftroyed the ^iftocracy ; the fecond, of the
moft impious (laves, whom he himfelf had manumitted for
having killed their maflers ; and the third, of the moft Cuvags
Barbarians, hired by him as mercenary troops : Thefe did
not amount to lefs than two thoufand, and were far better
foldiers than any of the reft. He removed the ftatues of
thofe he had put to death, from all places, both facred and
profane, and placed his own in their room ; and, feizing
their houfes, and their eftates, and the reft of their fortunes,
be referved for himfelf the gold, and filver, and every thing
elfe> that was not too mean for the dignity of a tyrant, and

Y 2 divided

i64 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

divided the remainder among the inftruments of his ufur-
pation: But the greateft part of thefe prefents, and the
moft valuable he gave to the flaves, vi^ho had killed their
matters : However, thefe infliled, alfo, to many their wives,
and daughters.

IX. At firft, he made no account of the male children
of thofe, who had been put to death ; but afterwards, either
by the diredion of fome oracle, or from the reflexion he
might, naturally, make, that, in them, no fmall danger was
breeding up againfl him, he refblved to murder them all
in one day : But, as all the men, to whom their mothers
were married after the death of their former hufbands, and
by whom the children themfelves were bringing up, begged,
earneflly, of him to fpare them, he was willing to grant
them this favor alfo; and, contrary to his refolution, did not
put them to death : However, to prevent their entering into
any confpiracy againfl the tyranny, he took this precaution;
he ordered them all to depart the city, and live in the
country difperfed here and there, and to be inflruded in no
fcience, or difcipline becoming the children of freemen;
but to tend flocks, and perform other works of agriculture ;
threatening with death every one of them, who fhould be
found in the city. Upon which, thefe children, being turned
out of the houfes o£ their anceflors, were brought up in the
country like flaves, and ferved the murderers of their fathers*
And, to the end that no generous, or manly fpirit might
fpring up in the refl of the citizens, he refolved to effemi-
nate, by education^ the whole race of the youth, then

bringbg

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARN A SSENSIS. 165
bringing up in the city; and, with that view, he fupprefled
the (bhools, and the exercife of arms; and changed the
manner of living, before in ufe among the youth : For,
he ordered the boys to wear their hair long, like girls, to
* dye it yellow, to curl it, and faften thofe curls to cauls of
net-work, and to wear imbroidered veils, that reached down
to their feet, and, over thefe, thin, and foft mantles, and to
pafs their lives in the (hade : And, when they went to the
fchools, where dancing, playing on the flute, and fuch kinds
of mufical allurements were taught, their governeffes at-'
tended them with umbrellos and fans, wafhed them with'
their own hands, when they bathed, and fupplied them
with combs, alabafler pots full of precious ointments, and
looking-glafies.' By this education, he continued to enervate
the youth, till they had completed their twentieth year ;
and, from that time, fuflPered them to be confidered as men.
Having by thefe, and many other methods, abufed, and
infulted the Cumaeans, without refraining from any kind of
luft, or cruelty, when he thought himfelf fecure in the pof-
feffion of the tyranny, being now grown old, he was
puniflied to the fatisfadion both of gods, and men, and
extirpated with all his family.

»• E|«iei^flp«8f. I am afraid Cafau- Ariftophanes, ' «« K»h/*t6' e^.)»fl«<r|U««j-

bon is miftaken in interpreting this mtt it km ro t^«v8«^«» A»jue«»«(rj» ailt rg

word avieo-i ar«T7ouf»»f : For I cannot «Va8 |«»9.^e(v, tk?" ts-i ^»v6o» wo<«v. For

find it ufed in that fenfe in any author, this reafon, I do not think it necef-

But I find «|«v9*^M taken in- the fame fary, with Stephens, to fubftitutc

fenfe with' ^«v9i^ft', againft which Ca- |«»9i^<>ju«*!<f in the room of »^«v8«^«jw«»f.

faubon cautions his readers. However, ''JuHus Pollux, in fpeaking of thofe,

the Greek fcholiaft makes the follow- whofe hair was dyed yellow, or black,

ing obfervation upon thefe words of fays,J«i4<^eo9^«iTij»xo/*ii''>x«'i<*«A«'«'>&«'«

» A»9-ir. V. 43. 7 B. ii. Segm. 35. y rpi

i66 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

X. The perfons, who rofe againft him, and freed their
country from the tyranny, were the fons of the citizens he
had murdered : All of whom he had, at firft, refolved to
put to death in one day ; but, being prevailed upcwi by the
intreaties of his life guards, to whom he had given their
mothers in marriage, he changed his refolution, as I faid,
and ordered them to live in the country. A few years
after, as he was making a progrefs through the villages, he
faw a great number of thefe youths, who made a brave
appearance ; and, fearing they might concert an infurrec-
tion againft him, he refolved to prevent it, by putting them
all to death, before any one of them {hould be aware of it :
And, aflembling his friends, he confidered with them by
what means, they might, with the greateft eafe, and expe-
dition, be, privately, put to death. The youths, being ap-
prized of this, either by the information of fomc pcribn,
who was acquainted with the defign, or fufpeding it from
well-grounded conjedures, fled to the moun^ins, taking
with them the iron inftruments they ufed in hufbandry.
They were, prefently, joined by the Cumaean exiles, who
redded in Capua ; the mofl confiderabk of whom, and
thofe, who brought with them the greateft number of
Campanians, their guefts, were the fbns of Hippomedon,
who had been general of the horfe in the Tyrrhenian war :
Thefe came well armed themfelves, and brought with them
arms for the youths, and alfo, a good body of Campanian
mercenaries, and of their own friends, which they had raifed.
When they were all joined, they came down from the

mouij-

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 167
mountains, and plundered the lands of their enemies ; in-
ticed the flaves from their mailers ; releafed the prifoners
everywhere, and armed them ; and the efFeds, and cattle
they could not carry ofF, they either burnt, or killed. While
the tyrant was at a lofe to refolve in what manner he fhould
make war upon them, bccaufe they neither made their
attempts openly, nor ftaid long in the fame places, but
meafured their incurfions, either from the coming on of the
night, to the break of day, or, from thence, to the return
of die night; and, after he had, often, fent out forces to
the relief of the country in vain, one of the frigitives, fent
by the reft as a defcrter, his body being torne with whips,
came to him; and, after fuing for impunity, promifed the
tyrant to conduct the troops he fliould think fit to fend with
him, to the place, where the fugitives propofed to incamp
the foUovsdng night. The tyrant, being induced to truft
this man, who aiked nothing, and offered his own perfon as
an hoftage, fent thofe of his commanders, whom he, chiefly,
confided in, with a great number of horfe, and the band of
mercenaries, with orders to bring all the fugitives, if poilible,
if not, the greateft part of them, to him in chains. The
pretended deferter led the army, during the whole night,
through untrodden paths, and defert woods, where they
fuffered exceedingly^ to thde parts, that were fartheft from
the city.

XI. In the mean time, the revolters, and the fugitives,
who lay in ambufcade on the hills, with which the lake

Avemus

i68 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

'Avernus is furrounded, not far from Cumae, being in-
formed by the fignals, made by their fcouts, that the tyrant's
army was marched out of the city, fent thither about iixty
the moft refolute among them, drefled in leather doublets,
with faggots of brufli wood upon their flioulders : Thefe
found means to get into the city about the clofe of the
evening, like labourers, fome at one gate, and fome at an-
other, without being taken notice of; When they were
there, they drew out the fwords they had concealed in the
faggots, and all met in the fame place. Marching from
thence, in a body, to the gates, that led to the lake Avernus,
they killed the guards, while they were afleep ; and their
own army being, by this time, arrived near the walls, they
opened the gates, and received them all into the city ; and, in
doing this alfo, they were not difcovered : For, that night,
there happened to be a public feftival, and all the citizens
were drinking, and employed in other diverfions, which
gave the others an opportunity of marching through all the
ftreets, that led to the tyrant's palace, without being di-
fturbed : Neither did they find, even at the gates, any

9- Aof»«». This was the Greek name ftagnating over this lake, which was
for the Avernus lacus. The rcafon of io * noxious to birds, was owing to
this Greek appellation is, thus, ^ven the hills covered with wood, that
by * Virgil ; furrounded it, as all authors agree ;

and as it appeared, when Agrippa, by

^««»>/*r kmui uUat fotefant imfwu W««/« ^j^g ^^der of Auguftus, cut down thefe

W*.* iurpe^ ; talis /ef» ia/itus atr,s ^^^ . p ^^^^ ^ ^^ ^j^. ,^^ .^

Taucihmeff^den,futtraadcM»,ex»ftribat: illnuaUtV This lake nOW called

'• u lago /T Averno, and tl lago at Tre-
The pcftiferous quality of the air, /tr^*/?, lies, nearly, eaft of Cumae.

*Aena4. B.Ti. ^. 239. 'Strabo.B.T.p. 375. |> Clurer, ItaL Andq. B. ir. c. z.

number

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 169

number of guards upon duty ; but, here alfo, fome were
afleep, and others drunk, whom they killed without any
difficulty; and, rufhing into the palace in a body, they
found all the reft infeebled both in body, and mind, with
drunkennefs, and ftabbed them like flieep : And, having
feized Ariftodemus himfelf, with his fbns, and the reft of
his relations, they tore their bodies with whips, and tortures,
during a great part of the night ; and, after they had in-
flided on them all kinds of punishments, they put them to
death. Having extirpated the whole family of the tyrant,
Co as to leave neither children, wives, nor any one related
to them, and fpent the whole night in finding out all the
inftruments of the tyranny, as foon as it was day, they pro-
ceeded to the forum : Then, calling the people together,
they laid down their arms, and reftored the ancient go-
vernment.

XII. Before this Ariftodemus, who was, at that time, in
the fourteenth year of his tyranny over the Cumaeans, the
Romans, who had been banifhed with Tarquinius, prefented
themfelves, and defired him to fit in judgement againft
their country. The Roman embafladors oppofed this for
fome time, alledging that they were not come to enter into
this conteft, nor furniflied with any other powers than thofe
they had received from the fenate, which did not extend to
a defence of the commonwealth : But, when this made no
imprefllon, and they faw the tyrant, through the earneftnefs,
and folicitations of the exiles, inclined ta the other fide,
they defired time to prepare for their defence; and, having

Vol. III. Z depofited

17P ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIL

jjppolited a fum of money, as a pledge for their appearance,
while thefuit was depending, and they were, no longer, guard-
ed, they fled, Upon which, the tyrant feized their domeftics,
their fumpter horfes, and the money they had brought with
thenj to purchftfe corn. Thefe feveral embafladors, there-
fore, having b^n treated in the manner I have mentioned,
returned without efFeding any thing. But thofe, who had
been fent to Tyrrhenia, bought up a quantity of millet,
and fpelt in that country, and brought it to Rome in boats.
This fupply maintained the Romans for a fhort time : But,
when confumed, left them in the fame want as before. And
there was no fort of food mankind were, ever, reduced to
through neceflity, which they did not attempt to eat. By
which it happened that not a few of them, as well by want,
as by the mifchief arifing from unaccuftomed food, were
thrown into dileafes ; or, by being ncgle£bed by reafbn of
their poverty, were, intirely, unable to help themfelves.
When the Volfci, who had been lately overcome, heard
this, they folicited one another, by private embaflles, to
enter into a war againft the Romans, upon a fuppofition,
that, if any one attacked them, while they were diftrefled
both by war, and famine, they would be unable to refift»
But the benevolence of the gods, who were, always, careful
not to fufFer the Romans to be fubdued by their enemies^
fhewed her power upon this occafion, alfo, in a moft con-
fpicuous manner : For, fo great a peftilence feized, at once,
the inhabitants of the Volfcian cities, that the like to it had
never been heard of in any other ports, either among the

Barbarians^

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 171

Barbarians, or Greeks, and deftroyed them without diftinc-
tion of age, condition, or fex, or of ftrong, or weak confti-
tutions. Velitrae, a confiderable city of the Volfci, of large
extent, and, till then, very populous, was an inftance of the
greatnefs of this calamity ; of whofe inhabitants the plague
left but one part out of ten, and carried off all the reft.
At laft, thofe, who furvived this misfortune, fentembafladors
to the Romans> to inform them of their defolation, and to
deliver up their dty to them : For they had, even before
that time, received a colony from Rome ; for which reafbn,
they, now, defired a fecond to be fent to them.

Xin. When the Romans were informed of thefe things,
they compafHonated thdr misfortune ; and thought them-
felves obliged to retain no refentment againft their enemies,
when under fo fevere an affli<5i:ion ; fince the gods had,
fuffidently, puniihed them for the defigns they had formed
a^inft their commonwealth. As to the city of Velitrae,
they thought proper to receive it, and to fend a numerous
colony thither, in confideration of the many advantages,
that would refult to them from that meafure : For the place
itfelf, when ftrongly garrifoned, feemed very proper to
check, and obftruft the defigns^ of thofe, who might be dif-
pofed" to- innovate, or raife commotions : And it was ex-
peded that the fcarcity of provifions, under which the city,
then, laboured, would be far lefs fenfible, if any confiderable
number of the citizens were removed. But, above all other
confiderations, the frefli fedition^ which was, then, breaking
out, before the former was quite appeafed, induced them

Z a to

172 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIt

to order the colony to be fent to Velitrae : For the people
began, again, to be inflamed, as before, and to be exafperated
againft the patricians: And many fevere reflexions were
thrown out againfl: them, fome accufing them of negled:,
and indolence, in not having, long, forefeen the fcarcity of
corn, and taken the neceflary precautions to avert that
calamity ; and others giving out that this fcarcity was oc-
cafioned by their contrivance, and flowed from their refent-
ment, and a defire to diftrefs the people, in remembrance of
their feceflion : For thefe reafons, the colony was, prefently,
fent ; '° three perfons being appointed by the fenate to be
the leaders of it. At firfl:, the people were pleafed that
lands were to be allotted to fome of their number, who, by
that means, would be freed from the famine, and inhabit
a fertil country : But, afterwards, when they confidered that
the peftilence had raged violently in the city, that was to
receive them, and defl:royed the inhabitants, and gave room
to fear that it would treat the colony in the fame manner,
they, by degrees, entertained contrary fentiments : So that,^
not many offered themfelves to partake of the colony, but
fewer, by many, than the fenate had decreed : And thefe,
already, blamed themfelves for having taken an imprudent
refolution, and declined going out. However, they were

10- Tj,j,y afigm. Thefe were called, prefly, that thefe triumvirs were created

by the Romans, Triumviri Jgrariiy or by the fenate : And fecondly, there

Triumviri coloniae deducendae. Thefe were, as yet, no tributa comitia ; the

triumvirs, le Jay fays, were created by trial of Coriolanus having given oc-

the people, in the Comitia tributa. Les cafion to the tribunes of the people to

triumvirs fe creoitnt dans une ajfemblee du inftitute thefe comitia. The reafons of

feupkpartribus. Here isadoublcerror. which will be explained by our author

In the firft place, our author fays, ^x- in the fifty ninth chapter of this book.

taken

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENSIS. 175
taken into it, and fo were the others, who did not, willingly,
join them ; the fenate having ordered that all the Romans
fliould draw lots for completing the colony ; and that all
thofe, upon whom the lot fell, -fliould be puniflied in a
fevere, and inexorable manner, if they did not go. This
colony, therefore, was fent to Velitrae by a fpecious com-
pulfion. And, not many days after, another colony was
fent to " Norba, which is no inconfiderable city of the
Latines.

XIV. However the defign of the patricians, as far as it
related to the appeafing of the fedition, was, intirely, difap-
pointed : For the people, who were left at home, were, now,
more exafperated than before, and clamoured, violently,
againft the fenators: They aflembled, at firft, in fmall
numbers, and held meetings with their friends; but, af-
terwards, as the famine encreafed, they met in a body ; and,
running into the forum, called upon the tribunes. And
thefe having aflembled the people, Spurius Icilius, who was,
then, at the head of the college of the tribunes, rofe up,
and, not only, ufed many invedives againft the fenate him-
felf, inflaming, by all poflible means, the envy of the people
againft them, but, alfb, called upon others to deliver their
fentiments in public ; and, particularly, upon Sicinnius, and
Brutus, who were then ediles (calling each of them by their
name) and had been the authors of the firft feceffion of the
people ; and, having introduced the tribunitian power, had>

"• E« No{C«» woArt. *iVer^«, now of the Latines, after Latium extended
called, Normaf and Norme, was a city eaftward as far as the Liris.

<CIaver> Ital. Andq. B.iii. c. &.

firft,

174 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

firft, been invefted with it. Thefe, having, long before,
prepared the moft malicious fpeeches, rofe up, and enlarged
upon thofe points, that were grateful to the generality of
the people, alledging that the want of com was occafioned
by the contrivance, and treachery of the rich, againft whofe
will the people had acquired their liberty by the fecefllon.
And they fhewed that the rich had not, in the Icaft degree,
an equal fhare of this calamity with the poor ; the former
having provifions, privately, hoarded up ; and, wanting na
money to purchafe Thofe, that were imported, they kughed
at the &mine : Whereas the plebeians were in want of both.
They added, that they had fent the colony, which was de-
ftined to breathe a peftilential air, to a manifefl, and much
worfe deftrudlion; and, exaggerating, with all their power,
the terror of thefe things, aiked. What end there was- to be
of their miferies ? They put them in mind of the ftripes
they had, formerly, received fix>m the rich, and laid open
many other things of this nature with great freedom. And
Brutus clofed his fpeech with this threat, that, if they would
^follow his advice, he would^ foon, compel thofe, who had
kindled this mifchief, to extinguifh it. After which, the
aflembly was difmifled.

XV. The next day, the confuls, being terrified with
thefe new commotions, and looking upon the popularity of
Brutus to threaten the commonwealth with fome great evil,
aflembled the fqpate : Where many, and various things were
propofed, both by the confuls themfelves, and by the reft of
the ancient fenators : Some being of opinion that they ought

to

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENSIS. 175
to court the people by all poflible exprefllons of kindnefs,
and by promifes of effedual relief, and to moderate the heat
of their leaders by communicating their counfels with them,
and by inviting them to deliberate, jointly with themfelves,
on the public utility : But others advifednot to yield, or relax,
in any thing, to an imperious, and ignorant multitude, and
to the bold, and infufferable madnefs of the flatterers of the
people; but to clear themfelves of their accufations, by
afliiring the plebeians, that the patricians were, in no refped,
the occafion of what had happened ; and that they would
take all poflible care to remedy this evil; and, alfo, to
reprimand the difturbers of the people, and to let them
know, that, if they did not defift from inflaming the fedition,
they fliould be brought to condign punifliment. Appius
was at the head of thofe, who were of this opinion, which
carried it, after very great contefts among the fenators : So
that, even the people, hearing the clamor at a great diftance,
ran, in diforder, to the fenate, and the whole city was
alarmed. After this, the confuls, going into the forum,
called the people together (the day being almoft fpent) and
were going to inform them of the refolutions of the fenate ;
But the tribunes oppofed it» Upon which, they neither
fpoke in their tums^ nor obferved any decency in their de-
bate : For they cried out together, and endeavoured to " ex-
clude one another from the aflembly : So that, k was not

»«• E|tiix«c». I cannot find this word ever, obferved it to be taken in is That

ufed in the fcnfe, which all the tranf- of excludebant, which, for that reafon,

lators have given to it -, that is obftre- I think Boyielf obliged to adlrre to.
febant. The only fignification I have,

eafy

176 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

eafy for thofe, who were prefent, to underfland what they
meant.

XVI. The confuls thought it reafonable that, as they had
the fuperior power, they fliould have the fole command in
the city : On the other fide, the tribunes infifted that the
affembly of the people was their peculiar fphere, as the fenate
was That of the confuls ; and that, whatever the people had
the authority to judge, and determine, was fubjeft to their
power alone. The people fupported thefe by their accla-
mations ; and, at the fame time, were prepared (if neceflary)
to attack their oppofers : On the other fide, the patricians,
gathering round the confuls, encouraged them ; and a violent
conteft infued, each fide infilling upon not yielding to the
other, as if, by this fingle defeat, the claim of each was,
for the future, to be given up. The fun, now, declining,
the reft of the people ran out of their houles to the forum ;
and, if the night had not put an end to the conteft, they
had proceeded to blows, and throwing of ftones. But, to
prevent this, Brutus prefented himfelf, and defired the con-
fuls to give him leave to fpeak, promifing to appeafe the
tumult : And they, looking upon this as a yielding to them,
becaufe, when the tribunes were prefent, that patron of the
people had not afked this favor of them, gave him leave.
And all being filent, Brutus made no fpeech, but, only,
aiked the confuls the following queftion ; Do you remem-
ber, faid he, that, when we put an end to the fedition by an
accommodation, this right was granted to us, that, when the
tribunes fliould aflemble the people upon any account what-
ever.

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 177

ever, the patricians fhould not be prefent at the aflembly,
or create any difturbance there ? We remember it, an-
fwered Geganius. Then, Brutus added, " Why, therefore,
" do you oppofe us, and not fuffer the tribunes to fay what
" they pleafe ? " To this Geganius replied j " Becaufe the
" tribunes did not aflemble the people, but the confuls : If,
*^ therefore, the people had beenaflembled by them, we fhould
" have neither oppofed, nor inquired into what they were
** doing; but, iince we ourfelves have aflembled them, we do
" not hinder the tribunes from fpeaking, but complain that
" we ourfelves are hindered by them." Then, Brutus faid ;
** We have conquered, citizens ; and our adveriaries have
" yielded every thing to us we defired. Now, therefore, de-
" part, and ceafe to contend : And I promife you that, to
" morrow, I will (hew you your ftrength. And you, tribunes,
" yield the forum to them, for the prefent : You will not, al-
" ways, yield it, when you know how great apower your ma-
" giftracy is poflefied of: This you will be informed of fhortly ;
" and I myfelf ingage to make it appear to you ; and, at the
" fame time, to humble the pride of thefe men : And, if you
" find I have impofed upon you, treat me as you think fit.**

XVII. None having oppofed this, both parties left the
affcmbly ; but not widi the like imprefiions : For the poor
were of opinion that Brutus had found out fomething ex-
traordinary, and that he had not, rafhly, made a promife
of that nature. On the other fide, the patricians defpifed
the levity of the man, and thought the boldnefs of his
promifes would go no farther than words : They imagined

Vol. III. A a that

178 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

that no other power had been granted by the fenate to the
tribunes, than That ofrelieving the plebeians, when opprefled.
However, this inattention to the importance of the affair
did not, equally, poffefs all the fenators, and, leaft of all,
Thofe of a more advanced age, who were upon their guard,
left the madnefs of this man might occafion fome irreparable
mifchief. The following night, Brutus, having communi-
cated his thoughts to the tribunes, and prepared a good
number of the plebeians to fupport him, went with them
to the forum ; and, before fun-rife, they poflefled themfelves
of the temple of Vulcan, where the afTemblies of the people
were, ufually, held, and the tribunes called the citizens
together : And the forum being crouded (for greater mul-
titudes appeared upon this occafion, than had ever been
known before) Icilius, the tribune, rofe up, and made a long
ipeech againft the patricians, putting the people in mind of
all they had fuffered from them : After which, he told
them that, the day before, he had been hindered by them
from fpeaking, and deprived of the power of his magiftracy.
" What other power, lays he, fhall we have after this, if we
** are not allowed even That of fpeaking ? How (hall we
*' be able to relieve any of you, when c^prefled by them,
" if we are deprived of the authority of aflembHng you ?
** For all a^^ions are governed by words ; and it is manifeft
" that thofe, who are not allowed to fay what they think^
" will not be allowed to execute what they pleafe. Refume,
" therefore, the power you have given us, fays he, unlefs
" you defign to fecure that power; or enaft a law to prevent

"all

<c

Book VII. DI0NYSIU8 HALICARNASSENSIS. 179
** all oppofition to us for the future." Having laid this,
the people cried out to him with. great acclamations, to
bring in the law : Which Icilius, who had it ready drawn
up, read to them ; and, immediately, put it to the vote ;
For the affair feemed to admit of no delay, left fome oppo-
fition might be made to it by the confuls. The law was as
follows : " When a tribune is fpeaking to the people, let no
man oppofe, or interrupt, him : Whoever fhall ad con-
trary to this, let him, if required, give fureties to the tri-
" bunes for the payment of the fine they {hall impofe upon
" him : If he refiifes to give fureties, let him be punifhed
" with death, and hisgoods*beconlecrated: And let the cwi-
" tefts, relating to thefe fines, be determined by the people."
After the tribunes had taken their votes in favor (^ this
law, they difmifled the afiembly : And the people departed
full of joy, and gave great thanks to Brutus, whom they
looked upon as the inventor of the law.

XVIII. After this, there happened many contefts upon
various fubjeds between the tribunes, and the confuls ; and
neither did the people efteem valid what the fenate had de-
creed, nor the fenate approve of what the people had deter
mined : But both of them perfifted in their oppofition to, and
fufpicions of, one another. However, their hatred did not
break out into any irreparable mifchief, as it often happens in
the like diforders. For the poor did not attack the houies of
the rich, where they might expedl to find provifions laid up,
nor attempt to rob the markets j but fubmitted to buy finall
<juantitie8 of viduals at a great price ; and, when they wanted

A a 2 money,

i8o ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

money, they fed patiently on roots, and herbs: Neither
did the rich, in confidence of their own ftrength, and of
the ftrength of their clients, who were very numerous, offer
violence to the weaker fort ; and aim at making themfelves
matters of the city, by driving out fome of the poor, and
killing others : But, like fathers, who treat their fons with
the greateft prudence, they continued to bear their errors
with a '' difpofition full of benevolence, and folicitude for
their happinefs. While Rome was in this fituation, the
neighbouring cities invited fuch of the Romans as defired it,
to live among them, alluring them by a communication of
the privileges of their cities, and the hopes of other good
ufage ; fome, from the beft of motives, friendfliip, and
compaflion for their misfortune ; but the greateft part
through envy of their former profperity. And very great
numbers removed with their whole families ; fome of whom
returned, when the affeirs of the city were compofed ; and
others remained where they were.

XIX. Theconfuls, feeing thefe things, thought fit to laife
forces, in which the fenate concurred, and to march with
them out of the city. Their defign was favoured by the
frequent incurfions, and depredations of their enemies, by

»3' Eu»oy<ri| x«u *tiitfM»t tj of/jf. I occafion, in the fame fignification in

ihould have imagined thefe two cpi- which * Thucydides ufes the word,

thets might have taught the tranflators when Pericles fays to the Athenians ;

that efffl, in this place, does not fignify Kturt; «i«f rut ttrifunt « n, ar^^ OPFH

Jnger. Yet Sylburgius, and the two »fawe,i,fAmt n »oa«^«», m< f»*T« ««f«

French tranQators, have given it that jr{«r«»7<»f : Where the Greek fcliohaft

fenfe. Portus has avoided the mMUke. explains t^fr,, by tttau fy wot*, ntntt.
O^fn is ufed by our author, upon this '

'B. i. c. 140:

which

Book vn. DIONYSIUS HALICARN A SSENSIS. i8i
which their country was laid wafte ; and they, alfb, confi-
dered the other advantages, that would refult from fending
an army into the field ; that thofe, who were left, being
fewer in number, would enjoy a greater plenty of provifions ;
that the army, by fupporting themfelves in the enemy's
country, would live in greater abundance ; and that the
{edition would be appealed, as long as the expedition lafted :
But, above all, it feemed, that if the patricians, and plebeians
ferved together, an equal (hare both of good, and ill fortune,
in allthedangersof the war, would, eiFedually, confirm their
reconciliation. But the people did not obey them, nor
willingly, as before, offer themfelves to lift in the fervice :
And the confuls did not think fit to inforce the law againft
thofe, who were unwilling to ferve. But fome patrician
voluntiers, together with their clients, were inlifted : And,
when they marched out of the city, they were joined by a
fmall number of the people. This army was commanded
by Caius Marcius, who had taken the city of Corioli, and
diftinguiHied himfelf above all others in the battle ^ainft
the Antiates. The greateft part of the plebeians, who aflifted
in this expedition, feeing him take the field, were induced
to it from affedion, and others, from the hopes of fuccefs :
For this man was, already, famous, and the enemy, greatly,
afraid of him. This army, having marched as far as the
city of Antium, made themfelves mafters, not only, of a
great deal of corn they found in the fields, but, likewife, of
a great number of flaves, and cattle ; and, after a fhort
time, returned better fupplied, than before, with all the

necef-

i82 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVU.

neceflaries of life : So that, thofe, who had declined the
fcrvice, were foil of conflifion, and of refentment againft
their demagogues, by whofe means they looked upon them-
felves to have been deprived of the fame felicity. Thus Ge^
ganius, and Minucius, the confuls of this year, after great,
and various ftorms, in which they were, c^ten, in danger df
fubverting the commonwealth, occafioned no misfortune to
it; but preferved it intire, by adiing, upon every occafion,
infuch a manner, that their prudence was moreconipicuous
than their good fortune.

XX. The following confuls, Marcus Minucius Augurinus,
and Aulus Sempronius Atratinusj who were both inverted
with this magiftracy for the fecond time, being not unskilled
either in military afl^rs, or in fpeaking, took great care to
fupply the city with plenty both of com, and of all other
provifions, looking upon the union of the people with the
fenate to depend upon that abundance. However, they had
not the good fortune to obtain both thcfe ends at the lame
time; but the fatiety of thcfe advantages was attended with
the infolence c^ thofc, who had the benefit of them. Upon
which occadon, Rome was, again, expofed to the greateft
danger, when it was Icaft expe<9)ed : For the embafladors,
fent to buy corn, brought all they had purchafed, both in
the maritime, and inland markets, to the city for the ufe of
the public: And the merchants alfo, who ufed to import
corn, flocked thither from all parts : Of whom the com-
monwealth bought their lading with die public money, and
preferved it carefully. At the fame time, Geganius, and

Valerius,

BookVII. DtONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 1^3

Valerius, who had, before, been lent embafladors to Sicily,
arrived with many merchant fhips, in which they brought
fifty thoufend '* Sicilian bufhels of wheat; one half of which
was purchafcd at a very low price, and the reft the king
had made the Romans a prefent of, said fent it at his own
expence. When it was known at Rome that the ftiips were
arrived from Sicily laden with com, the patricians deliberated,
a long time, concerning the difpofal of it : For thofc among
them, who were moft humane, and the ^^eateil favourers
of the people, refleding on the public neceffity, advifed them
to diftribute the com, given them by the king, among aU
the plebeians ; and to fell That, which had been purchafed
with the public money, to them at a low price ; Hiewii^
that, by thefe favors, more than by any other means, the
animofity of the poor againft the rich would be fbfteaed.
On the other fide, thofe, who were of a more haughty .
difpofition, and more zealous for the oligarchy, were of
opinion that they ought to employ all their endeavours, and
every method, to opprefs the plebeians ; and thefe advifed
to fell the corn to them at the highefl price pofHble ; to
the end they might, through neceffity, become more modefl,
sMid more obkxvsint of the rules prefi:ribed l^ their confti"
tution.

XXI. One of thefe oligarchical patricians was that Mar-
cius, fumamed Coriolanus, who did not, Uke the reft^

H* M(^<u»w»£iMAixMir. Suidas, from was the ^iAjwm; Arlnu;. But there was

Harpocration, fays that the ftxitfMot another jMt^/pvof, called j^cw^l^Mf, which,

contained forty eight choenix's, that I believe, was the fame with the /«iJijM»a«

is, according toArbuthnot,fourpecks, Zumaim;: This contained fix Roman

and fix pints, Englifh meafure : This MoM, that is, fix Englifli pecks.

deliver

i84 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

deliver his opinion with fecrecy, and caution, but with fo
much opennefs, and boldnefs, that many, even of the ple-
beians, heard him. Befldes his complaints againfl them,
which were of a public nature, he had, lately, received fome
perfonal provocations, that feemed to juftify his hatred of
the plebeians : For, having offered himielf as a candidate
for the confulfhip at the lail eledion, and being fupported
by the patricians, the people oppofed him, and would not
fuffer that magiftracy to be conferred on him : To which
they were induced by their apprehenfions, left a man of his
reputation, and boldnefs, might attempt fome innovation
to the fubverfion of the tribunefhip ; and they were the
more afraid of him, becaufe the whole body of the patri-
cians promoted his intereft with a zeal they had, never
before, fhewn for any other candidate. The man, therefore,
being exafperated with this ignominy, and, at the fame
time, defirous to reftore the government to its '* ancient
form, he, not only, endeavoured openly, as I faid, to fubvert
the power of the people himfelf, but, alfb, fought to ingage
the reft of the patricians in the fame defign. He was fup-
ported by a fbong fadion of young men of great birth,
and of the greateft fortunes, and by many dependants,
ingaged by the booty they had gained under him in the
wars. Elevated with thefe advantages, he exulted, be-
came confpicuous, and arrived to the greateft degree of

15- El»(x*if' I fliould rather read «i'd?A(\)'«fv«{dM;^iif; which two fynony-

t^»(X,i<, adverbially, for w»xny to tnous adverbs nave the Otme feole with

yrhich it is, often, joined by AriIlo> ir«iA<y aviity which he had joined to-

phanes: As he fays in Flutus } ' m w»m» gether a few lines before.

fplendor.

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 185

fplendor. But all this could not preferve him from a fatal
cataftrophe : For the fenate being aflembled upon this oc-
cafion, and the elder fenators having, according to cuftom,
firft delivered their opinions, of whom there were not many,
who, openly, declared againft the people, when it came to
the turn of the younger fenators to fpeak, Marcius aiked
leave of the confuls to fay what he thought proper ; and,
meeting with great encouragement, and attention, he made
the following invedive againft the people.

XXII. " Fathers, I am confident that almoft all of you,
*' when you confider the advantages, which the people gained
" by the accommodation, are fenfible that they did not revolt
" through neceffity, and want, but were induced to it by
" the unjuftifiable hope of deftroying your ariftocracy, and
" of making themfelves matters of the commonwealth :
" Since they were not fatisfied with aboHfliing the faith of
" contrads, 'and the laws made to fecure that faith, without
" carrying their views any farther ; but they introduced a
** new magiftracy with a defign to fubvert That of the con-
'* fuls, which magiftracy they made facred and inviolable
" by law J and have now, unobferved by you, fathers, ac-
" quired a tyrannical power by the law, lately, enaded : For,
" when the leaders of the people, deriving, from the great
" power they are invefted with, the fpecious pretence of
" relieving the plebeians, when opprefled, '^ruin, and deftroy

i6- Ayetin %xi (pt^utri. This military ftance of which we fee in Cicero's letter
expreffion is, fometitnes, applied to toOdavius,which, if not genuine, con-
civil affairs, as we find it here. The tains, at leaft, many of his expreflions;
Romans, who inriched their language there we find, eum agerc, ra.peti:rempu-
with many Greek turns, tranfplanted blicam, cut nulla virtus, nullae bellofub-
diis, alfo, into their own foil. An in- aSlaeetadimperiumadjun£laeprovinciae.

Vol. III. B b « whom

i86 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

<* whom they pleafe by virtue of that power, and that no
" man, whether a private perfon, or a magiftrate, dares
" oppofe their violence for fear of this law, which, at once,
" deftroys the liberty both of your words and anions, by
** impo'fing the punifhment of death on all thofe, whofpeak
** the language of freemen, what other name ought to be
" given by all men of fenfe to this domination, but That,
*' which is the true one, and which you will all own to be
** ib, a tyranny? And, what is the difference whether we
" fuffer the tyranny of one man, or of a whole people ?
" For the effed: of both is the fame. The bed thing,
" therefore, we could have done was, not to have fuffered,
" even, the feed of this power to have been fown, but rather
" to have undergone every thing, as Appius, the beft of
** men, who forefaw thefe mifchiefs from afar, advifed:
** But, fince that was not done, we ought, now at leaft,
** unanimoufly to pluck it up by the roots, and call it out
** of the city, while it is yet weak, and eafy to be deftroyed.
" Neither fhall we be the firft, or the only perlbns, to
" whom the fame thing has happened ; but many, and
** frequent have been the inftances of men, who, being re-
" duced, by involuntary neceffity, to commit errors in things
" of the greateft confequence, though unable to give a check
" to evils in their infancy, have endeavoured to prevent
" their grov/th : And the repentance of thofe, who begin
" late to grow wife, though inferior to forefight, yet, when.
" feen in another light, appears not lefs valuable in effacing
** an original error, by prev^enting its confequences.

XXIIL

BookVIL DIONYSIUSHALICARNASSENSIS. 187

XXIII. " But, if any of you look upon the adions of
" the people to be outrageous, and that they ought to be
" hindered from running into farther excefles, but are afraid
" left they fliould feem firft to violate the agreement, and
" tranfgrefs their oaths, let them know that they are not
" the aggreflbrs, when they repel an injury, nor violate the
" agreement in doing this, but chaftife the violaters of it ;
" and that they will be guiltlefs in refped: to the gods, and
" adt with juftice, while they confult their own intereft.
" And let this be a ftrong argument to convince you, that
" not yourfelves, but the plebeians firft began to violate the
" agreement, and the treaty, by not obferving the condi-
** tions, upon which they obtained their return : For they
" defired the tribunitian power, not to opprefs the ienate,
" but to fecure themfelves from their oppreilion : And they,
" no longer, employ this power in the things they ought,
" or within the terms they obtained it, but to the coirup-
*' tion, and confufion of the eftabliflied government. You
" remember the late aflembly of the people, and the ha-
*' rangues there made by their demagogues ; what arrogance
" and indecency they fhewed ; and, now, how thefe dan-
" gerous men are elated, fince they have difcovered that
" the whole flrength of the commonwealth confifts in votes,
"of which, as the people exceed us in numbers, they are
" fure to have a majority. What, therefore, remains for us
" to do, fince they have begun to violate the treaty, and
" the law, but to repel the attacks of the aggreflbrs, juftly
" to deprive them of what they are, now, unjuftly, poflefled

B b 2 « of,

i88 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VH.

" of, and put a flop to their ambitious views for the
" future ? While we return thanks to the gods, for not
**^ having fuffered them, when they had gained an uncon-
" ftitutional advantage, to a<a, after that, with modefty, but
" for having infpired them with this impudence, and thefe
" various aims, by which you are reduced to a neceflity of
** endeavouring both to recover the rights you have lofl,
<* and to preferve Thofe, that remain, with all the care they
** deferve.

XXIV. " The prefent opportunity is, of all others, the
" moft favourable, if, now at leaft, you will begin to grow
** wife, when the greateft part of the people are reduced to
" the utmoft extremity by the famine, and the reft cannot,
** long, hold out through the want of money, if com is
** fcarce, and they are forced to give a great price for it ;
** by which means, the moft profligate, and thofe, who were
" never pleafed with the ariftocracy, will be forced to leave
<* the city, and the more modeft, to behave themfelves with
*< decency, without giving you any farther trouble. Place a
" guard, therefore, upon the corn, and abate nothing of the
" price ; but pafs an order that it fhall, now, be fold at as
" high a price, as ever ; for which you have juft reafons,
" and plaufible pretences, fuch as the ungrateful clamor of
'* the people, as if the fcarcity of corn was contrived by you,
" when it was occafioned by their own revolt, and the de-
" folation of the country, which they ravaged with the fame
" fiercenefs, as if it had belonged to an enemy; to which
" may be added the money, paid out of the treafliry to the

" perfons

(C

«

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 189
" perfons lent to purchafe corn ; and many other inftances,
" in which you have been wronged by them: By this means
" aUb, we lliall know at laft, what grievous punifliment it
" is they defign to infliA upon us, if we refufe to gratify
" the people in every thing, as their demagogues threatened,
" in order to frighten us. But, if you let flip this opportu-
" nity alfo, you will, often, wifh for fuch another. And, if
" the people hear that you defired to fubvert their authority,
" but delifted through fear, they will bear much harder
** upon you, and look upon that defire to proceed from

enmity, and your want of courage from your want of

power."

XXV. After this Ipeech of Marcius, the opinions of the
fenators were divided ; and a great tumult arofe among
them : For thofe, who, from the beginning, had oppofed
the plebeians, and fubmitted to the accommodation againfl:
their will, among whom were almofl: all the youth, and the
richeft, and moft ambitious of the elder fenators, who
refented the impudence of the people, Ibme from the lofs
they had fuftained in their contracts, and others, from being
rejeded when they fued for honors, applauded Marcius, as
a man of fpirit, and a lover of his country, whofe advice
was of the greateft advantage to the commonwealth. On
the other fide, the fenators of popular principles, who fet
no greater value on '^ honors, and riches, than they delerved,

*7' K«j Tij» Tift.tir, Thcfe words I have which realbn, he changed it to k^oTok,

taken the liberty to fubftitute in the meaning the applaufe of the fenate.

room of To» Tfoar«», which Sylburgtus Cafaubon would readx«i To»T{oa-«», and

faw could not have a place here i for connect thefe words with t»s vf^t^iceti.

and

X

190 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII,

and looked upon nothing to be more neceflary than peace,
were offended at his fpeech, and rejeded his advice : Thefe
defired they would not think of overcoming their inferiors
by violence, but by humanity ; and that they would not
cfteem moderation, as unbecoming, but neceflary ; particu-
larly, when exerted towards their fellow-citizens from a
principle of benevolence : And they fhewed that his advice
was madnefs, not freedom of fpeech, nor liberty. But thefe
were few ; and, being unfupported, were overborne by the
violence of the others. The tribunes, feeing this (for they
were prefent in the fenate, being called in by the confuls)
cried out, and were in a great agitation, calling Marcius the
peft, and bane of his country, for having uttered malicious
words againft the people ; and, unlefs the patricians pre-
vented his defign of kindling a civil war in the city, by
punifhing him either with death, or banifhment, they
threatened to do it themfelv^es. Thefe words of the tribunes
having encreafed the tumult, particularly on the part of the
younger fenators, who bore their threats with impatience,
Marcius, animated by their refentment, now attacked the
tribunes with greater arrogance, and boldnefs, faying to them;
** If you do not ceafe to difturb the commonwealth, and
** to inflame the poor by your harangues, I fliall, no longer,
" oppofe you with words, but with a<51:ions."

I can approve of neither of thefe altera- then, be a very natural andthefis, if

tions. The reafon, that induced me to we fay that o« tijv n/xtiv x«m to» «rAw7«» s»

read t»(v ti/wxv, is this ; our author has wt(» n iiorJos ixI«Ii/*iiico7«« rejcdled his

told us that 01 uh^ffiuletlliy x»t (piholiuo- advice ?
rctioi applauded Marcius : Will it «ot,

XXVI.

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 191
XXVI. The fenate being, now, in a flame, and the tri-
bunes, finding that thofe, who defired to take away the
power granted to the people, were fuperior in number to
the fenators, who advifed to adhere to the agreement, ran
out of the fenate, crying out, and calUng upon the gods,
who were witnefles to their oaths : After which, they af-
fembled the people ; and, having acquainted them with the
fpeech made by Marcius in the fenate, they fummoned him
to make his defence. But he, paying no regard to them,
and repulfing the officers, by whom he was fummoned, with
abufiye words, the tribunes grew the more inraged j and,
taking with them the ediles, and many other citizens, ran
to feize him. Marcius happened to be, yet, {landing before
the fenate houfe, attended by a great number of the patricians,
and by the reft of his fadion. When the tribunes faw him,
they ordered the ediles to apprehend him ; and, if he re-
fufed to follow them, to bring him away by force. The
ediles, at that time, were Lucius Junius Brutus, andSpurius
Icilius Ruga : Thefe advanced with a defign to feize him.
On the other fide, the patricians, looking upon it as an in-
fufferable thing, that any one of their body (hould be, for-
cibly, carried away by the tribunes, before he was tried,
placed themfelves before Marcius; and, ftriking all, who
approached him, drove them away. The news of this adion
being fpread through the whole city, all ran out of their
houfes ; the magiftrates, and the men of fortune, with a
defign to affift the plebeians in proteding Marcius, and to
recover the ancient form of government; and thofe of low

con-

192 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVn.

condition, and narrow circumilances, with a view to affift the
tribunes, and to obey their orders ; and that modefty, which
had, hitherto, withheld them from daring to commit any
excefles againft one another, was, then, banifhed : However,
their conteft did not, that day, break out into any irreparable
mifchief ; but, in deference to the advice, and exhortations of
the confuls, they deferred the deciflon of it to the day after.
XXVII. The next day, the tribunes came firft to the
{oTum ; and, aflembling the people, they, fucceflively, made
many invectives againft the patricians, as againft men, who
had violated their treaties, and tranlgrefled the oaths, by
which they had promifed the people to forget all, that was
pafled; and, to fhew that they were not, fincerely, recon-
ciled to the plebeians, they alledged the fcarcity of corn,
which they had contrived, the two colonies they had fent
out, and many other things they had prad:ifed with a view
to leflen the number of the people : After that, they in-
veighed, violently, againft Marcius, repeating the words he
had fpoken in the fehate, and told them that, when he was
fummoned to make his defence before the people, he had,
not only, not vouchfafed to come, but had, alfo, with blows,
driven away the ediles, who were fent to him. They called
upon the fenators of the greateft dignity to give their tefti-
mony of what paffed in the fenate ; and, to prove the in-
fult offered to the ediles, upon all the plebeians, who were,
then, prefent in the forum. Having faid this, they gave leave
to the patricians to make their defence, if they thought
proper ; and, for that purpofe, kept the people together,

till

BookVir. DIONYSIUS HALIC ARNASSENS IS. 193

till the fenate fliOuld be difmifled : For it happened that the
fenate were, at that time, confulting upon this very affeir,
and confidering whether they fhould clear themfelves to the
people of the crimes they were accufed of, or remain quiet t
And the majority inclining to humane, rather than to im-
perious, meafures, the confuls difmifled the fenate, and came
to the forum, with a defign both to juftify the patricians in
regard to the accufations brought againft their whole order,
and to intreatthe people not to come to any fevere refolu-
tion againft Marcius: And Minucius, the fenior eonful,
ipoke in the follawing manner :

' XXVIII. " Our defence, in relation to the fcarcity of
" com, is very fliort, citizens, and we fliali call no other
" witnefles to prove the truth of what we alledge, than
" yourfelves : For, even, you yourfelves know that the land
" bore no corn, becaufe it was not fown ; and you hav6
" no occafion to be informed by others, froni what caufe
<* the feveral devaftatations of the country have proceeded,
** and by what means, at laft, the greateft, and moft fruitful
** part of the land came to want all forts of grain. Haves,
" and cattle j partly, becaufe it was laid wafte by the enemy,
" and partly, becaufe it is incapable of fupplying you, whd
" are fo numerous, and have no other refburce : So that,
" concluding the famine was not occafioned by what your
" demagogues charge us with, but by what you yourfelves
" are fenlible of, ceafe to attribute this misfortune to our
** contrivance, and to be angry with us^ when we do you
** no injury. As to the colonies, there was a neceffity fat
Vol. III. C c « fending

194 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

" fending them out, fince it was the unanimous opinion of
" you all to garrifon places, that will be of ufe in time of war :
" And, being fent, when the occafion was fo very urging,
" they have proved of great advantage both to thofe, who
" went out, and to you, who remain at home ; For the
" former will, by this means, enjoy there a greater plenty of
" all neceflaries, and thofe, who remain here, will fuffer the
" lefs from the fcarcity of provifions. And the equality of
" fortune, to which we patricians flibmitted like you, in
" fending out the colony by lot, deferves no cenfure.

XXIX. *' What, therefore, can provoke the demagogues
" to find fault with us for thofe things, in which both our
" opinions, and our fortunes are the fame, whether they are
** hurtful, as they lay, or advantageous, as we think : As to
** the acculations, with which they charge us, in relation to
•* what paffed in the laft aflembly of the fenate, that we did
not think fit to moderate the price of corn ; that we were
forming defigns to abolifli the tribunitian power ; that
we, ftill, refented your feceflion, and were defirous, by
** every method, to diftrefs the plebeians ; thefe, and all
•* luch accufadons we fliall, ibon, clear ourfelves of by our
adions ; by hurting you in no degree ; by confirming, even
now, the tribunitian power upon the fame terms we, then,
granted it to you, and by felling the corn at the price you
** (hall all of you appoint. Have patience therefore ; and,
" if all thefe things are not performed, then accufe us. But,
** if you will, carefijlly, examine our contefts, you will find
" that we patricians have greater reafon to accufe the people,

" than

cc

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C(

<c

((

BookVII. DIONYSIUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS. 195

" than you to complain of the lenate : For you wrong us,
" citizens; and be not offended at being told of it; lince,
" without waiting the event of our counfels, you think fit to
" find fault with them already. But, who knows not that
" it is the eaiieft of all things for a man to confound, and
" baniili hanhony from a city, by charging others with de-
** figns, of which the proof being in fufpence, and not yet
" manifeft, is no guard to the accufed againfl fuffering fome
" prejudice, but rather a pretence to the accufer to juftify
** his accufation ? And, not only, your leaders deferve cenfure
" for accufing, and calumniating the fenate, but you your-
" felvcs deferve it no lefs for giving credit to them, and
" refenting injuries, before you feel them : For, if the in-
" juries you were afraid of were future, your refentment
" ought to have been future alfb : Whereas, it, now, ap-
" pears that you haveaded with greater hafle, than prudence,
" and placed your fafety in your malice.

XXX. " Concerning the crimes, with which the tri-
" bunes have charged the fenate in general, I think what I
" have faid fufficient* But, fince they calumniate every one
** of us, in particular, for what we faid there, and com-
"plain that we divide the city, and are, now, endeavour-
** ing to put to death, or banifh, Caius Marcius, a man,
" who loves his country, and who fpoke of the public affairs
" with freedom, I defign to treat this fubjed, alfo, with all
" the regard, that is due to juflice ; and do you confider
" if what I fhall fay is founded on moderation, and truth.
<* When you were treating of your reconciliation with the

C c 2 " fenate^

196 ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVII.

" fenate, citizens, you thought it enough for you to be dif-
** charged of your debts j and you defired leave to chufe ma-
** giftrates out of your own body, to proted the poor from
" opprefllon : Both thefe things you obtained, for which you
" thought yourfelves under great obligations tp us : But, to
" abohfh the confular power, to render inefFedtual the authority
" of the fenate inprefiding over the commonwealth, or to fub-
** vert the eftablifhed government, you neither, then, defired,
" nor will you, ever, defire: What, therefore, provokes you
** to attempt, now, to confound all thefe things ? Or, by
" what right do you feek to deprive us of our honors ?
** For, if you deter the fenators from fpeaking their fenti-
" ments with freedom, what moderation is to be expeded
** from the language of your leaders ? Or, by what law, will
** they pretend to punifh any of the patricians with death,
" or banifhment ? For, neither the old laws, nor the agree-
" ments, lately, made with the fenate, give you this power;
*' But, to tranfgrefs the bounds prefcribed by the laws,, and
'* to render violence fuperior to juftice, is, no. longer^ pop^*-
** lar, but, if you defire to hear the truth, tyrannical. Fof
** my part, I fhould advife you neither to give up any one
<* of the advantages you have obtained from the fenate, noF
^' to claim any you did not defire, when you were treating
** of a reconcilation with them.

XXXI. " But, in order to make it flill, more plainly,
** appear to you that your demagogues defire a thing incon-
" fiflent both with moderation, and juflice, and that their
** aims are illegal and impradicable, transfer this queflion

" from

cc

((

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 197
** from the fenate to yourfelves, and confider it in this light :
" Imagine the fcnators accufed your magiftrates of ufing,
" in your aflembly, maHcious expreffioris againft the fenate>
** of endeavouring to fubvert the eftabliihed ariftocracy,
" and of raifing a fedition in the city (all which they may
" aflert with truth, for they are guilty of thefe things) and,
** which is the moft heinous crime of all, that they aim at
" a greater power, than was granted to them, in attempting
to put one of our order to death without a trial : And,
then, imagine the fenate refolved that the po-fons, guilty
" of thefe crimes, jQiould be put to death with impunity :
** How would you bear this arrogance of the fenate ? And
*' what would you fay ? Would you not be out c^ patience,
" and complain you were, feverely, treated, ifanyonefhould
** deprive you of the freedom of Ipeech, and of your liberty,
" by thrfeatening with the fevereft punifhment thofe, who
" fpoke, freely, in favor of the people? This you muft
" grant. And, do you think it reafonable that others ihould
" bear what you yourfelves would not fubmit to? Do thefe
«' fentiments of yours become citizens, and flow from mo-
" deration ? Do you not, by infifting on fuch things, juftiiy
** the acculations you arc charged with, and fhew that thofe,
" who advife us not to fuffer your lawlefs domination to
" gain new ftrength, confult the good of the common-
*' wealth? For my part, I think lb. But, if you defire to
" confute thefe accufations by a contrary behaviour, follow
** my advice, moderate your fentiments, and bear the Ipeech,
" with which you are offended, Uke citizens, and with

. " temper.

198 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book Vn.

" temper. And, if you do this, you will gain a double ad-
** vantage j you will appear good men, and your enemies
" will repent.

XXXII. " Having, now, jufBfied ourfelves in a convincing
^* manner, as we think, weadvife you to run intonoexcefs ;
** we have no defign to reproach you with the benefits,
** and favors, we have conferred on you, as well formerly,
** as at your return, but only to moderate your anger;
*' which benefits we are willing to forget, but you ought to
** remember. However, we are under a neceflity of men-
** tioning them at this time, when we defire that, in return
** for the many great favors we have beftowed upon you at
'* your requeft, you will grant us this, neither to put to
'* death, nor baniih a man, who loves his country, and
'* excels all others in the art of war : For it will be no fmall
** lofs to us, as you well know, citizens, if we deprive the
** commonwealth of fuch valor. You ought, therefore,
" particularly on his account, to relent, when you call to
** mind how many of you he has faved in the wars ; and,
" inftead of retaining any refentment for his unguarded
** words, to remember his glorious actions: For his words
" have done you no mifchief ; but his a<aions have done you
great fervice ; However, if you are irreconcilable to this
man, at the interceflion of us at leaft, and of the fenate,
" forgive him ; be, at laft, fincerely reconciled to us, and
** reftore unanimity to the commonwealth : Whereas, if
" you yield not to our perfuafions, be affured that, on our
** part, we fliall not yield to your violence j but this trial of

« the

Book VII. l/lONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 199

" the people's affedion will prove to all the fource cither of
** afincerefriendfhip, and of ftill greater kindnefs, or of civil
** war, and irreparable evils."

. XXXIII. After Minucius had fpoken in this manner, the
tribunes, feeing the people moved with the moderation of
his fpcech, and the humanity of his promifes, were offended,
and difpleafed ; particularly, Caius Sicinnius Bellutus, the
fame perfon, who had prevailed upon the poor to fecede
from the patricians, and been appointed by them to be their
general, while they were in arms ; a man, the moft inveterate
againfl: the ariftocracy, and, for that reafon, raifed by the
citizens to dignity j and, being invefted with the tribunitian
power for the fecond time, he, leaft of all the demagogues,
thought it his intereft that the commonwealth fhould be
united, and reftored to its former ftate : For he was fb far
from expedting to enjoy the fame honors, and power under
an ariflocracy, as he was a bad man in his nature, obfcurely
educated, and had, never, diftinguifhed himfelf either in
war, or in peace, that he knew he fhould, even, be expofed
to the greatefl danger for having occafioned the fedition, '
and many other evils to the commonwealth. After he had
confidered, therefore, what he was to fay, and do, and con-
fulted with his collegues, and they concurred with him, he
rofe up ; and, having, fhortly, lamented the misfortunes of
the people, he commended the confuls for vouchfafing to
give them an account of their adions, without defpifing their
low condition ; and, likewife, faid he returned thanks to
the patricians for taking fbme care, at laft, of the prefervation

of

ao2 ROMAN ANTIQiJITIES OF BookVII.

fentiments, and different inclinations ; fome being pleafed
with his fpeech, and others offended at it. And, when he
had done ipeaking, the clamor, and tumult encreafed : For
the patricians, calling him the braved of men, commended
him for his liberty of fpeech, and faid he was the only free
man of their whole number, who neither feared the attacks
of a numerous enemy, nor flattered the infolent, and illegal
attempts of his fellow-citizens. On the other fide, the
plebeians, impatient of his reproaches, called him haughty
and fevere, and the greateft of all their enemies : And fome
of them were, already, difpofed to have put him to death
by an aft of violence, which they could, eafily, have ac-
compliflied. In this they were aflifted, and abetted by the
demagogues; and Sicinnius, in particular, gave a loofe to
their paffion. At laft, therefore, after he had ufed many
inveftives againft him, and inflamed the minds of the
plebeians by minifliring, largely, to their fury, he clofed his
accufation with faying, " That the college of the tribunes
" condemned him to death for infulting the ediles, whom
" he had, the day before, driven away with blows, when
" they were ordered by the tribunes to bring him before
" them : For they alledged that the infult, committed by
" him againft their minifters, could be levelled at no
" other perfons, but at thofe, who had given thofe
" orders." Having faid this, he commanded him to be
carried to the hill, that overlooks the forum ; This is an
exceeding high precipice, from whence they ufed to throw
down thofe, who were condemned to die. The ediles,

there-

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 203

therefore, advanced in order to lay hold of him; but the
patricians, crying out with a loud voice, rufhed upon them
in a body : Upon which, the plebeians fell upon the pa-
tricians ; and great indecency of adion, and mutual infults
pafled between them, both fides pufhing, and laying hold
of one another. However, the authors of this tumult were
compelled to be quiet, and to ad: with more temper by
the confuls, who forced their way into the midfl of the
contending parties, and ordered their lidors to quell the
multitude : So great a refped: did the men of thofe times
bear to this magiftracy, and fo much did they honour the
royal dignity. Upon which, Sicinnius, being perplexed,
and difturbed, was afraid of obliging his adverfaries to repel
force with force ; but difdained to defift from his attempt,
after he had, once, ingaged in it; and, finding himfelf
unable to purfue his refolution, he confidered, long, what
he had to do.

XXXVI. Lucius Junius Brutus, that popular orator,
who had contrived the terms of the accommodation, a man
of great fagacity in every thing, but, particularly, in finding
expedients in difficulties, feeuig him in this perplexity, came
to him ; and, taking him afide, advifed him not to perfift in a
warm, and illegal undertaking, when he faw, not only, the
whole body of the patricians in a flame, and ready, if the
confuls called upon them, to run to arms, but, alfo, that part
of the people, which was mcA able to defend their caufe, he-
fitating, and not, willingly, receiving his propofal to put the
moil illuilrious perfon of the city to death, and that without

D d 2 a trial.

204 ROMAN ANTIQJUITIES OF Book VII.

a trial. He, therefore, advifed him to yield for the prefent,
and not to ingage with the confuls, left he fhould be the
caufe of fome greater mifchief ; but to bring the man to a
trial upon a day appointed ; to take the votes of the citizens
in their tribes, and to a6t purfuant to the determination of
the majority ; faying that his prefent attempt was tyrannical
and violent, tending to conftitute the (ame perfon both his
accufer, and judge, and, alfo, the ordainer of the degree
of his punifliment: But that it was agreeable to the fpirit
of all civil government, that a criminal fhould have liberty
to make his defence according to the laws, and fuffer fuch
punifliment as the majority of his judges fliould determine.
Sicinnius yielded to thefe arguments, finding he could take
no better refolution ; and, prefenting himfelf to the people,
faid, " You fee, citizens, the eagemefs of the patricians for
murder, and violence, which induces them to prefer one

* man, • who wrongs the whole commonwealth, to you all.

* However, we ought not to refemble them, and run head-

* long to our ruin, either in attacking them, or in defend-

* ing ourfelves from their attacks. But, fince fbme people

* make ufe of a fpecious pretence, and fcreen him from

* punifliment by fupporting the law, which allows no

* citizen to be put to death without a trial, let us grant

* them the benefit of this law, though we ourfelves have

* not been treated by them either in a legal, or juft manner;

* and make it appear that we chufe to overcome our fcUow-

* citizens, who injure us, in lenity, rather than in violence.

* Do you, therefore, depart, and wait for the approaching

«

time..

Book VII. DIONYSIUS IIALICARNASSENS IS. 205
" time. In the mean while, we will prepare every thing
** that is necefiary; and, having appointed a day for Marcius
" to make his defence, we will manage the trial, and you
*' fhall be his judges. And, when you are, legally, pofleflcd
" of the right of giving your votes, inflid fuch puniflimcnt
" on him, as you fhall find he deferves. So much for this.
" As to the fale, and diftribution of the corn, if thefe men,
" and the fenate do not take fome care that this affair be
" ordered in the moft equitable manner, we fhall take That
" care upon ourfelves." Having faid this, he difmifled the
affembly.

XXXV II. The confuls, prefently, aflembled the fenate,
and confidered with them, at leifure, by what means the
prefent difturbance might be appeafed : And the firft refb-
lution they came to, was to court the plebeians, By felling
the provifions to them at a very cheap, and low price : In
the next place, to endeavour to prevail upon their leaders
to defift from their purpofe in favor of the fenate, and not
to bring Marcius to his trial ; and, if they could not prevail,
to put it off to the longeft time poflible, till the refentment
of the people fliould grow languid. Having come to thefe
refolutions, they laid their decree, relating to the provifions,
before the people, by whom it was confirmed with a gene-
ral applaufe. This was the fubftance of the decree : " That
" the prices of fuch provifions, as are necefiary for the daily
" fupport of the people, be the loweft they were, ever,
"at before the civil commotion." As to their application
to the tribunes in favor of Marcius, the cffe&. of it was this :

They

2o6 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

They could not, by any intreaties, prevail upon them to remit
him abfolutely : However, they obtained of them a delay for
as long a time as they defired. And they themfelves contrived
another delay, by laying hold on the following occafion : It
happened that the embafladors, fent from Sicily by the king,
as they were returning home by fea after landing the prefent
of corn he had given to the people, were taken by fome
pirates, fent out by the Antiates, while they lay at anchor
not far from their ports, who ordered their fhips to be
brought in ; and, not only, made the fame advantage of
their efFeds, as if they had belonged to an enemy, but, alfo,
fecured their perfons. The confuls, being informed of this,
refolved to march againft the Antiates ; fince, upon fending
embafladors to- them, they refufed to do them any fort of
juftice : And, having raifed an army confifting of all their
youth, and procured a decree of the fenate for the fufpenfion
of all private, and public fuits, as long as they fhould con-
tinue in arms, they both took the field. However, this war
did not lafl near fo long, as they cxpeded : For the Antiates,
hearing the Romans were marching againft them with all
their forces, made not the leafl refiflance ; but, having
recourfe to prayers, and intreaties, they reflored both the
perfons of the Sicilian embafladors, whom they had taken,
and their efFeds alfo : So that, the Romans were under a
necefTity of returning to the city.

XXXVIII. The army being difbanded, Sicinnius, the
tribune, afTembledthe people, and acquainted them with the
day he had appointed for the trial of Marcius j at the fame

time,

EockVII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 207

time, he exhorted the citizens, who lived at Rome, to come
every one, and take cognizance of this caufe*; and thole
alfo, who refided in the country, to leave their bufinefs, and
attend that day, fince their liberty, and the prefervation of
the whole commonwealth depended upon their votes. He
fummoned Marcius, alfo, to appear, and make his defence,
afluring him that he fliould be deprived of no advantage
the law allowed him. In the mean time, the confuls,
after they had confulted the fenate, refolved not to fuffer
the people to poflefs themfelves of fo great a power.
They had found out a juft, and legal method of oppofition,
by which they expected to defeat all the defigns of their
adverfaries. After this, they invited the leaders of the
people to a conference, at which their friends aflifted, when
Minucius fpoke as follows : ** It is our opinion, tribunes,
" that we ought to ufe all our endeavours to baniih fedition
" from the city, and not to contend with the people in any
" thing ; particularly, when we fee you fly from violent
" methods, to Thofe, that are founded on juftice, and rea-
" fon. But, however commendable we think your refolu-
" tions, we are of opinion that the fenate ought to lead the
" way by making a previous order, as it has, always, been
" pradifed among us : For, you yourfelves can teftify that,
" from the time our anceftors founded this city, the fenate
" have, always, been poffcfledof this privilege, and '' that the

»9' K«M Hier zrtnro!* o Jif/*o( o ri i*n to contradift what our ' author has,
ir{eCi<A«w«-«w if ^KAif, jj7« tmxiinvi vl* before, told us, viz. that the refolu-
tnt4>n^inv. This feems, at firft fight, tions of the people were, originally,

'B. u.t:. 14,

" people

2o8 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

*^ people never determined, nor voted any thing without a
*^ previous order of the fenate, not only now, but, even,
" under the kings, who laid before the people the refolu-
^^ tions of the fenate, and received their concurrence. Do
*^ not, therefore, deprive us of this right, nor aboUfh this

laid before the fenate for their appro- they might, legally, refufc, if they
bation. In order to reconcile thefe two thought fit : My reafon for it is, that,
aflertions, I fhall not have recourfe to in the year of Rome 388, the fenate,
agrammaticalcriticifm upon the words and people, after a great conteft, en-
fjTfHPjyfy, and f9r64'»i<P«fl'«^ which, inrea- tcred into a kind of compromife, the
Kty, fignify a confirmatory judgement: terms of which were, that two curulc
For this would be to get over the dif- ediles ihould be chofen among the
ficulty by making our author talknon- form' r, and that, in return, the fenate
fenfe ; fince, if a previous order of the Ihould confirm all the refolutions the
fenate was not palled, it would be im- people Ihould, that year, pafs in their
poflTible for the people to confirm that comitia : For fo I underftand thefe
order. The only way I can think of to words of *^ Livy, Patres auShrts omni-
folve the difficulty is this : I look upon bus ejus anm comitiis Jierent : And that
it that the people, in their curiata, and they are to be taken in this fenfe, I
centuriata comitia, could not take cog- think, ^ I have, already, proved. If,
nizance of any thing, till it was laid therefore, the fenate, in confideration
before them by the magiftrates, as the of an advantage to themfelves, agreed
confuls, or the tribunes of the people, to ratify all the refolutions pf the peo-
after their inftitution : Neither could pie for that year, it is plain they had
the magiftrates lay any thing, regular- a power of rejeiSting them before that
ly, before the people, without a pre- time, and after the expiration of it.
vious order of the fenate, fignified by However, this negative voice of the
thefe words, ' ferrent ad flehem. This fenate was fubjcft to reftriftions ; and
previous order I take to be what the the people had, conftitutionally, a fo-
Greek writers call areo€kfX€v/i<x, which vereign power in three very eflential
was not fo much a declaration of the * points, in which the fenate could not
linfe of the fenate upon the queftion, controllthem : Thefe were theeledion
as an impowering the people to take of magiftrates, the enafting, or repeal-
cognizance of it : And, after the peo- ing laws, and the declaring war, or
pie had declared their approbation of making peace. Upon thefe occafions,
the matter propofed to them, their re- they fpoke with an authority, that bc-
folution was carried up to the fenate came their fovereign power j Volumusy
for their concurrence 5 which I think ttjubmus.

^£. vi. c. 42. ^ See the t aa^ annotatioa on the fecond book. > Dionyfias, B. V9. c. so.

" ancient,

BookVn. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 209
" ancient, and well grounded cuftom ; but inform the
" fenate that you defire a juft, and reafonable thing ; and,
" whatever they fhall refolve upon, do you refer That to
" the determination of the people."

XXXIX. While the confuls were faying this, Sicinnius
grew impatient at their difcourfe, and would leave nothing
to the decifion of the fenate : But his coUegues, purfuant
to the adviee of Lucius, confented that the fenate fhould
make the previous order, after they themfelves had made a
juft requeft, which the confuls could not deny : For they
defired that the fenators would allow liberty of Ipeech as
well to thofe, who were concerned for the people, as
to thofe, who fupported the fame interfeft, or defired to
oppofe it ; and that, after they had heard all parties, they
would, then, decree what they thought juft and advantage-
ous to the public : That the fenators (hould all give their
opinions, as in a court of juftice, after taking the oath ap-
pointed by law; and the queftion be determined by a
majority of votes. The tribunes having confented that the
fenate fhould make the previous order, as the confuls defired,
die conference ended. The next day, the fenate met, when
the confuls acquainted them with the terms of the agree-
ment they had made with the tribunes, and called upon the
latter to oiler what they had to fay. Upon which, Lucius,
who had confented that the fenate fhould make the pre-
vious order, prefented himfelf, and fpoke in the following
manner.

Vol. IIL E e XL.

210 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

XL, ** You are not ignorant, fathers, of the confequence
** of our application to you, for which, as well as for
** yielding to your previous order, we ihall be accused be-
** fore the people upon fuch grounds^ as we are no ftrangers
** to, by a perfon, who is poflefl^ of the fame power with
** ourfehres ; and who did not think that we ought to aik
** That of you, which the law gives us, or to receive a
** right, as a favor. And, if we are tried for this, we are
** fenfible we (hall run no fmall hazard, but be condemned
** as deferters, and traitors, and fiiffer the worft of punifh-
** ments. But, though fenfible of thefe things, we have re-
** folved to apply to yOu, in confidence of our right, and of
•* the oaths, imder the obligation of which you will deliver
** your opinions. We are, indeed, inconfiderable men to
•* treat of fach important fuhjeds, and of much lefs confe-
** quence tiian they require ; but the fubjeds we fhall treat
** of, are not inconfiderable. Attend, therefore, to thefe ;
** aftd, if they fhall appear juft and advantageous to the
public (and I may add, even, neceflary) allow us, volun-
tarily, to obtain them.

XLI. " I fhall firfl fpeak to the point of right. After
you had expelled the kings by our afliflance, fathers, and
" fettled our prefent conflitution, which we find no fault
with, you obferved that the plebeians had, always, the
difadvantage in their fuits, whenever they had any dif-
** ference with the patricians, which, frequently, happened ;
" and paifed a law, by the advice of Publius Valerius, one of
" the confuls, by which it was made lawful for the plebeians,

" when

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Book VII. DipNYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. an

" when opprcfled by the patricians, to appeal to the people ?
" And, by the means of this law, more than by any other
" meafure, you both preferved the union of the conunon-
« wealth, and repulfed the attacks of the kings. It is in virtue
" of this law, that we cite Caius Marcius to appear before
the people, on account of the injuftice, and opprefHon we
fey he has been guilty of towards them all, and call upon
** liim to make his defence before them. And, in this caie,
" a previous order of the fenate is not neceflary : For, with
regard to thofe things, which are left at large by the laws,
you have a right to make a previous order, and the people
" to confirm it : But, when there is an inviolable law, diough
" you fhould make no previous order, that law muft be
" obferved: For it cannot be iaid that, to private peribns,
" when aggrieved by any judgement, this appeal to the people
" is allowed, but not to their tribunes. Supported, there-
** fore, by this conceflion of the law ; and, for that reafon,
" expofed to the danger of fubmitting to your determina-
" tion, we come before you. Nor lefs fupported are we by
" this unwritten, and unenaded kw of nature, when we
" requeft of you, fethers, that the condition of the people
may be neither better, nor worfe than your own, at leaft
in point of right; fince they have aflifted you in carrying
** on many confiderable wars ; have (hewn thegreateft zed
'* in putting an end to thofe wars, and have had no fmali
" (hare in enabling the commonwealth to receive laws from
'* none, but to give laws to others. Now, the mod effedual
*^ means you can take, fathers, to put us in no worle a con-

E e 2 " dition

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ai2 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

" dition than yourfelves in point of right, will be, to prevent
<* the illegal attempts of men againfl our pcrfons, and liberties,
** by placing before their eyes the terror of a condemnation.
" We look upon it as our duty to confer magiftracies, pre-
** cedence, and honors upon thok among you, who are
** diftinguifhed by their virtue; but, at the fame time, we
" think it reafonable that to fuffer no injury, and to receive
** juftice adequate to the wrong fuftained, fhould be equal
** and common to all thole, who live under the lame go-
" vernment. As, therefore, we give up to you the things,
" that are illuftrious and great, fo we mean not to depart
" from Thofe, that are equal and common. This is enough
" concerning the point of right, though many other argu-
" ments might be ufed to ftipport it.

XLII. " Suffer us, now, to fhew you, in few words, that
" the demands of the people will be, even, advantageous to
** the public : For, if any one fhould afk you what you look
** upon to be the greateft mifchief a commonwealth can
** labour under, and the caufe ofthefwiftefl of all definitions,
" would you not fay it is difcord ? I own, I think fo. .Who
" is there among you, then, fo weak, fb perverfe, and fa
<* immoderate an enemy to equality, as not to know, that,
" if the people are allowed to exercife their jurifdidion in
" caufes, of which the law gives them cognizance, we fhall
" live in harmony ? But, if you fhould determine otherwife,
*' and refolve to deprive us of our liberty (for you will,
** really, deprive us of liberty, if you deprive usof juflice,
" and law) you will drive us, again, into fedition, and a

" civil

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 213
" civil war : For, if jufticc, and law arc baniflicd from a
" commonwealth, (edition, and war will enter there. It is
" no wonder, indeed, if thofe, who have never experienced
" the calamities of a civil war, are neither aiFeded with paft
" misfortunes, nor take early precautions to prevent the
♦* future : But, to thofe, who, like you, when expofed to
" the finalleft dangers, thought themfelves happy to find
" relief by ieafbnable concefHons, what fpecious, or reafon-
•* able excufe is left, if they fall, again, under the lame mif-
** fortunes ? Who is there, who would not accufe you of
<* great folly, and madnefs, when he confiders that, very
" lately, you fubmitted to many things againft your incli-
** nation, fome of which, poffibly, were neither very hon-
*' ourable, nor very advantageous, in order to appeafe a
** fedidon of the people ; and now, when neither your
-** private fortunes, your reputation, nor any other public
** intereft is, in any degree, concerned, you refolve to ex-
" aiperate the plebeians again, in order to oblige their
" enemies ? This you will not do, if you are wife. But I
" would, willingly, afk you, what motive, then, induced
** you to confent to our return upon the terms we defired :
*' Were you influenced by your forefight of what was moil
" eli^ble, or by your fubmifllon to what was moft neceflary ?
" For, if you thought thofe conceflions to be of the greateft
<< advantagie to the commonwealth at that time, why do
** you not adhere to them at prefent ? And, if they were
*< neceflaiy, and every other meafure impradicable, or if
*' they flowed fix>m true reafoning dire^^ to the public

"good.

214 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

" good, why do you complain of having made them?
" Poflibly you ought not to have granted them, at firft, if
** you could have avoided it ; but, fince you have granted
** them, you ought, no longer, to find fault with your own
** concefHons.

XLIII. " For my part, fathers, I think you afted with
" the greateft prudence in regard to the accommodation,
" to which you are obliged to yield, in order to obfervethe
" terms of it : for you have given us the gods as fureties for
the performance of the agreement, by loading with many
grievous imprecations both thofe, who fhould violate any
part of it, and their pofterity for ever. But I do not
'< think it neceflary to trouble you with faying any more in
order to convince you that our demands are jufl: in them-
felves, and advantageous to you ; and fuch as, when you
confider your oaths, you will all be confcious that you
** are under the greateft neceflity of conienting to. Leam
<< now, fathers, or rather call to mind, the grievous outrages
*< we have fu£fered from this man, which have made it a
** point of no fhiall importance to us not to be either com-
«« pelled by fear, or deluded by artifice, to relinquifh this
" conteft, which nothing but the greateft neceffity could
" have prevailed upon us to undertake: For I fliall advance
** nothing you are not all acquainted with; and I beg, at
** the feme time, that you will apply what I fay to your-
*• felves. If any of our plebians had attempted to fay, or
*< do fuch things againft your order in an ^lembly of the
<< people, as Mardus has dared to advance to this place,

" what

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BookVn. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 215
** what refentment would you have beai fired with againft

« him?

XLIV. " ForMarcius was the firft manamong you, who
** endeavoured to diflblve the UBalterable, and almoft . ada-
" mantine bonds of our agreement, entered into not quite
** four years fince, which neither you, who fwore to the ob-
** fervance of it, nor your pofterity can violate without a
" crime, as long as this city ihall be inhabited : This agree-
^* ment he did not feek, privately, to undermine, or cover
" has defign by the fecrefy of the place, but, openly, de-
*^ claredhis opinion here, in the hearing of you all, that you
** ought, no longer, to allow us the exercife of the tribuni-
** tian power, but to abolifh the firft, and only guardian
** of our liberty, in confidence of which we confented to
** the accommodation: Neither did his prefumption flop
" here; but, traducing the liberty of the poor with the
" name of infolence, and equality with That of tyranny, he
" advifed you to deprive us of both. Call to mind, fathers,
** the moft wicked of all his liiggeftions at that time, when
" he declared this to be the proper feafbn for you to revive
** your refentment againft the plebeians for their former oficn-
" ces; and advifed you, while they were diflrefied for want
" of money, and had, long, been flreightened in their ne-
" ceflary fubfiftence, to leave the whole to him, and to
" find means that the lame fcarcity might continue : For
" it was not to be expeded, he i^id, that, being poor, and
" obliged to pay an excefllve price for a fmall quantity of
*' corn, we could, long, hold out ; but that fome of us

" would

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2i6 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

*' would leave the city, and thofe who ftaid, be deftrojrcd
" by the moft miferable of all deaths. But he was fo infk-
" tuated, and deprived of his reafonin giving you this ad-
" vice, as not to be able to fee even this, among many other
" mifehiefs, of which the advice he gave the fenate to break
" through the accommodation, was produdive, that fuch a
" number of poor, when deprived of neceflary fubfiftence,
" would be compelled to fall upon the authors of their
calamity, without diilinguifhing their friends. So that,
if you had been fo mad, as to purflie his advice, it mud,
infallibly, have ended . in this alternative, either the
** whole body of the people muft have periflied, or That of
** the patricians been deftroyed : For we fhould not have
** fuflfered ourfelves to be banifhed, or put to death in
** fo flavifh a manner ; but, having called upon the gods,
** and genius's to be witnefles to our fufferings, be ailiired,
" we fhould have filled the forum, and the fb^ets with
'* dead bodies ; and, having made a lake of civil blood,
** we fhould, in that condition, have received our deflined
** fate. Of fuch impious a6Hons, fathers, was he the pro-
" moter, and fuch things did he think fit to make the
'* fubje<ft of his harangue.

XLV. " Neither can it be faid that the words of Marcius
" tended, indeed, to divide the city, but that his adions
" had no fuch tendency : For, being furrounded with a
" body of men, ready to obey him in any thing, he rcfufed
" to appear before our magiflrates, when called upon, and
** flruck our officers, when, by our orders, they endeavoured

"to

((

Book VII. DIONYSIUSHALICARNASSENSIS. 217

" to bring him away ; and, at laft, did not, even, refrain
" from offering violence to our own perlbns. The confe-
** quence of which will be, that, as far as in him lies, we'
" fhall bear the fpecious name of an inviolable magiflracy,
** given in ridicule, but perform no part of the fundlions
appropriated to that magiftracy. For how fhall we give
relief to others, who complain they are injured, when we
" ourfelves cannot enjoy fecurity ? When, therefore, we,
** who are poor, have been, thus, infulted by one man, not
" yet a tyrant, but aiming at tyranny ; when we have, al-
*' ready, fuffered many outrages ; and, if the major part of
" you, fathers, had not presented it, were near fuffering
** more, have we not realbn to refent this, and to expe^
" fome relief, not without the hope of your efpoufing our
" refentment, when we call him to a fair, and legal trial,
** fathers, in which the whole body of the people, in their
" tribes, after every man, who defires to fpeak, has been heard,
" will give their fuf&agea on oath ? Go thither, Marcius,
" and, what you defigned to fay here, fay it before all your
" fellow-citizens, for your juftification ; alledge that, with
" the beft intention, you gave the beft advice to thefe fe-
" nators ; or that, even, your advice, if followed, would
" have been advantageous to the commonwealth ; that it is
" inconfiftent with juftice that thofe,who deliver their opinions
" in this place, fhould give an account of their words; that
** it was not with a premeditated, or a treacherous defign,
'* but, through paflion, that you offered this abominable
advice ; or fly to any other defence you can : Defcend,
Vol. hi. F f « unhappy

«

2i8 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

" unhappy man, from that . overbearing, and tyrannical
" haughtinefs, to a popular behaviour; become, at laft,
" like other men ; aflume the appearance of a perfon, who
" has erred, and deprecates anger ; an appearance calculated
" to exprefs humility, and excite compaflion ; fuch a one,
" as calamities require ; and feek not your prefervation by
" offering {violence to thofe you have injured ; but by
" fubmitting to their pleafure. Let the condud of thefe
" worthy men be an example of moderation to you, which
" if you imitate, your fellow-citizens will have no caufe to
** complain of you. Though fupported by fuch numbers,
" as you fee hereprefent, and adorned with fo many military,
" and civil accomplifliments, which I could not, eafily,
" enumerate, though I fhould take up a great deal of
" time ; yet thefe refpeftable, thefe great perfons came to
" no crud, no haughty refolutions againft us, who are in-
" confiderable, and obfcure men ; but they themfelves, even
" firft, propofed a treaty, and invited us to an accommo-
" dation, when Fortune had divided us ; and confented to
** fuch conditions, as we defired, not tofuch,asthey thought
" moft advantageous to themfelves; and thefe laft jealoufies
" we had entertained againft them on account of the diftri-
** bution of corn, they took great pains to remove.

XL VI. " I omit other things : But, in favor of yourfelf,
" and, to deprecate the punilhment due to your madnefs,
** what interceilions did they not employ with all the ple-
" beians both in their public, and private capacity .? Since
" the conllils, and the fenate, who have the government of

"fo

Book VII. DION YSIUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS. 219
" fo conftderable a city, have thought it no diflionor to
" them, Marcius, to fubmit to the judgement of the people,
" in relation to what they were charged with, will it be any
" to you to fubmit to the fame tribunal ? All thefe have
" thought it no difgrace to intreat the people to acquit you,
" and do you think the fame thing a difgrace to yourfelf ?
*^* However, this is not enough for a man of your Ipirit;
" but, as if you had performed fome great achievement,
" you appear with an exalted mien, and mkgnify your actions,
" refolving to abate nothing of your pride ; I might add
** your revihng alfo, accufing, and threatening the people.
•** And, do you not refent his arrogance, fathers, for fetting
" a greater value upon himfelf alone, than, even, all of you
*' fet upon yourfelves ? And yet it is his duty, though you
** fhould l?e unanimous in your votes to ingage in a war for
" his fake, to be fatisfied with this proof of your benevolence,
" and zeal, and not to accept a private favor at the expence
" of the public ; but to fubmit to make his defence, even
" to be condemned, if that fhould happen to be his cafe,
" and to fuiFer any punifhtnent : For fuch would be the
" behaviour of a good citizen, and of one, who pradifes virtue
" in his adions, rather than in his words. But, what courle
** of life, what defigns does the violence, which this man
" now makes ufe of, difcover? Does it not difcover a deiign
" to violate' oaths, to break through folemn .ingagements,
" to abolifti treaties, to make war upon the people, to abufe
" the perfons of magiftrates, and to refufe to give an account
^* of any one of thefe adions ; but, untried, undefended,

F f 2 " courting

420 ROMAN ANTICLUITIES OF BookVII.

" courting no man, fearing no man, and, difdaining an
" equality with any one citizen among fo many, to walk
** about with impunity ? Are not thefe the indications of a
" tyrannical difpofition ? They are, in my opinion : And
yet this man is encouraged, and applauded by fome of
your own order, who are poiTefled with an implacable
" hatred againft the plebeians, and cannot fee that the birth
" of this evil threatens the mofl dignified citizens, not lefs
than thofe of an inferior rank ; but imagine that, when
their natural adverfaries are inflaved, they themfelves fliall
"be fecure : But this is not fo in reality, O men of midaken
" notions ! For you may learn from the experience Marcius
** exhibits to you, and by time, by foreign, and domeftic
** examples, that tyranny, *° foftered againft the people, is
" foftered againft the whole commonwealth ; at prefent,
** indeed, it begins with us; but, after it has gained ftrength,
** it will not fpare even you."

XLVII. After Lucius had fpoken in this manner, and
the reft of the tribunes had fupported him by adding what

*»• Mo^tvoftttti- I do not thinjc it taken in the firft fenfc I have given to
fufficient to tranQate this word ; I think. f««^«f, I own I can fee no analogy he-
ir, alfo, neceffary to explain it. Mo^of tween tyranny, and a young plant •»
Bgnxfits a young plant ', it fignifies alio but, if the word is taken in the other
a young hoy, and the young of every kind, fenfe, the companion between encou-
When Agamemnon is going to fct fail raging tyranny, and nurfing up, for
from Auhs to Troy, '' he fays to Cly- example, a lion's whelp, will be very
taemneftra, natural. I am the more inclined to

^ , , - ■ » »,r.T-v/Nxr *^i"J^ that 'our author had this in his

Xf,Ji«A«e«,«»T«»JiM02XON«*3«M ^.^^^ ^^^^f^ j^g makes Brutus fay

2t«x«» "iot «xKf . fomething very like it, when he fpeaks

Here /«e^ot fignifies his fon Oreftes, of Tarquin's fons j im itftai^t int
then, very young. II |ue^evoju»ii is twit^ti,x.»iVf*unTu^%wimv^»nt(VTfoi^t.^ti»
>> Eurip. Iphi. in Aul, f. 1623. 'B. iv. c. 81.

they

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 221
they thought he had omitted, and it was time for the fe-
nators to deliver their opinions, firft the moft ancient^ and
the moft dignified of the confular fenators, being called
upon by the confuls in their cuftomary order, rofe up ; and,
after them, thole who were inferior to them in both thefe
refpeds ; and, laft of all, the youngeft fenators, who made
no fpeech (for that would have been looked upon as a want
of modefty in the Romans of thofe times, and no young
man thought himfelf wifer than thofe of an advanced age)
but aflented to. the opinions delivered by the confular fenators*
There had been an order that all the fenators prefent fhould
give their votes upon oath, as in a court of juftice. Then
Appius Claudius, whom I mentioned before, as the greateft
enemy to the plebeians of all the patricians, and who could,
never, relifli the J^eement they had entered into with the
people, oppofed the pafling of the previous order in the
following fpeech.

XLVIII. " I have wilhed, and, often, prayed to the gods
that I might be miftaken in the opinion I entertained
concerning the accommodation with the people, when I
" thought that the return of the fugitives would be neither
" honourable, juft, nor advantageous to you ; and, during
" the whole courfe of that tranfadion, whenever any thing
" relating to this fubjed was propofed to our confideration,
** I was the firft, and, at laft, the only perfon, after the reft
"had deferted me, who oppofed it ; and I, alfo, wiftied
" that you, fathers, who entertained better hopes, and,
" chearfully, came into every conceflion both juft, and

" unjuft

222 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

" unjuft in favor of the people, might appear to have aded
" with greater prudence than myfelf. But, (ince your
" afFairs have taken a turn contrary to my vi^iflies, and
" prayers, but not contrary to my expedations, and that
" your favors have been returned with envy, and hatred, I
" fliall forbear to cenfure you for your paft errors, and to
" give yoq a fruitlefs uneafinefs, (which is a very eafy
'* tafk, and a very common pradice) as a thing altogether
" unieafonable at this jundure : However, I fliall endeavour
'* to fuggeft to you the means of correding fuch of your paft
'* errors, as are not, abfolutely, incurable, and of afting in
** the af^rs, now, before you with greater prudence. I am
*' not ignorant that I (hall appear to fome of you to have
" loft my fenfes, and to court deftrudion, in delivering my
" opinion, freely, concerning thefe things, when I confider
** how great dangers a liberty of fpeech is expofed to, and
" refled: on the calamities of Marcius, who is, this minute,
" in danger of lofing his life for no other reafon. But my
" opinion is, that I ought not to be more anxious for the
" fecurity of my own perfon, than for the advantage of the
'* public : For the former has, long fince, been dedicated to
** the perils, that attend your caufe, fathers, and devoted to
** contefts in defence of the commonwealth. So thatywhat-
<* ever Heaven pleafes to ordain, I fhall fufFer it, refblutely,
" with all of you, or with a few, or, if neccfiary, alone.
" But, while I have Kfe, no fear fliall deter me from Ipeak-
" ing what I think,

XLIX.

BookVII. DIONYSIUS HALICA RN ASSENSI S. 223
XLIX. " In the firft place, I defire you will, now at
" laft, be convinced of this, that the body of the people are
*^ difaffedled, and enemies to the prefent eftablifliment, and
" that all the conceffions you have, through foftnefs, made to
^^ them are, not onlyj thrown away, but have expoled you to
*^ contempt, as granted by you through neceffity, and not
^^ flowing from good will, and choice : For I defire you to
^^ confidef that this people, when, revqlting from you, they
*^ took arms, and had the boldnefs to declare open war
*^ againft you, had received no injury, but pretended their
" inability to pay their creditors : And, after you had granted
^^ them an abolition of their debts, and an impunity for the
^^ crimes they had committed in their revolt, they declared
^^ they would make no farther demands : Upon which
^^ occafion, *' the greateft part of you, though not all, mifled
" by thefe counfellors (which I wifli had, never, happened)

*^* EfuoxTfitv o*j arAftisf? vfAuv. I have of by Cafaubon to juftify this expref-

foUowed Cafaubon in reftoring this fion, d^ (ah &oli axpeAov, becaufe every

paffage with the addition of two words perfon, who has read the be ft Greek

to connedt it with That, which goes • authors, particularly the poets, muft

before. This addition Cafaubon thinks have met with it frequently. The

neceflfary, though he added nothing Latin, and, confequently, the French

himfclf. I have, therefore, faid toIs Syj ; tranflators, have niade ftrange work

which the reader will, I hope, think a with this period. By fuppofing, with

fufficient connexion. In this manner, Gelenius, that Kcct-Tr^^ ought to be pre-

therefore, I would read the paflage, fixed to ifyaxruv^ which Hudfon, alfo,

and, according to this,I have tranflated approves of, the former have made

it ; ToJg in syvoca-av oi isKet^g v/xuv (^ yoe^f our author fay. that the fenate vgted aa

^jjzravlgf) arflcj«je§«o9^6»l€c vVoTMV(ruu€«A»y abolition of debts, and an amnefty,

(«V /*ij arolg ncfiAof) cuiv^ofifai T«f tin tij notwithftanding the majority were gf

w*f« Ti6f»lo6< vofA^f. I have, alfo, added opinion, kohtts^ ot arA«i<f iUuffay^ that

rfgafter JifaTTud-f, inthe next paragraph, neither of them were proper to be

which is, vifibly, wanting. I (hail not cna(5l:ed.
repeat any of the authorities made ufe

^^ came

«

«

224 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

** canie to a refolution to abrogate the laws calculated to
fupport public faith, and to grant an amnefty for all the
outrages they had been guilty of. However, they were
not fatisfied with this favor, the obtaining of which alone
" they faid was the aim of their revolt, but, prefently,
** defired another ftill greater, and more illegal ; they defired
<* leave to be granted them to chufe tribunes out of their
** own body every year, making our power the pretence of
" this demand, to the end, truly, that fome relief, and refuge
might lie open to the poorer citizens, who were injured,
and opprefled ; but, in reality, with an infidious defign
againft our conftitution, and a view to change it to a
democracy. This magiftracy, alfo, the counfellors, I
" before mentioned, prevailed upon you to introduce into
** the commonwealth; the introdudbion of which muft ruin
" the ftate, and create envy to the fenate in particular ;
" while I, if you remember, exclaimed againil it, and called
" both gods, and men to witnefs that you would bring into
" the commonwealth an everlafting civil war, and foretold
** every thing, that has, fince, befallen you.

L. " What then did this grateful people do, after you iiad
** granted them this magiftracy alfo ? They retained Jio
" gratitude for fo great a favor, nor received it with re(pe<9:,
** and modefty ; but as if they had extorted it from your
" dread of their power, and from your confternation. After
** that, they faid this magiftracy ought to b? declared facred
" and inviolable, and fecured by oaths, defiring that a
^* greater honor might be annexed to it than you yourfelves,

" ever,

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. its

** ever, conferred upon the confuls: This, alfo, you fub-
" mitted to; and, ftanding by the vidims, you curfed both
" yourfelves, and your pofterity, if you violated the oath
<« you, then, took. What did they do, when they had ob-
" tained_this alfo? Inftead of acknowledging the favor, and
" maintaining the form of government delivered down to
" them from their anceftors, they began from thefe advan-
" tages, and made thefe illegal fuccefles the fteps to future
" enterprifes, and, not only, bring in laws without a pre-
** vious order of the fenate, but enad them without your
*< concurrence : They pay no regard to the decrees you
<* publifh, and accufe the confuls of male adminiftration ;
" and, if, by chance, any thing happens contrary to the
" agreement you made with them (as there are many things,
" which human reafon cannot provide againft) they attribute
" it not to chance, as I faid, but to a premeditated defign
" in you; And, while they pretend that fnares are laid for
" them by you, and that they are afraid you fhould either
" deprive them of their liberty, or expel them their country,
" they themfelves are, continually, forming the fame defigns
" againft you; and they, plainly, fhew that they guard
" againft the mifchief, they fay, they apprehend, by no
" other means, than by firft infli<^ing it: This they have,
*' often, made apparent, even before, and upon many oc- .
" cafions, which I muft not mention at prefent ; but, par-
*' ticularly, by their treatment of Marcius, a lover of his
<* country, a man of no obfcure birth, and who himfclf is
** inferior to none of us iii courage ; whom they accufed of
Vol. hi. G g " forming

(C

«

«<

226 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

** forming defigns againft them, and of giving evil advice
" in this place, and attempted to put to death without a
" trial : And, if the confuls, and thofe of the beft fentiments
among you had not aflembled in a body, and reftrained
their illegal attempts, you had been deprived, in one
day, of every thing your anceflors acquired for you
" with many labors, and of every thing you yourfclves,
after as many contefts, are pofleiled of, your dignity, your
" fovereignty, and your liberty : While thofe among you,
** who had more Ipirit, and would not have been con-
" tented with life alone, unlefs they could have lived to
** enjoy thofe advantages, would either then, or, foon after,
" have loft their lives rather than have been deprived of
" them : For, if Marcius had been fuffered to be feized in
<* {o fhameftd, and daftardly a manner, as in a fblitude,
" what could have hindered me alfo, after him, and all of
*' you, who ever had oppofed, or were like to oppofe, the
*' unwarrantable attempts of the people, from being torne
" in pieces by our enemies? For they would not have been
** latisfied with taking off us two only, neither would they,
" after they had gone fo far, have ftopped in their career of
** wickednefs, if any conje<^ure can be formed of their
future behaviour by That which is paffed ; but, having
begun with us, they would have rulhed, like a torrent,
'* upon all their adverlaries, and upon all thofe, who did
*' not fubmit to them, and would have borne them down,
** and overwhelmed them, without Iparing birth, virtue,
** or age.

LI.

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. iij
LI. " Thefe, fathers, are the grateful returns, which the
" people have, already, made, and, if you had not oppofed
" them, would have made, for the many lignal benefits they
" have received from you. Nowconfider, alfo,in what man-
** ner they behaved themfelves, after you had, upon thisocca-
** fion, aded with fo much refolution, and prudence, to the
'* €nd you may learn from thence how you ought to treat
" them. As foon, therefore, as they found you refolved, no
" longer, to bear their infolence, but were prepared to attack
" them, they were ftruck with terror, and foon recovering
** themfelves, as- from a fit of drunkennefs, or madnels, they
•* defcended from violence, and had recourfe to law ; and,
<* appointing a day, they cited Marcius then to appear, and
" take his* trial, in which they themfelves were to be the
" accufers, the witnefles, and the judges, and to determine
** the degree of the punifhment : And, when you oppofed
** this alfo, becaufe you thought that he was called upon not
"to be tried, but to be puniflied, the people, who know
** they have, upon nooccafion, an abfolute power, but only
" That of ratifying your previous orders by their fuffrages,
" now abate of the arrogance they were, before, poflefied
" with, and are come to requeft that you will grant them
" this favor alfo. Refled, therefore, upon thefe things; learn,
" at laft, and know that all the favors you have, hitherto,
" granted them, with greater weaknefs than prudence, have
** brought calamities, and mifchiefs upon you ; and that every
** vigorous oppofition you have given to their illegal, and
" violent proceedings, has turned to your advantage. What

G g 2 " advicej

228 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

*' advice, therefore, do I give you now you are fenfible of
" thefe things ? And what opinion do I deliver upon the
prefent queftion? It is this; that, whatever favors,. and
conceflions you made to the people at the time of your
" reconciliation, however you came to make thole con-
** cefllons, you adhere to them as valid j and violate
** none of the articles you, then, granted to them ; not
** becaufe they are honourable in themfelves, and worthy
" the dignity of the commonwealth ; how fliould they ?
" But becaufe they are rieceffary, and without remedy. As
** to any thing beyond this, which they may endeavour to
<* extort from you againft your will by violence, and illegal
*' means, I advife you not to grant, or allow it; but all of
" you in general, and every one in particular, to oppofe
" them both by your words, and ad:ions : For, if a perfon
" has committed one error, either through delufion, or ne-
** ceflity, ought he, for that reafon, to ad in the like manner
** in every thing elfe ; on the contrary, he ought to remem-
'* ber that error, and to confider by what means his future
" conduit may not refemble his former. Thefe are the
** refolutions I think you ought all of you in general to take ;
" and I advife you to be prepared againft the unwarrantable
" defires of power in the people.

LII. " That this affair, which is the fubjed of your
** prefent confideration, is, alfo, of the fame caft with their
** other unjuft, and illegal attempts, and not, as the tribune
** endeavoured to prove in order to deceive you, a juft, and
** reafonable requeft, let thofe amongyou, now, learn, who

" are

BookVII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 229
" are, not yet, convinced of it. The law, therefore, relating
" to popular judgements, upon which Lucius laid the greateft
" ftrefs, was not enaded againft the patricians, but for the
" fecurity of fuch plebeians, as are opprefled, as the lawitfelf,
" plainly, fhews; the terms of which admit of no doubt :
" And you yourfelvcs, who are, perfedly, acquainted with
" the fenfeofthis law, with great unanimity, always, declare
" it to be {o. And this is, clearly, evinced by time, the beft
" interpreter of every ambiguous law, nineteen years being,
" now, pafled fince this was enaded ; during all which,
" Lucius cannot produce one inftance of a trial, either
<* public, or private, attempted againft any patrician in virtue
" of this law: But, if he will fay he can, let him produce it,
** and the debate is at an end. As to the late agreement
" you entered into with the people, it is neceflary you fliould
** be informed of its tenor; fince the tribune has fhewn
" himfelf an ill interpreter of it : This agreement compre-
<* hends thefe two conceflions ; that the plebeians be dif-
" charged of their debts, and that this magiftracy be, an-
'* nually, created for the relief of the opprefled, and the
" prevention of injuftice, and for no other purpofe whatever.
" But, let the pfefent condud of the people themfelves be
" the greateft proof to you that, neither the law before
" mentioned, nor the agreement, have given them the power
" of trying a patrician : For they afk this power of you now,
<* as not being, before, intitled to it : And no man would
" condefcend to receive That from others as a favor, to
" which he has a right by law. And how can this, fathers,

" be

230 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVlI.

" be an unwritten law of nature (for in this light, alfo,
" Lucius defired us to confider it) that the people fliall try
** all caufes, in which the plebeians are concerned, whether
** the adions are brought againft them by the patricians;
** or, by them, againft the latter : And that the patricians,
**. whether plaintift, or defendants in any fuit with the
" plebeians, (hall have no power to determine thefe contefts ;
" but that the advantage, in both cafes, be given to the
** people, and we have no fhare in either ? If Marcius, or
** any other patrician, whofoever he be, has injured the
** people, and deferves either death, or banifhment, let him
** be punifhed for the injury he has done them ; but let him
** not be tried by them, but in this place, as the law dire<fts.
<* Unlefs you are pleafed to fay, Lucius, that the people will
. " ad the part of an impartial judge, and (hew no favor to
" themfelves, when they give their votes againft an enemy ;
" and that thefe, if they are fufFered to vote in his cafe, will
** ftiew more favor to the guilty man, than to the common-
" wealth, that fuffers by his guilt, when, by their fentence,
" they are fure to draw upon themfelves a curfe, the infamy
" of perjury, the deteflation of mankind, and the anger of
" the gods, and to live in expedation of mifery. It is un-
" worthy of you, citizens, to entertain thefe thoughts of the
" fenate, to whom you own you refign honors, magiftracies,
" and the greateft dignities in the commonwealth, on ac-
" count of their virtue, and fay you think yourfelves much
** obliged to them for the zeal they exprefled for your return :
** Thefe things are notconfiftent ; neither is it reafonable that

" you

BookVII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 231

** you (Lould fear thofe you commend, and intruft the fame
'* perfons with things of the greateft moment, while you
" fufped them in Thofe of lefs confequence. Why do you
" not rather all agree to truft them with every thing, or to
'* fufped them in every thing ? You think them capable of
** making a previous order with juftice, but not of judging
** in confequence of that order. I had many other things
" to fay concerning the point of right, fathers, but let this
« fufEce.

LIII. " But, fince Lucius, in order to convince us of the
** utility of this meafure, has fhewn how advantageous a
" thing union is, and how deftrudive, iedition ; and that,
** if we cultivate the people, we fhall live together in har-
" mony ; but, if we hinder them from banifhing, or mur-
** dering any of the patricians they think fit, we fhall be
'* involved in a civil war ; though I have many things to
« fay upon this head, I (hall content myfelf with very few,
** And firft, I cannot help admiring the vanity of Lucius
*' (not to call it folly) for thinking himfelf a better judge of
" the intereft of the ftate, though juft come into the ad-
" miniftration of the public affairs, than we, who are grown,
" old iii it, and have raifed the commonwealth, from being
" inconfiderable, to the greatnefs fhe, now, enjoys : And, in
" the next place, for imagining he could perfuade you to
" deliver up any man to his enemies to be punifhed : and,
" particularly, your fellow-citizen, a perfbn of no fmall
** diftindtion, or merit; but one, whom you yourfelves look
'^ upon as famous for his military exploits, mofl exemplary

"in

232 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

" in his private life, and inferior to none in his abilities for
*' civil, affairs. And thefe things he has dared to advance,
" when he knows you, always, {hew the greateft refpe£t to
** fupplicants, and do not, even, exclude your enemies, who
** fly hither for refuge, from this inflance of your huma-
** nity. If you knew we pradifed the contrary of all thefe,
" Lucius; entertained impious fentiments concerning the
" gods; were guilty of injuftice towards men ; what aftion
" more infamous than this could you have advifed us to
" fubmit to, by which we muft incur the hatred both of
" gods, and men, 'and be, utterly, and, totally, deftroyed?
** We want not your advice, Lucius, either in delivering up
** any of our citizens, or in any other affair we have to
" tranfad:; neither do we, who, at this age, have had fo
" long an experience both of good and bad fortune, think we
" ought to be direded, in forming a judgement of our own
" intereft, by die prudence of young men, who are not of
'' our own body; nor do we fear the threats, with which you
" endeavour to terrify us, which are not, now, employed by
" you for the firft time ; bur, having experienced them
" many times, and urged by many perfons, we fliall treat
" them with our ufual mildnefs, and bear them with in-
" trepidity: And, if you carry your threats into execution,
" we fhall defend ourfelves with the afliffance both of the
" gods, who are, always, enemies to the aggreflJbrs in an
** unjuft war, and of men, no fmall number of whom will
" fupport our caufe : For, all the Latines, to whom we,
«* lately, granted the rights of Roman citizens, will declare

"for

((

Book VII. DrONYSIUS HALICARN A88ENSIS. 23^3
" for us, and fight for this city, as for a country, now^, their
own ; and the many flourifliing colonies we have plantedj
zealous for the prefervation of their mother city, will fly
" to her defence. And, if you reduce us to the neceffity of
" embracing every kind of afliftance, we will fubmit, Lucius,
" to invite even our flaves to liberty ; our enemies to friend-
** fhip ; and all mankind ta a fhare in our hopes of vidory j
"and then ingage you: But, O Jupiter, and all ye gods|
" who guard this city, may there be no occafion for any
** thing of this kind ; may thefe terrible threats go no far-
" ther than words, and produce no difagreeable efFed I '*

LIV. Thus Appius fpoke ; when Manius Valerius, who
was the greateft friend to the people of all the fenators, and
had (hewn, the greateft zeal for the accommodation, upon
this occafion alio, openly, efpouied their intereft; and made
a ftudied fpeech, in which he cenfured thole lenators, who
would not fufter the commonwealth to remain united, but
ibught tx> divide the plebeians from the patricians ; and,
for trifling caufes, to rekindle the fire of a civil war : He,
then, commended thofe, who looked upon the only advan*
tage in queftion to be "That of the public, and thought
every confideration fhould ^ve way to an union of all the
citizens ; and told them that, if the peof^e obt^ed the
power they defired of trying this man, and received this
favor, alfo, from the confent of the fenate, they would,
poffibly, not even proceed to extremities; but, fatisfied

*»• To xonof. Inftead of ftriklng out if he had fecn the Vatican manufcript.

Rill, with Portus, I have fubftituted to which has h to <rvf4ip(gor» he would

in its place ; and am apt to think that, have done the fame.

Vol. III. H h with

234 ROMAN ANTIQJLJITIES OF BookVII.

with having Rim in their power, would treat him with lenity,
rather than feverity : However, if the tribunes fhould, by
all means, infift on their proceeding to judgement, and put
it in their power to give their votes, they would acquit him,
as well from their refped to the perfon himfelf, then in dan-
ger, whofe many brave adions they might remember, as
to return the favor of the fenate, who had granted them this
power, and had oppofed them in nothing, that was reafon-
able: And he advifed the confuls, and all the fenators,
together with the reft of the patricians, to be prefent, in
a body, at the trial, and to affift Marcius in making his
defence, and intreat the people to come to no fevere refo-
lution againft him (for he aflured them that the prefence
of thefe would be of no fmall weight to facilitate his
acquittal) and that they (hould affift him, not only, in their
own perfons, but that each of them fhould ingage their own
clients, and aftemble their friends; and, if they thought
that any of the plebeians were attached to them from the
obligations they had received from them, they fhould folicit
thefe, and defire they would fhew their gratitude for former
favors, when they came to give their votes. He told them,
alfo, there would be many among the people, who were
lovers of their country, enemies to all injuftice, and men of
worth; and ftill more, who would be moved with the
viciffitudeof human affairs, and know how to compaffionate '
men of dignity, when humbled by fortune. But the greateft
part of his difcourfe was addrefled to Marcius himfelf, in
which he joined an exhortation to a remonftrance, and

intreaty

BookVII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. i^g

intreaty to neceflity : For he begged of him, fince he was
accufed of dividing the people from the fenate, and, alfo,
charged with being tyrannical by reafbn of his haughty
behaviour, and that all men were afraid left, through his
means, caufe fliould be given for fedition, and for all the irre-
parable mifchiefs, which flow from civil wars, that he would
not verify, and give a fandion to, thefe accufations againft
himfelf, by perfevering in his invidious behaviour, but
change it to an humble deportment j fubmit his perfon to the
power of thofe, who complained of being injured, and not
decline to clear himfelf of an unjuft charge by a juft defence :
For thefe meafures, he told him^ were the moft (afe with
regard to his preservation ; and, with regard to the glory
he aimed at, the moft illuftrious, and of the fame tenor with
the great adions he had, already, performed : Whereas, if
he fhould a<3: with greater pride, than moderation, and defire
the fenate to expofe themfelves to every danger for his fake,
he fhewed him that he would be the caufe either of an
unhappy defeat, or of an opprobrious vidory to thofe, who
had fuffered themfelves to be perRiaded by him. And, upon
this occafion, he laid himfelf out in lamentations, and
enumerated the moft confiderable, and the moft obvious
misfortunes, to which commonwealths are expofed through
diffentions.

LV. Thefe things having been uttered with many real,
not feigned, ind afFeded tears, by a man, eminent for the
dignity both of his age, and virtue, the fenate was moved
with his difcourfe; which he obferving, proceeded with

H h a greater

«

236 ROMAN ANTK^yiTlES OF BopkVIL

greater confidence : ** But, tayt he, if any of you, fathers,
" are alarmed with an apprehenfion that you will introduce
" a pernicious cuftom into the commonwealth, if you grant
** the people a power of giving their fuf&ages againft the
•* patricians, and entertain an opinion that the tribunitian
** power, if confiderably ftrengthened, will prove of no
"advantage, let them learn that their opinion is erroneous,
** and their imagination contrary to found reafoning : For,
if any meafure can tend to prcferve this commonwealth,
to affure both her liberty, and power, and to eftablifh a
perpetual union, and harmony in all things, the moft
•* efFedual will be to give the people a fliare in the govern-
" ment : And the m(^ advantageous thing to us will be,
** not to have a fimplc, and unmixed form of government,
♦* neither '^ a monarchy, an oligarchy, nor a democracy,

as- troXj7«av axgul Of J juijIfMONAPXIAN, ment. I Ihall, now, defirc the reader

^f oxiydt^x^^^y f^^^^ ifjptoxfctliay. I am to confider the context. Our author^

very much furprifed that none of thfe in the next paragraph, fiiews by what

learned men, who have beftowed their means the excefles of monarchy^ oU-

pains upon Dionyfius^ faw the nccef- garchy, and democracy may be cor-

fity of adding juova^;^ifty, which is« o- refted, and begins with monarchy..

mitted in all the editions, and manu- This I muft think very abfurd, if lie

fcripts. Without this addition, our had not, before, mentioned it. But

author's language is not Greek, and he goes on, and fays, the Romans had

his reafoning is imperfeft. The firft taken all poffible care that the monar-

of thefe affertions will appear^ when chical power fliould not degenerate into

it is confidered that, after he has men- tyranny, by inverting twoperfons with

tioned thefe different forms of govern- it, inftead of one, and by confiningthe

ment, he fays^ ^<icl»ji' f| AIIAZnN -n/Itfir exercife of it to a year-, and> then>

Kotlct^atrif 'j whereas, if he had fpoken proceeds to the propereft methods of

but of two, he would have faid, f{ prefefving both the fenate from a lu-

M(A(polf(m i^m. Again^ inftead of Tsr7»f xurfous abufe of power, and the peo-

EKASTON T«v woAi]€Vjw«7wv, he would pie from licentioufnefs. This recapi-

have faid kal^^ ov, if he hod, before, tulation I think, plainly proves that,

mentioned but two forts of govcTil- in defcribing the different forms of

« but

cc

BookVll. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 237
but a cohftitution tampered with all of them : For each
of thefe forms, when fimple, very eafily deviates into
" abufe, and earceft ; but, when all of them are, equall7>
** mixed, that part, which happens to innovate, and to ex-
f* ceed the cuftomary bounds, is, always, reflrained by an-
** other, that is fober, and adheres to the eftabliflied order.
** Thus monarchy, when it becomes cruel and inPslent, and
** begins to purfue tyrannical meafures, is fubverted by an
" oligarchy confifting of good men: And an oligarchy,
** compofed of the beft men, which is your form of govern-
<* ment, when, elated with riches, and dependants, it pays
** no regard to juftice, or to any other virtue, is deftroyed
" by a wife people : And, in a democracy, when the people,
from being modeft in their deportment, and obfervant of
the laws, begin to run into diforders, and excefles, they
" are forced to return to their duty by the power, with
•* which, up(Mi thofe occafions, the beft man of the com-
** monwealth is invefted. You, fathers, have ufed all pof-
•* fible precautions to prevent monarchical power from de-
" generating into tyranny : For, inftead of a fingle peribn,
** you have invefted two with the fupreme power ; and,
** though you committed this magiftracy to them not for

goyernment at firft, he did not omit rived this true political fyftetn ; that

monarchy. ' Upon the whole, if the every one of them, when fimple, and

reader pleafes to caft his eye upon the unmixed, which the former calls, verjr

fixth book of" Polybius, he will there properly, aa-Axv x«m /»«»««*», is faulty j

find the fame reafoning upon the and that the only perfedt form is That,

three forms of government,from which which confifts in an union of ail tbre*.
reafoning our author, probably, de-

•P.459.

"an

cc
cc

((
((

238 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

" an indefinite time, but only for a year, you, neverthe-
** lefs, appointed three hundred patricians, the moft re-
" fpedable both for their virtue, and their age, of whom
this fenate is compofed, to watch over their condud : But
you do not feem, -hitherto, to have appointed any to
" watch over your own, and to keep you within proper
** bounds. As for yourfelves, I am, as yet, under no appre-
** henfions left you (hould fuffer your minds to be corrupted
** by great, and accumulated profperity, who have, lately,
** delivered your country from a long tyranny; and, through
continual, and lafting wars, have not, as yet, had leifure
to grow infolent, and luxurious ; but, with regard to your
** fucceflbrs, when I confider how great alterations length
•• of time brings with it, I am afraid left the men of power
** in the fenate fhould innovate, and, iilently, transform our
** conftitution to a monarchical tyranny.

LVI. " Whereas, if you admit the people to a ftiare in
" the government, no mifchief can Ipring from the fenate;
** but the man, who aims at greater power than the reft of
** his fellow- citizens, and has formed afadion in the fenate
** of all, who are willing to partake of his counfels, and his
*' crimes (for thofe, who deliberate concerning public affairs,
ought to forefee every thing, that is probable) this great,
this awful perfon, I fay, when called upon by the tri-
** bunes to appear before the people, muft give an account
** both of his adions, and thoughts to this people, incon-
** iiderable as they are, and fo much his inferiors; and,
♦* if found guilty, fufe the puniftiment Jie deferves. And,

"left

cc

cc
cc

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 239
'* left the people themfelves, when vefted with fo great a
** power, ihould grow wanton ; and, feduced by the worft
** of demagogues, become dangerous to the beft citizens
" (for the multitude, generally, give birth to tyranny) fome
** perfon of confummate prudence, created didator by your-
" felves, will guard againft this evil, and not allow them to
" run into excefs ; and, being invefted with abfblute power,
"and lubjed to no account, will cut off the infeded part
" of the commonwealth, and not fufFer That, which is not
" yet infefted, to be vitiated ; reform the laws ; excite the
" citizens to virtue, and appoint fuch magiftrates, as he
" thinks will govern with the greateft prudence; and, hav-
** ing efleded thefe things within the {pace ofCix months,
" he will, again, become a private man, without receiving
*' any other reward for thefe aftions, than That of being
" honoured for having performed them. Induced, therefore,
" by thefe confiderations, and convinced that this is the
" moft perfed form of government, debar the people from
" nothing ; but, as you have granted them a power of
" chufing the annual magiftrates, who are to prefide over
" the commonwealth; of confirming, and repealing, laws;
" of declaring war, and making peace ; which are the
" greateft, and the moft important affairs, that come under
" the confiderationof our government, not one of which you
" have fubmitted to the abfolute determination of the fe-
•* nate, allow them, in like manner, the power of trying
" offenders, particularly fuch, as are accufed of crimes
" againft the ftate, of raifing a fedition, of aiming at ty-

" ranny

«

C(

<c

240 ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVIL
** raany, of concerting meafures with our enemies to betray
** the commonwealth, or of any other crimes of the like
nature : For, the more formidable you render the tranf-
greffion of the laws, and the alteration of diicipline, by
appointing many infpedors, and many guards over the
infolent, and the ambitious, the more will your conftitu-
" tion be improved."

LVII. After he had faid this, and other things to the
fame purpofe, he ended. And the reft of the fenators, who
rofe up after him, except a few, concurred with him in
opinion. When the previous order of the fenate was to be
drawn up, Marcius defired leave to /peak, and (aid : " You
" all know, fathers, in what manner I have adted with re-
*' gard to the commonwealth ; that my zeal for your in-
*' tereft has brought me into this danger, and that your
** behaviour to me upon this occaiion is coatraiy to my
*• expeftation ; and you will, ftill, be more convinced o£
** diis, when my affair is determined. However, fince the
** opinion of Valerius prevails, may thefe meafures prove of
** advantage to you, and may I form a wrong judgement of
** future events. But, that you, who are to draw up the
" previous order, may know upon what terms you are going
" to deliver me up to the people ; and that I myfelf may,
" alfo, know for what I am to be tried, I defire you will
" order the tribunes to declare, in your prefence, what the
** crime is they defign to accufe me of, and what kind of
" title they will give to thecaufe."

LVIII.

BookVII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 241

LVIII. He faid this from an opinion that he was to be
tried for the words he had fpoken in the fenate ; and, alfo,
from a defire that the tribunes might acknowledge they de-
figned to ground their accufatiori on them. But the tribunes,
after confulting together, declared they accufed him of aim-
ing at tyranny ; and ordered him to prepare himfelf to make
his defence' againft that charge : For they were unwilling
to confine their accufation to one article, and That, neither
ftrong in itfelf, nor acceptable to the fenate; but chofe
rather to leave to themfelves a latitude of accufing him of
what they ftiould think fit : By which means, they expeded
to deprive Marcius of the afliftance of the fenators. Upon
which, Marcius faid ; " If tKis is the crime I am to be tried
" for, I fubmit myfelf to the judgement of the plebeians,
" and let the previous order be drawn up without oppofi-
" tion." The greateft part of the fenators were well pleafed
that he vs^as to be tried upon this charge, for two reafons ;
the firft, that, from thenceforward, it would not be criminal
for any perfon to deliver his fentiments, freely, in the fenate ;
.and the other, that Marcius, whofe courfe of life had, al-
ways, been modeft and irreprehenfible, would, eafily, cleaj
himfelf of that accufation. After this, the previous order for
the trial was drawn up ; and Marcius had time given him
to prepare for his defence till the third market day : For the
Romans had, then, markets, as they now have, every ninth
day ; and, upon thefe days, the plebeians refbrted to the
city from all parts of the country, and exchanged the produ<3:
of their lands for what they wanted ; decided their contefts

Vol. III. I i in

242 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIL

ina judicial way,and, by their votes, gave their fandion to thofe
public affairs, which either the laws fubmitted, or the fenate
referred, to their determination : And, as the greateft part
of them were employed in labor, and poor, they pafled the
interval, confiding of** feven days, in the country. As foon,
therefore, as the tribunes received the previous order of the
fenate, they went to the forum ; and, calling the people
together, gave great commendations to the fenate; and,
having read the order, they appointed the day for the trial,
at which they defired all the citizens to be prefent, as affairs
of the greatefl moment would, then, be fubmitted to their
deliberation.

LIX. When thefe tranfadions came to be divulged,
the plebeians, and patricians appeared againft one an-
other with great zeal, and oppofition ; the former defiring

»4- EttIu vfjLffaf. Cafaubon, and, af- nundinal letters were the eight firft

ter him, M. * * *, fay that either our letters of the alphabet ; and» in what-

author, or the tranfcriber, has, by mif- ever year; the A was the firft nundi-

take, faid iirlxj Inftead of oKletj which, nac, every nundinae in that year fell

they fay, is the true reading. In this I upon an A ; and, going round from

cannot agree with them ; becaufe, as A to A, it is plain that there were no

the iV«»^/»tf^,amongthe Romans, were more than feven intervening letters,

held every ninth day, it is plain there The dominical letters, being the feven

could bt but feven days between each, firft letters of the alphabet, were, with

And, that the Romans underftood it many other things, borrowed from the

fo themfelves, I fhall prove from un- old Romans by the Chriftians ; and»

doubted authority. " Varro, in fpeak- in whatever year, the firft Sunday

ing of the encouragement givea to falls upon an A, every Sunday in that

agriculture in the early days of the year will, alio, fall upon an A ) and

commonwealth, fays ; Itaque (majores it is equ^^lly plain, that, from A to

fiojiri) annum ita diviferunt^ ut nonis A, there are no more than fix intcr-

modo diebus urbanas res ufurparcnty re- vening days«
Hquis feptcm ut rura cokrent. The

"B. ii. De Re Pecuaria, In the preface.

to

BookVlL DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 243
to chaftife the moft arrogant of all men ; and the latter to
prevent the champion of the ariftocracy from falling a vidim
to his enemies ; both parties looking upon their prefervation,
and their liberty to depend upon the event of this trial.
When the third market day was come, there was fuch a
concourfe of people from the country, as had, never before,
been known, who got pofleflion of the forum by break of
day. The tribunes, then, caufed the people to aflemble in
their tribes, having, beforehand, divided the forum with
ropes, and appointed a feperate ftand for each tribe. And
this was the *^ firft time the people of Rome were ever

*s- Km tilt tr^mlof iyi}f(l$ Fctfjtatoig, jority of fingle votes determined the
fjwcAijflriflfr jj (puAiliJwj. Our author fhews vote of every curia. Whereas, in the
the difference between the comitia cen- comiiia centuriata^ the firft clafs, which
turiatay and tributay fo fully, together confifted alone of eighty centuries of
with the reafons, which induced the foot, and eighteen of horfe, all com-
tribunes to infill upon the latter, that poled of the richeft fubjefts of the
it would be to very little purpofe to commonwealth, made a majority of
add any thing to what he has faid upon three : Cbnfequently, if they all agreed,
this fubjeft •, particularly, fince ** I have it was to no purpofe to take the votes
treated it at large upon another occa- of the "remaning ninety five centuries:
fion. I Ihall, therefore, only fay that. By which method of voting, the follow-
by the inftitution of the comitia tributay ing claffes were feldom, and the inferior
the people were reftored to a right claffes, fcarce ever, called upon to give
they had, ever, enjoyed from the foun- their, votes. As to the comitia tributa^
iiation of their city, till they were de- the citizens voted in thefe, as they did
prived of it by Scrvius Tullius, when in the comitia curiata : The majority of
he introduced the comitia centuriata •, tribes was ^conclufive ; and the vote
which, however reafonable in other of every tribe was known by the ma-
refpefts, were, moft certainly, injuri- jority of fingle votes in that tribe. By
ous to the people, as to their right of this detail, it appears that, by the in-
voting : For, till then, the only comitia ftitution of the tributa comitia^ the
were the curiata^ in which the vote of people gained no new right j but were,
every Roman citizen was of equal im- only, reftored to a right their anceftors
portance : The majority of the curiae had, before, enjoyed,
carried every queftion ; and the ma-

^See the izz"^ annotation on the fecond book.

I i 2 ' aflembled

244 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

aflembled in their tribes to give their votes. This the pa-
tricians, violently, oppofed, and infifted on their aflembling
the people in their centuries, according to the eftabliflied
cuftom : For, before that time, when the people were to
give their votes upon any point referred to them by the
fenate, the confuls aflembled them in their centuries, after
they had oflFered up the facrifices appointed by law ; and,
to this day, fome of thefe are performed : Then the people
aflembled in the field of Mars, before the city, drawn up under
their centurions, and their enfigns, as in war : They did
not give their votes promifcuoufly, but each in their refpec-
tive centuries, when called upon by the confuls: And
there being, in all, one hundred and ninety three centuries,
and thefe diftributed into fix clafles, that clafs was firft
called, and gave its vote, which confifted of thofe citizens,
whofe fortunes were of the greatefl: value upon the regifter,
and who flood in the foremoft rank in battle : In this were
comprifed eighteen centuries of horfe, and eighty of foot :
The clafs, that voted in the fecond place, was compofed of
thofe of inferior fortunes, whofe poft, in adions, was in the
fecond rank, and who were armed in a different, and lighter
manner, than thofe in the firft rank ; all thefe formed twenty
centuries, and to thdm were added two centuries of carpen-
ters, and armourers, and other artificers employed in making
warlike engines : Thofe who were called to vote in the third
clafs, completed twenty centuries; thefe had finaller fortunes,
than thofe of the fecond clafs, and were pofted behind them,
and not armed like thofe of the fecond rank : The next

, "called^

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 24^
called, were inferior in fortune to the laft, and had a fafer
poll in battle, and their armour was more calculated for
expedition : Thefe, alfo, were divided into twenty centuries ;
and to them were added two centuries of blowers on the
horn, and trumpeters : The clafs, which was called in the
fifth place, confifted of fuch, as had very fmall fortunes ;
and whofe arms were javelins, and flings : Thefe had no
certain poft, when the army was drawn up ; but, being
light armed nien, and prepared for expedition, they attended
the heavy armed rnen, and wese diftributed into thirty cen-
turies i The pooreft of the citizens, who were not lefs nu-
merous tlian all the reft, voted laft, and made but one cen-
tury : Thefe were exempt from ferving in the army, and
from the taxes paid by the reft of the citizens in propor-.
tion to their pofleflions ; and, for both thefe reafons, their
fuffrages were of the leaft weight. If, therefore, ninety feven
of the firft centuries, which confifted of the horfe, and of
fuch of the foot, as ftooid in the firft rank in time of adlion,
were of the fame opinion, the poll was at an end, and the
remaining ninety fix centuries were not called to give their
votes : But, if it were otherwife, the fecond clafs, compofed
of twenty two centuries, was called, and, then the third ;
and fo on, till ninety feven centuries were of the fame opi-
nion : Generally the points in difpute, were determined by
the votes of the firft clafles : So that, it was needlefs to take
Thofe of the laft. And it feldom happened that a point was
fo doubtful, as to make it neceflary to have recourfe to the
votes of the pooreft citizens, of whom the laft clafs was

com-

246 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

compofed : But^ if the firft hundred and ninety two centuries
were, equally, divided, the iaft vote, added to either fide,
was in the nature of a final determination, and turned the
(bale. The advocates, therefore, of Marcius defired that this
kind of afiembly, founded on the pofiefilons of the citizens,
might be called, from an expeAation that he might, pofiibly,
be acquitted, upon the firft call, by the ninety eight centuries ;
if not, at leaft upon the fecond, or third. On the other fide,
the tribunes, fulpeding this, thought it their intereft to call
an aflembly of the people ia their tribes, and to impower
that kind of afiembly to decide this caufe ; to the end, that
neither the poor might be in a worfe condition, *than the
rich ; nor the light armed moi be placed in a lefs honour-
able ftation, than the heavy armed ; nor the body of the
people, by being thrown ofF to the Iaft calls, ftand excluded
fi-om an' equality of fufFrage : But that, all the citizens
might be equal in their votes, and equal in their ranks, and,
at one call, give their votes in their tribes. The claim of
the tribunes feemed to be the beft founded ; becaufe they
contended that the tribunal of the people ought to be a
popular, not an oligarchical, tribunal, and that the cogni-
zancet>f crimes committed againft the commonwealth ought
to be common to all.

LX. The tribunes having obtained this, alfo, from the
patricians, though not without difficulty, when it was time
for the trial to begin, Minucius, one of the oonfiils, was the
firft perfon, who afcended the roftrum, and fpoke in the
manner the fenate had direded him : And firft, he put the

people

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 247

people in mind of all the benefits they had received from the
patricians; then lie defired that, in return for fo many good
offices, the people would grant them one favor, which they
were under a neceffity of requefting, as it would tend to the
good of the commonwealth. After this, he difplayed the
advantages of concord, and peace, (hewing the great hap*
pinefs, which each of them brought to every government;
and inveighed againil difcord, and civil wars, by which, he
told them, many cities had been deflroyed, with all their
inhabitants, and whole naticms extirpated : He exhorted
them not to indulge their refentment fo far, as to prefer
deftrudive, to falutary, counjels, but, with calm reafon, to
contemplate future events, nor to take the worft of their
fellow-citizens for their advifers in affairs of the greatefl
importance; but thofe they efleemed the befl, from whom
they knew their country had received many advants^es both
in peace, and war, and whom, as if their natures were
changed, they would not think it reafonable to diflruft.
However, the fingle aim of his whole difcourfe was to per-
fuade them to pafs no vote againft Marcius ; but £0 acquit
the man, for his own fake, particularly when they remem-
bered in what manner he had aded with regard to the
commonwealth, and how many battles he had gained in
fighting for her liberty, and fbvereignty ; and that they would
aft neither with piety, juftice, nor a due r^ard to thcmfelves,.
if they refented his imguaided words, and were ungrateful
to his glorious actions : This, he told them, was the proper
feafon for them to acquit him, when he himfelf was come

to

248 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

to yield up his perfon to his adverfaries, and was ready to
acquiefce in whatever they fhoiild think fit to determine :
But, if it was impoflible for them to be reconciled tg him,
and they, ftill, continued fevere and inexorable, he defired
them to confider that the fenate, confifting of three hundred,
all the beft men of the city, were come to intercede for him,
and begged of them to feel fomecompaflion, and relent ; and
not, for the fake of punifhing one enemy, to rejeft the in-
tercefllon of fo many friends ; but to difregard the chaftife-
ment of a (ingle man, in favor of fo many worthy perfons.
Having faid this, and many things to the fame purpofe, he
ended his fpeech with this fuggeftion ; that, if they acquitted
the man by their votes, it would be looked upon that they
acquitted him becaufe they thought him not guilty of any
crime towards the people ; but, if they put a flop to the pro-
ceedings, they would appear to have gratified his interceflbrs.
LXI. When Minucius had done fpeaking, Sicinnius, the
tribune, prefented himfelf, and faid, that he would neither
betray the liberty of the plebeians himfelf, nor, willingly,
fuiFer others to betray it : But, if the patricians, really, con-
fented that the man fliould be tried by the plebeians, he
would take their votes, and do nothing more. After this,
Minucius advancing, faid : " Since, tribunes, you defire, at
** all events, that the people fhould give their votes con-
" cerning this man, confine youcfelves to the charge you
'*. have brought againft him ; and, as you have alledged that
<* he aims at tyranny, fhew this, arid bring your evidence to
^* prove it ; but neither mention, nor charge him with, the

" words

Book Vir. DIONYSIUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS. 249

" words you acciife him of having fpoken in the fenate
" againft the people : For the fenate have, by thfeir votes,
" acquitted him of this accufation, and thought proper that
" he fhould appear before the people, upon the terms con-
" tained in their order.'* After which, he read the previous
order; and, having faid this, and conjured them to adhere
to it, he defcended from the roftrum. Sicinnius was the
firft of the tribunes, who opened the charge, which he did
in a ftudied, and elaborate fpeech, attributing every thing
the man had, ever, laid, or done againft the intereft of the
- people to a formed defign of tyranny. When he had done
peaking, the moft eloquent of the tribunes purfued the
accufation.

LXII. After this, Marcius made his defence ; and, begin-
ning from his firft entrance into the world, he enumerated all
the campaigns he had made in the fervice of his country ; the
crowns he had received from the generals as rewards of victory;
the prifoners he had taken, and the citizens he had faved in
battle : And, upon every occafion, he produced thefe rewards,
cited the generals, as witnefles, and called upon the citizens
he had faved, by name : Thefe prefented themfelves with la-
mentations, and intreated their fellow-citizens not to deftroy,
as an enemy, the man, to whom they owed their prefervation,
begging one life in return for many,and ofiering themfelves,
in his room, to be treated by them as they thought fit.
The greateft part of thefe were plebeians, and men, ex-
tremely, ufeful to the commonwealth : Their afpe£t, and
intreaties raifed fuch a fenfe of fhame in the people, that

Vol. III. Kk they

250 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

they melted into commiferation, and tears. Then Marcius,
rending his garment, fhcwed his breaft full of wounds, and
every other part of his body covered with fears, and afked
them if they thought that to preferve many in war, and to
deftroy the preferved in time of peace, were anions of the fame
man j and, if any one, who forms a delign of tyranny, ever
expels the common people from a city, by whom tyranny is,
chiefly, abetted, and nouriflied. While he was yet /peaking,
thofe among the people, who were inclined to moderation,
and lovers of merit, cried out to acquit the man ; and were
afhamed that one, who had, fo often, defpifed his own life to
preferve them all, fhould, even, have been brought to his trial
upon fuch an imputation : But thofe, who were by nature
envious, enemies to virtue, and eafy to be led into any kind
of fedition, were forry they were going to acquit him, but
found they could do no otherwife, fince they law no manifeft
proof of his having aimed at tyranny, which was the point,
upon which they were to give their votes.

LXIII. This being obferved by Lucius, who had fpoken
in the fenate, and prevailed on them to pals the previous
order for the trial, he rofe up ; and, having commanded
filence, faid ; " Since, citizens, the patricians have acquitted
" Marcius of the words he Ijjpke in the fenate, and of the
" violent, and overbearing adions, that flowed from them,
" and do not, even, fuffer us to accufe him of either, hear
" what an adion, independent of thofe words, this valiant
** man has been guilty of, how infolent and tyrannical ;
" and learn of what nature that law is, which he, though a

" private

(C

Bookyir. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 551

" private perfon, has violated: You all know this law or-
dains that the Ipoils, taken by us from the enemy by our
valor, fhall belong to the public, and that it is fb far from
being in the power of any private perfon to difpofe of
" them, that even the general himfelf has not this power; but
" the quaeftor, receiving them, fells them, and brings the
<* money into the public treafury. And this law no one
" has, yet, found fault with, fince we have inhabited this
** city, fo far from violating it : Kiarcius is the only man,
" who has defpifed the authority of this law ; he alone has
" thought fit to appropriate to himfelf thofe fpoils, citizens,
** that belong to us in common ; this he did laft year ; his
" crime is of no long date : For, when you made an incur-
" lion into the territory of the Antiates, and took many
'* prifoners, many cattle, and a great quantity of com, to-
" gether with many other effeds, he neither produced thefe
" before the quaeftor, nor fold them himfelf, and brought
" the money into the treafury; but diftributed, and lavifhed
" the whole booty among his own friends. This adion I
** aver to be a proof of his aiming at tyranny. How {hould
** it be otherwife, when he applied the public money to the
" gratification of his flatterers, his guards, and the accom-
" plices in the tyranny he meditated ? And this I maintain
" to be an open violation of the law. Let Marcius, then,
" ftand up, and prove one of thefe two things, either that
" he did not diftribute the l{)oils he took fix)m the enemy's
" country among his own fiiends, or that, in doing fo, he
" did not violate the laws : Neither of which will he be able

I^ k 2 «« to

252 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

** to prove before you : For you yourfelves are acquainted
" with both ; you know the law, you know the fad ; and,
** if you acquit him, your refolution muft be looked upon
" as contrary both to juftice, and your oaths. Away then,
" Marcius, with your crowns, your rewards of valor, your
" wounds, and all the reft of your oftentation ; and anfwer
*' to thefe points : For I ftill give you liberty to do it."

LXIV. This acculation caufed a great alteration to the
other fide : For thofe among the people, who were moft
moderate, and eameft for the acquittal of Marcius, upon
hearing thefe things, grew more remifs ; and all the ill-
difpofed, who were the greateft part, defiring to deftroy him
at all events, were ftill the more encouraged to his ruin, by
laying hold of this ftrong, and manifeft proof: For the
diftribution of the fpoils was fadl, but done with no ill
intention, nor to promote a defign of tyranny, as Lucius
alledged againft him ; but from the beft motive, and to
redrefs the miferies of the public : For the fedition, then,
continuing, and the people being divided from the patricians,
their enemies, defpifing them, infefted their country, and
plundered it without intermiflion ; and, whenever the fenate
thought fit to order an army to be fent out to its relief, not
one of the plebeians would ferve in it, but rejoiced at the
defolation, and fuffered it to continue ; and the forces of
the patricians alone were not fufficient to defend the country.
Marcius, obferving this, promifed the confuls, that he would
march againft the enemy with an army of voluntiers, if they
would give him the command of it, and, foon, take revenge

on

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARN ASSENSIS. 253

on them. Marcius, being authorifed in the manner he had
defired, aflembled his clients, and friends, and fuch of the
citizens, as were willing to fhare the advantages expected
from the general's fortune in war, and his valor : When he
thought the forces he had affembled equal to the propofed
expedition, he led them againft the enemy, who had no
intelligence of his defign: And, entering their country,
which was well ftored with every thing valuable, he poP-
fefled himfelf of a vaft booty, all which he diftributed among
his foldiers, to the end that thofe, who had aflifted him in
this expedition, by receiving the fruit of their labor, might,,
chearfully, ingage in the fervice upon other occalions ; and
that the others, who had declined it, feeing what advantages
they had loft through their fedition, might adi with greater
prudence, when other expeditions were propofed. This
was the intention of the man in that affair ; but to the
jealous, and invidious multitude, this adion, when confi-
dered by itfelf, appeared a kind of flattery of the people,
and a corruption tending to tyranny. So that, the forum
was full of clamor, and tumult ; and, as the charge ap-
peared uncommon and unexpeded, neither Marcius himfelf,
the conful, nor any other perfon, could make any defence to
it. When nothing further was faid in his favor, the tribunes
called upon the tribes to give their votes, and confined the
punifhment of Marcius to perpetual banifliment ; fearing,.
I imagine, left, if they had extended it to deaths he fhould
have been acquitted. After they had all voted, uponcount-
ing the fuffirages, the difference did not appear confiderable t

Fcr

254 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

For there being, at that time, *^ twenty two tribes, that
voted, nine of them acquitted Marcius : So that, if two

There is, I believe, no paffage in this,
or in any other author, upon which
the commentators have befto wed more
pains to lefs purpofe : Which I am
not at ail furprifed at, fince, as the
text, now, ftands in all the editions,
and manufcripts, it is not pofTible to
reconcile it to figures, which are of
greater authority than any editions,
and manufcripts whatfoever. But, be-
fore I give my own opinion upon this
paflfage, I fhall lay before the reader
the different expedients diflFerent com-
mentators have had recourfe to ; in
order to convince him that, as the
text, now, ftands, it is impodible to
be explained. Our author fays that
Marcius was acquitted by nine tribes-,
and that, if two more tribes had voted
for him, he would have been acquitted
by reafon of the equality of votes, as
the law required. Now, the number
of twenty one tribes, as it ftands in the
text, will not agree either with the fad:,
as our author ftates it, or with the con-
fequence he draws from that faft :
For, if nine tribes of the twenty one
acquitted Marcius, twelve muft have
condemned him •, take two from the
twelve, which condemned him, and
add them to the nine, that acquitted
him, according to the fuppofition of
our author, the confequence will be,
that eleven will acquit him, and ten
condemn him ; in which cafe, he will
not be acquitted by an equality of
votes, as our author, alfo, fuppofes,
but by a majority of one vote. The

number of twenty one, therefore, will
not anfwer thefe purpofes, nor any
other number but twenty two ; out of
which, if we take the nine votes, that
were for him, there will be found thir-
teen againft him : From this number,
take two, and add them to the firft
nine, and there will be found eleven
for him, and as many againft him ;
by virtue of which equality, he muft
have been acquitted, as the law re-
quired. It may be faid this folution
is very eafy, but that, in order to
come at it, I muft alter the text from
twenty one to twenty two tribes. This
I own : But, at the fame time, I defire
the reader to confider, that, as the rea-
foning of our author depends upon
numbers, it muft be explained by
numbers ; and no other poffible number
can fupport it, but That, which I have
mentioned. Every one, who has exa-
mined Greek manufcripts, muft know
that nothing is fo common, as to find '
miftakes committed by tranfcribers in
relation to numbers; and how eafy
was it for them to write Kcty inftead of
K^i ^ Manucius, in order to Iblve the
difficulty of the text, which all the
commentators have adhered to, ima-
gines that there were, at that time,
thirty one tribes at Rome, of which
only twenty one voted in the affair of
Coriolanus. This fuppofition is, in-
tirely, gratuitous, and founded on no
authority : However, M. * * * has
adopted it. Lc Jay, indeed, rejefts
this imagination of Manucius, but
fubftitutes another in its room, which

P De Comic* Rom. c. 2.

more

•V

BookVIL DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 255
more had voted in his favor, he would have been acquitted
by reafoa of the equality of votes, as the law required.

is as little founded on the Greek lan-
guage, and the Roman laws, as the
other is on the Roman hiftory. He
fuppofes.that ktov^ij^** fignifies, in the
Greek authors, not only, an equal
number of votes, but an equal force,
an equal authority ip the fufFrages,
although the number of them be not
equal 5 pas feuUment un nomhre igal de
voix et defuffrages^ mats une egale force^
unt egale authorite dans Us fuffrages \
quoyque le nombre rCen foit fas egal.
From this pofition, for which he nei-
ther has, nor pretends to have, any
authority, he concludes that, as Mar-
cius had nine tribes in his favor, if
two other tribes had come to their fup-
port, the law would have faved him ;
becaufe the law gave to the eleven
tribes, as he fays, that would, then,
have acquitted him, an authority equal
to That of the twelve tribes, that con-
demned him. Note, that le Jay has,
all along, contended, and endeavoured
to prove, that there were only twenty
one tribes in being, when Coriolanus
was tried ; and, now, he makes them
twenty three. But he goes on, and
fays that the law, here mentioned by
Dionyfius, did not allow a criminal to
be condemned, who had but one vote
more againft him, than for him. Here,
le Jay affumes a higher charafter;
and, as in the capacity of a critic, he
gave a fignification to a word, which
it, never, had before •, fo now, in That
of a legiflator, he has enafted a law,
which, never before exifted. I ftiould
not have employed fo much time in

relating, much lefs in refuting, fuch
abfurdities, if his brother jefuits, th6
journalifts of Trevoux, had not dig-
nified thefe very abfurdities with the
title of "^fuhtil reflexions. The only
objeftion, that can be made to the al-
teration I contend for, is^ that there
were no more than twenty one tribes
in being, when Coriolanus was tried.
This fuppofition, I know, is embraced
by feveral men of learning ; notwith-
ftanding which, I cannot, after the
mod fcrupulous examination of this
queftion, find any foundation for it.
It is a fubjeft, which is far from being
cleared up with the certainty requifite
to enable any one to form a judgement
either way. But, that I may conceal
nothing from the reader's view, I fhall
ftate every thing I can find relative to
this queftion. In the firft place, ' our
author tells us that Servius Tullius (for
I think it to no purpofe to go back to
the divifions of the people made by
Romulus) divided the city of Rome
into four local tribes, called the Pala-
tina^ Suburana^ Collina, and Efquilina^
and that • he, alfo, divided the whole
country into a certain number of tribes^
which he does not fpecify ; but quotes
Fabius for faying it was divided into
twenty fix, and Venonius for alledging
that it was divided into thirty one
tribes. It is plain that he follows nei-
ther ; fince he fays that, at the trial of
Coriolanus, which happened fo many
years after, there were no more than
twenty one, or, as I fay, twenty two
tribes. We are, therefore, at a lofs to

q Sec the preface. 'B. iv. c. 14. » Id. ib. c. 1 5.

LXV.

y

^56 ROMAN ANTICtyiTIES OF Book VIL

LXV. This was the firft citation of a patrician to the tribu-
nal of the people : And, from this time, it became cuftomary

know how many ruftic tribes Servius
TuUius inftituted. Neither do we hear
any more of tribes, till the year of
Rome 259, when ^Livy fays there
were twenty one tribes at Rome ; Ro-
mae tribus una et viginti faSiae^ as Si-
gonius reads it, though all the other
editions have una et triginta^ as it was,
alfo, in the epitome of the fame book,
till he himfelf altered it in his edition
of Livy ; and I find, by his note upon
this paffage, that the chief reafon of
his altering it, was, becaufe Dionyfius
fays that, at the trial of Coriolanus,
which was but four years after, there
were prefent twenty one tribes. This
is begging the queftion, againft which
I contend. And, in his " book, de
aniiquo jure civium Romanorum^ he
thinks the two tribes Cruftumina^ and
Ocriculana were added at the time Livy
rnean^. That they were Roman tribes,
I do not ID the lead doubt, but rather
believe them to have been two of the
ruftic tribes inftituted by Servius Tul-
lius ; becaufe the towns, from which
they took their names, had, before
that time, been conqut^red by the Ro-
mans. After this, that is, after the year
259, we find, by Livy, that many
tribes were inftituted at different rimes,
no lefs than twelve, and two more, in
the epitome of his nineteenth book ;
that is, the Velina^ and ^irina. If
this was in Livy himfelf, and not in
the epitome, it would weaken, though
not deftroy, what I have faid ; becaufe
che confequence would be that, by
iiappofing Coriolanus to have been

'£. ii. C. 21.

tried by twenty two tribes, I make
thirty fix tribes in all; whereas, it is
well known, that their number, never,
exceeded thirty five. But it is certain,
and muft be allowed that the epitome
of Livy was not written by Livy;
becaufe there are many errors in ir,
which Livy was not capable of com-
mitting. But I have fomething more
to fay againft the authority of this
epitome, with relation to thefe two
tribes. Thenameof oneofthem, viz.
^irinaj is infertcd by Sigonius in the
room of E/quilinaj as it ftands in all
the other edirions, which was the name
of one of the old city tribes: However,
it is fcarce pofllble, but fome of thefe
fourteen tribes might have had two
names ; and, if that happened to have
been the cafe but of one of them, my
purpofe is anfwered ; and, then, there
will not be, even according to my own
hypothefis, above thirty five tribes in
all. I muft beg of the reader not to
look upon the fuppofition I have made
to be calculated only to anfwer an ob-
jeftion : There is frequent mention
made,in ancient monuments,of Roman
tribes, that are not to be found in any
authors ; as, the tribes Horatia^ Papiay
and Camilla ; and, in later times, we .
find the tribes Julia^Flavia^ and Ulpiaj
called fo in compliment to Auguftus,
Vefpafian, and Trajan, which were
only new names given to old tribes;
fince it is certain, as I faid, that the
Romans, never, had but thirty five
tribes. I know it may be faid that,
if there were twenty twQ tribes.

"P. 19.

for

BookVIL DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. it^j

for thofe, who were, afterwards, invefted with the tribunitiaa
power, to fummon any of the citizens they thought fit to
appear before the people, in order to be tried by them.
From this beginning, the power of the people rofe to a great
height; while the ariftocracy loft much of its ancient dig-
nity by admitting the plebeians into the fenate,- and allow-
ing them to ftand candidates for magiftracies; by not
oppofing their being invefted with the priefthood, and by

tribes, there could be no calling vote :
But I anfwer that, in criminal cafes,
when the tribes were, equally, divided,,
the oflfender would have been acquit-
ted ; apd, in civil contefts, the motion
would have been rejedlcd. '^ Ariftotle
gives many fubtil reafons in favour of
this law -, one of which I (hall lay be-
fore the reader in his own words : En

JlAM^« [liVI C^ilKH i tK V^OVOlXi CtitlLUV If

WfWOiat «Ax«* it irff^oy ri etitKav^ r»
utf iC ofayttnf* T4 ii a ayui^y r» ^f,
o-TTo^ ilv^u aiiwtf avltf (TVfjtxtTrlH^ Orx%

iB $^at yiVCttlc^l Ctl ^n^Oij fAiV ilOtKCtV KfX^t-

T«j vvo rm i^fn^tuv ex wgovotat aJikhv* o it
(Ptvym^ VTTO Torv Aoittoiv av aitKetv jucv, k
juffy7oi yi BKWfOfcixc Q,^9ivei ainuiv fA^^tn

vofjioiiinf rm«y u^tn jov r» f A«tT7M ctiiK^ifJa*
" Befides, the man, who offends with
^« premeditation, is a greater delin-
** quent than he, who offends without
^ premeditation. Now, the calumnia-
tor always offends with premedia*
tion : Whereas, the perfon, who is
guilty of any other crime, fome-
timcs offends through neccffity ;
fometimes through ignorance; and
*^ at others,, as. he may happen to of-

"^ Problem. Sett. 29. Qadt 13.

Vol. III.

4C

cc
&c

(4

** fend. When, therefore, the votes
" are equal, the profecutor is judged
" by half the votes to offend with pre-
" meditation ; and the defendant is
** judged by the reft to offend indeed,
" but not with premeditation. So
*' that, fince the profecutor is judged
" to be a greater delinquent than the
" defendant, the legiflator wifely de*
" termined that the leffer delinquent
" Ihould have the advantage over the
** greater." The law, here, mentioned
by Dionyfius, was^ borrowed from the
Greeks by the Romans, and, from
thefe, by the greateft part of the weft-
ern world, where it is, ftill, in ufe, as
it is with us, upon many occafions.
Praefumitur pro negante feems to be a
maxim, generally, received: Euripides
derives the inftitution of this law from
the trial of Oreftes, before the areo-
pagus for the murder of his mother
Clytaemneftra, when he was acquitted
by an equality of votes ; of which Mi-
nerva gives this account ";

K«i ii:f ivy Af«OK « •Tfltfoif i^H^OTi: IIA2
Kfiva/, Oi9f ftf, xtfi WfA^viA eif T«(v1e y%
NiXf r, I£HPE121 oVif av^FH^OTZ haSfi.

' Iphig. in Taiir, i^ 1469^

com^

258 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

communicating to all themoft confiderableof their other dig-
nities, even thofe, that were peculiar to the patricians ; fome
of which conceflions they yielded to through neceflity, and
againfl their will, and to others through forefight, and wiC-
dom: All which I fliall mention at a proper fealbn. How-
ever, this cuftom, I mean That of citing the men of power
at Rome to a trial, where the people were judges, might
afford a fubjeft for many reflexions to thofe, who are dif-
pofed either to commend, or blame it: For it is certain that
many brave, and good men have been treated in a manner
unworthy of their virtue, and have fuffered a fhameful, and
miferable death, at the inftigation of the tribunes. On the
other fide, many men of arrogant, and tyrannical difpofitions,
being compelled to give an account of their lives, and conduct,
have fuffered the punifhment they delerved. When, there-
fore, thefe inquiries have been purfued with the beft inten-
tions, and the pride of the great was, juftly, humbled, this
inftitution appeared grand, and admirable, and met with
general applaufe : But, when a virtuous, and able flatefman
was put to death through envy, and contrary to juflice, the
reft of the world were fhocked at the inftitution, and the
authors of it detefted. The Romans have, often, deliberated
whether they fhould repeal this inftitution, or prelerve it in
the fame vigor they had received it from their anceftors ;
but never came to any refolutlon. If I may be allowed to
give my own opinion in aflairs of fo great moment, I look
upon the inftitution, confidered by itfelf, to be advantageous,
and, abfolutely, necefl&ry to the Roman commonwealth ;

but

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 259

but that it is good, or bad, according to the different
characters of the tribunes : For, when this power falls into
the hands of juft, and prudent perfons, who prefer the in-
tereft of the public to their own, the man, who has injured
his country, when puniflied in the manner he deferves, ftrikes
terror into the minds of all, who are prepared to commit
the like crimes; while the worthy man, who ads in the
adminiftration with the moft upright intentions, is in no
danger of being brought to an ignominious trial, or accufed
of crimes inconfiftent with his condudl : But the contrary
of all this happens, when wicked, abandoned, and interefted
men are invefted with fo great a power. So that, inftead of
reforming the inftitution, as faulty, they ought to confider
by what means good, and worthy men may be placed at the
head of the people, and that a truft of the greateft impor-
tance may not, injudicioufly, be conferred on men of no
charadter.

LXVI. Thefe were the caufes, and this was the event of
the firft fedition, that happened among the Romans after the
expulfion of their kings. I have related all the circumftances
of it in an extenfive manner ; to the end that no one may
wonder how the patricians could fubmit to inveft the people
with fo great a power, without being terrified into it by the
murder, or banifhment of the moft confiderable of their order;
both which have happened in many other citites : For,
when extraordinary events are related, every one defires to
know the caufe, that produced them, and confiders That
alone, as the fource of their credibility. I refleded, there-

L 1 2 fore>

a6o ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

fore, that the relation I have given of this tranfedion would
have gained little, or no credit, if I had contented myfelf
with faying that the patricians refigned their power to the
plebeians, and that, when they might have maintained the.
ariilocracy, they invefted them with the greatefl prerogatives,
and had omitted the motives, tlrat induced them to come into
thefe conceflionst For which reafbn, I have related them alL
And, fince they did not make this change in their govern-
ment by compulfion, and force of arms, but by perfuafion,
I thought it, abfolutely, neceflary to infert the fpeeches,
which the heads of both parties made upon that occasion.
I am furpriied to find that fbme hiftorians think thonfelves
obliged to give an exsuBt account of military tranfa^libns,
and, ibmefiimes, throw away many words in the relation of
a fingle battle, in defcribing the fituation of the places, the
particular arms, the difpofition of the armies, the exhorta-
tions of the generals, and every other circumflance, that
contributed to the vidory on either fide ; but, when they
come to give an account of civil commotions, and feditions,^
they diink themfelves under no obligation of relating the
fpeeches, by which extraordinary, and wonderfiil events were
brought to pafs : For, if any thing in the Roman common-
wealth deferves to be admired, and to be imitated by all man-
kind, this circumftance, in my opinion, deferves it, cf rather
furpailes, in its luftre, all the great things, which moft deierve
our admiration, that, neither the plebeians, in contempt
of the patricians, took arms againft them, and, after mur-
dering many of the beft men, feized all their fortunes j nor,

on

BookVn. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 261
on the other fide, the men in power, by their own forces,
or, by foreign afliftance, deflroyed all the plebeians, and,
after that, lived in the city without moleftation : But, con-
ferring together upon their common rights, like brothers ,
with brothers, or children with their parents in a well go-
verned family, they put an end to their contefts by per-
fuafion, and a communication of their thoughts, and, never,
allowed themfelves to commit any irreparable, or wicked
adion againft one another; fuch as the Qjrcyraei were
guilty of at the time of their (edition ; and, alfo, the Argivi,
the Milefii, and all Sicily, as well as many other common-
wealths. For thefe reafbns, therefore, I chofe to make my
narration rather accurate, than fhort ; but, let eveiy one
judge of my condud, in this particular, as he thinks fit.

LXVII. This having been the event of the trial, the
people went away, extravagantly, elated, and thought they
had deflxoyed the ariftocracy. On the other fide, the patri-
cians were confounded, and dejeded, and complained of
Valerius, by whole perfuafion they had been induced to
leave the trial to the people ; and thofe, who conduced
Mardus home, lamented, and flied tears, in commiieration
of his misfortune ; but he himfelf was feen neither to be-
wail, nor lament his own fate, or to fay, or do the lead thing
unworthy the greatnefs of his mind. When he went home,
and law his wife, and mother tearing their robes, beating
their breads, and uttering fuch lamentations as are natural
to women in the like calamities, when they fee themfelves
upon the point of being feperated from their deareft relations

by

262 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

by djeath, or banifliment, he fliewed ftill greater fortitude,
and refolution, and was unmoved at their tears, and their
lamentations ; but, only faluted them ; and, exhorting them
to fupport their misfortunes with firmnefs, he recommended
his fons to them ; the cldeft of whom was ten years old,
and the youngeft, in arms ; and, without {hewing any other
marks of tendernefs, or taking any thing with him, that
might be of ufe to him in his banifhment, he haftened to
the gates of the city, acquainting no one to what place he
propofed to retire.

LXVIII. A few days after this, the time came for the
eleftion of magiftrates, when Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus,
andSpurius Lartius Flavuswere created confuls, thelaft being
chofen for the fecond time. The city was, this year, greatly
alarmed with prodigies: For unufual fights were feen by
many, and voices were heard, uttered by no man ; births,
both of children, and cattle, extremely unnatural, incredible,
and monftrous were faid to have happened ; oracles were
given in many places, and women, pofleffed with a divine
fury, foretold miferable, and dreadful misfortunes to the com-
monwealth ; a kind of contagious diftemper was, alfo, felt by
the people, and deftroyed great numbers of cattle : How-
ever, not many men died of it, the mifchief going no farther
than a malady. Some were of opinion that thefe things
proceeded from the will of the gods, who were angry with
them for having banifhed the moft dcferving of all their
citizens ; others, that nothing, which had happened was
the work of Heaven, but that both thcfe, and all other

human

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 263

human events were fortuitous. Afterwards, a certain perfon,
whofe name was TitiisLatinus, being ilJ, was brought to the
fenate in a litter ; he was a man advanced in years, and of
a competent fortune, but worked with his own hands, and
paffed the greateft part of his Ufe in the country : This per-
fon, being brought into the fenate, affirmed that the Capito-
line Jupiter had, as he thought, appeared to him in a dream,
and faid, " Go, Latinus, and let your fellow-citizens know
" that, in the late proceffion, they did not give me an ac-
" ceptable ^^ leader of the dance ; let them renew the
" feftivals, and perform others from the beginning, for I
" have not accepted thefe :" He added, that, when he
waked, he difregarded the vifion, and looked upon it* as a
common, and deceitful dream ; that, afterwards, the fame
apparition of the god prefenting itfelf to him, again, in his
fleep, was angry, and difpleafed with him for not having
acquainted the fenate with the orders he had received, and
threatened him that,- if he did not prefently do it, he fliould
learn, by the experience of fome great calamity, not to
negled fupernatural injunftions : That he had no better
opinion of the fecond dream, than of the firft ;. and, at the

*?• T«» ^yajjimv a^>i9t}y, ' Livy calls ihould make ufe of it. The noble,

this dincer, praefultatorem. I believe, though partial, hiftory of the Earl of

or, at leaft, hope, that the generality Clarendon is, alfo, difcoloured with a

of my readers will be as much tirtd dream, as I have faid, not very unlike

with reading prodigies, as I am with to this : However, all authors may be

trandating them i or, which is better, affured that the moft efFeftual way to

that they will Ikip over the prodigies, , lull their readers afleep is to talk to

till they find fomething more worthy them of dreams. It is as contagious

of their attention : If a tranflator had as gaping in company,

the fame liberty, I am very fare I ■- '

1 B. ii. c. 36.

iame

264 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

lame time, was afhamed, being a perfbn, who worked with
his own hands, and an old man, to talk to the fenate of
ominous, and frightful dreams, for fear of being laughed at :
However, a few days after, he faid, his fon, who was young
and beautiful, died, fuddenly, without (Icknefs, or any other
apparent caufe of death : After this, the god, again, ap-
peared to him in his fleep, and faid that he had, already,
been puniflied in part, for his contempt, and negled of the
orders he had received, by the lofs of his fon, and fhould
foon feel other punifhments : That, when he heard this,,
he received the threats with pleafure, and, being weary
of life, defired to die ; however, that the god did not inflid
this punifhment on him, but fent fuch intolerable, and (harp
pains into all his limbs, that he could not move a joint
without the greateft torment : Being in this condition, he
communicated what had happened to his friends; and,
by their advice, was come to the fenate. While he was
^ving this account, his pains feemed ta leave him by de-
grees ; and, after he had related every thing, he rofe from
the litter; and, having invoked the god, walked home
through the city in perfed health.

LXIX. Upon this, the fenate were full of fear ; every one
was aftonifhed, and at a lofs to guefs what was meaned by
the god, and who fhould be th? leader of the dance in the
proceflion, who appeared unacceptable to him. At laft, one
of them, remembering the thing, related it to the reft, and
all of them confirmed it by their teftimony. It was this r
A Roman citizen of na obfcure condition, having ordered

one

Book Vir. DION YSIUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS. 265

one of his (laves to be put to death, delivered him to hi^
companions to lead him to his punishment ; and, with a view
to render the chaftifement the more exemplary, he direded
them to drag him through the forum, and every other con-
fpicuous part of the city, as. they whipped him; and that
he fliouldgo before the proceifion, which the Romans were,
at that time, performing in honor of that god. The men,
ordered to lead the fkve to the place of punifhment, having
extended both his arms, and fattened them to two pieces
of wood, which reached crofs his breaft, and ihoulders as
far as his wrifts, followed him, tearing his naked body with
whips ; The criminal, fubdued by the feverity of fuch treat-
ment, cried out ; and, not only, uttered execrations, fug^
gefted by the torture, but threw himfelf into indecent con-
torfions at every ftrdke. All thought this man to be the
unacceptable dancer, fignified b^ the god.

LXX. Since I am come to this part of the hiftory, I
ought not, in my opinion, to omit any thing performed by
the Romans on the occafion of this feftival : In this, I have
no defign to render my narration more agreeable by tlie
addition of theatrical entertainments, and florid diicour&s,
but to prove fomething neccflary, which is, that the nations,
who joined in fountUng the city of Rome, were Greek
colonies, fent out from places of the greateft repute ; and
not, as fome imagine, Barbarians, and vagabonds : For I
promifed at the end of the firft book, which I composed,
and publifhed concerning their origin, that I would prove
what I, then, advanced, by a great number of arguments,
- Vol. III. Mm drawn

266 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVII.

drawn from their ancient cuftoms, laws, and inftitutions,
which they preferve to this day, fuch as they received them
from their anceftors : For I am of opinion that it is not
enough for thofe, who write ancient, and local hiftories,
faithfiiUy to relate fa6ls, as they have received them from
the inhabitants of the country ; but that they ought, alfo,
to fupport thofe fadts by many indifputable teftimonies, if they
expe<9: their relations fhould find credit. Among thefe tefti-
monies, I look upon the firft, and the moft confiderable of all
others to be the ceremonies relative to theeftabliflied worfhip
of the gods, and genius's, which are performed in every city :
Thefe, both the Greeks, and Barbarians, have preferved for
die greateft length of time, and have, never, thought fit to
make any innovation in them, being reftrained from it by
their fear of the divine anger ; this fear makes the greateft
impreffions upon the Barbarians for many reafbns, which i
do not think this a proper opportunity to alledge ; and
no length of tiiiiehas, hitherto, induced either the Egyptians,
the Libyans, the Celtae, the Scythians, the Indians, or any
other Barbarous nations whatever, to abandon, or tranfgrefs
any thing relating to the worfiiip of their gods; unlefs Ibme
of them have been fubdued by a foreign power, and com-
pelled to exchange their own inftitutions for Thofe of the
conqueror. Whereas, the Roman commonwealth, never,
experienced fuch a misfortune ; but has herfelf, always,
given laws to others. If, therefore, the Romans had been,
originally. Barbarians, they would have been fo far from
abandoning their firft rites, and the cuftoms eftabliftied in

their

BookVII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 267

their country, by which they had arrived to fb great pro-
fperity, that they would, even, have made it the *^ intereft
of all their fubjeds to wor/hip the gods, according to the
Roman ceremonies ; and, if they themfelves had been
Barbarians, nothing could have hindered all Greece, which
has, now, been fubjed: to the Romans near *^ feven genera-
tions, from bfeing rendered Barbarous by them.

28» Ev %aX(f Koli^ticoLv. I do not think *9- EWofujv j/«ii«^». I find here a
that any of the tranflators have given note of Glareanus in Sylburgius,which
the fenfe of this paflage. Sylburgius M. *♦* has tranflated without the leaft
has paraphrafcd it. Portus has faid, acknowledgement. In this note, Gla-
aliis omnibus^ qmbus imperabant^ frae- reanus thinks thefe generations ought
clarum fore exijlimaffent. Le Jay has to be computed from the viftory gain-
rendered it, ilsfeferoientfait un devoir cd by the Romans over Perfeus, king
defaire bonorerleursdieuxi and M. ♦•* of Macedon, or from the end of the
il fe feroient fait un devoir dHntroduire fecond Punic war, when, he fays, the
leurs ceremonies. Nothing of all this Romans had fome footing in Greece,
gives the fenfe of theGreek text. Er x*- I cannot approve of either of thefe
x» fignifies opportunely^ advantageoufly. acras. The lirft is not early enough :
* Thucydides ufcs it in the laft fenfe. And the little the Romans pofleffed in
when he fays, Ev x4»Aa» iio%ii t} fA»x*i Greece at the laft aera does not de-
tff%S-»t ; which is, very well, explained ferve the application of the word x{<jft-
by the Greek fcholiaft, €;ri ^vjii^c^Qvli. ry/^fvov : So that, I would rather date
To apply this to the paflage before usj the conqueft of Greece from the con-
I think it very plain that ol Vt^/jtum fy fulfhip of L. Furius Purpureo, and
mAai KoSi^n^av TOK <xAAo«f dwstffiv m ti^xfiv M. Claudius.Marcellus, which fell out
Tw S-fw TOK o-^elf^oK Ti/A^w vofAifcwc, fig- in the year of Rome 558 ; when T.
nifies that the Romans would have Quinftius Flamininus, after he had
made it the intpreft of all -their fub- defeated Philip pf Macedon at Cynof-
jedls to honour the gods, as they hon- cephelae, caufed that famous decree
oured them ; that is, to embrace their to be publiflied at the Ifthmian games,
religion. This is a piece of policy. By this decree, all the Greek cities,
by which moft princes of Europe, at which had been under the dominion
this day, regulate their conduct. I of Philip, were declared free: •5tf»a/«j
wilh they would ftop here, and not populufque Romanus liberoSj immunes^
perfecute thofe, who refufe to con- fuis legibus ejfejubet : Then follow the
form to the religion of their courts, names of the cities, that were to enjoy
where thereis,feldom, any to be found, this noble benefit. Sure no nation,

» B. V. c. 59. • Livy, B. xxxiii. c. 32.

Um^ LXXI.

268 ROMAN ANtlQUlTIES OF fiookVIt.

LXXI. The ceremcMiies, now pradifed by the Romans,
might, poffibly, be looked upon by others as no finall indi-
cations of their ancient inftitutions. But, left any one fhould
think this a weak argument, and continue to ground their
opinion on this improbable notion, that, after the Romans
had conquered all Greece, they might forfake their own
cuftoms, and, willingly, embrace others, that were better,
I fliall deduce my proof from the time, when they were
not yet mafters of Greece, or of any other country on the
other fide of the fea: and fupport it by the authority of
Quintus Fabius, without having rccourfe to That of any
other author: For he is the moft ancient of all the
Roman hiftorians, and proves what he afferts, not only,
from the information of odiers, but, alfo, from his own
knowledge. This feftival, therefore, the Roman fenate,
ordered to be cdebrated, as I faid, purfuant to the vow
made by the dictator, Aulus Poftumius, when he was
upon the point of giving battle to the Latines, who had
revolted from the Romans, and were endeavouring to reftore
Tarquinius to the Ibvereignty : In confequence of this voWy
they ordered ^° five hundred minae of filver to be expended,
every year, in the facrifices, and the games ; and this lum
the Romans laid out on the feftival, till the time of the

ever, ufed their vidtory with fo much by their repeated acclamations, made

generofity. Livyfays this proclama- it evident, that, of ail bentfits, liberty

tion raiftrd fuch an ecftacy of joy in is the greateft.

the minds of all the Greeks, who were 3°- nuVxor/*? ,«»«?. 1614/. tis.Sd.

prefcnt at thefe games, that they could of our money. See the twenty feeond

icarce contain it : 'ihey cauied the annotation on the I'outth book,
proclamation to be read again, and,

Punic

BookVIL DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSEN SIS. 269
Punic war : And, during the£e holidays, many things were
performed, according to the cuftbms of the Greeks, fuch
as the general iaflemblies, the reception of ftrangers, and the
oeflatioa of hoftilities ; all which it would take up a great
deal of time to defcribe ; but fuch as relate to the pro-
cef&on, the iacrifice, and the games (for from thefe a judge-
ment may be formed of thofe I have not mentioned) are
as follows.

LXXn. Before the games began, the principal raagiftrates
performed a prooeflion in honor off the gods, from the capitol
through the forum to the great Circus : Thofe, who led the
proce{Iion, were the fons of the Romans, approaching to man-
hood, and of an age to bear a part in this ceremony, who
marched on horfd^ack, if their fathers were intitled, by thdr
fortunes, to be knights ; while the others, who were de-
fined to ferve in the infantry, went on foot ; the former
in fquadrons, and troops, and the latter in batallions, and
companies, as if they were going to their place of exercife ;
to the end that ftrangers might fee the number, and beauty
of thefe youths, who w&:e growing to be men able to ferve
their country. Thefe were followed by charioteers, fome
of whom drove chariots drawn by four horfes in front, and
fome chariots drawn by two, while others rode unyoked
horfes : After thefe, came the '' combatants both in the
light, and heavy games, all naked except their middle.

3^' OitmAi^nfMilm ayuufMi. aMui wreftlers, runners, boxers, etc. Kmi
is a general word in Greek, and fig- el yvfinKot f*tv xv^im; «$Aii7«i xaAv)7«ei,
nifies all the gymnic combatants, as fays ^ Julius Pollux.

•"B. Jii. Segm. 143.

This

270 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

This cuftom continues, even to this day, at Rome as it

was, originally, pradifed by the Greeks ; but it is, now,

abolifhed in Greece, the Lacedaemonians having put an end

to it : The iirfl perlbn, who attempted to appear naked, and

ran, in that condition, at the Olympic games, in the fifteenth

Olympiad, was Acanthus, the Lacedaemonian : For, before

that time, all the Greeks were afhamed to appear, intirely,

naked in the games, as Homer, the mofl credible, and the

mofl ancient of all witnefles, fhews by introducing his heroes

girded with cindures : Thus, when he is defcribing the

wrefUing of Ajax, and Ulyfles at the funeral of Patrodus,

he fays, they ^* girded themfehesy and advanced to the midcUe

of the 10: This he makes flill plainer in the Odyfl^, upon

the occafion of the boxing between Irus, and Ulyfles, in

thefe verfes;

3** T» it (^tttrnfAnu ^1)%* tt iMtroi would have found the two verles to

uytna. I fuppofe our author quoted have been applied in the manner I

this verfe of Homer upon memory •, have mentioned. I am fo great an

becaufe, in reality, the latter applies it admirer of Pope's tranflation of the

to the boxing match between Epeus, Iliad, that I fhould, certainly, have

and Euryalus } and not to the wreft- given the reader his tranflation of this

ling between Ajax, and Ulyfles, to verfe, as I Ihall of the others, which

which he applies the following verfe '} our author will, prefently, quote, if he

„ ,. r fl T . r ^3d not, I fuppofe to avoid a repeti-

Z«.«^.r« i «f « T«r. ^»7,v u p.<r.o. c^tma. ^j^^^ j^^^ ^^^ J{~^ tranflation the very

This was fcarce worth taking notice circumftance, for which our author

of ; neither fhould I have mentioned quotes this verfe, I mean, the word

it, had it not been to fliew the great ^m<r»{M<iu. However, he has not omit-

implicitnefs, which the French tranf- tedit alittlebefore, whcrehehas, very

lators pay all along to their guides, properly, rendered
the Latin tranflators. Hudfon calls x,^ /. ,«, ,.«7„ ,«.^«ce*M»,

the verfe, quoted by our author, the ., _ . . , , . „ . , ,. ,

685*^, in which they have followed Offictottswitbtbectnliuregtrdsbmround.

him : But, if either Hudfon, or they. Though the reader will find that he has,
had read the context in Homer> they afterwards, left out (Mhvm iJiuocfiflu.

•Iliad, ^.f. 710.

Then.

Book VII. DIONTSIUS HALICARNASSENSI8. 271

7%en^ girding his fir mg loins y the king prepares
To clofe in combat ^ and his body bares ;
Broad fpread his JhotdderSj and his nervous thighs
Byjufi degrees y like well turn d columns rife ;
Ample his chefi, his arms are round andfirong.

Pope.

And, when he introduces the beggar unwilling to ingage, and>
through fear, declining the combat; he fays, Thus they /poke ;
But Irus fickened with fear ; however y the fuitors forced him^
even in this condition, to be girdedy and dragged him trembling
to the combat. Thus it is plain that the Romans, who preferve
this ancient Greek cuftom to this day, did not learn it from
us afterwards, nor, even, change it in procefs of time, as we
have done. The combatants were followed by bands of dan-
cers, in three divifions; the firft confiding of men ; the fecond,
of youths; and the third, of boys; thefe were accompanied by
players on the flute, who made ufe of ancient flutes, fmall and
fliott, fuch as are ufed at this time; and by players on the
lyre, who ftruck ivory lyres with feven firings, called j6«fSf7«,
barbita ; the ufe of which is left ofi^, at this day, among
the Greeks, though pra^lifed by their anceftors ; but preferved
by the Romans in all the ancient ceremonies relating to
their facrifices : The dancers were drefled in fcarlet vefts^
girded with brafs cindures, from which hung their fwords,
and, in their hands, they carried Ipears fliorter than ordi-
nary; the men had, brazen helmets, adorned with beautiful
crefls, and plumes : Each band had its leader, who pre-
fcribed the figure of the dance to the reft, and, generally,

repre-

272 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVH

reprefented warlike, and quick motions, in Ae " time he
beat. This, alfo, was a very ancient Greek inftitation, I
mean, the armed dance, called the Pyrrhk-y whether it was
invented by Minerva, who firft began to lead bands of
dancers, and to dance in arms upon the deftrudion of the
Titans, in order to celebrate the vidory by this token of her
joy, or whether the Curetes, ftill earlier introduced it, when,
nurjQng Jupiter, they defired to divert him by the clafhing
of anns, and the motion of their limbs in time, according
to the fable. Homer fhews, in many places, the antiquity
c& this alfo, and that it was a national cuftom among the
Greeks; but, particularly, in enumerating the ornaments of
the fhield, which, he fays, Vukan made a prefent of to
Achilles : For, having reprefented in it two cities, one flou-
rifhing in peace, the other fuffering by war, in That, on
which he has beftowed the happier fate, he defcribesfeftivals,
marriages, and entertainments, the natural effeds of hap-
pinefs, fiiying,

33* PvtjMK. The fignification of this prole, and drefled ia rime to pleaie
word is fo much altered, that we have the extraordinary tafte of his country-
almoft loft the origiaal fenfe of it. In men. This is the more furprifmg,
Greek, it figniBes timet not tune ; and becaofe it muft be allowed that the
modern languages have reduced the French dramatic poetry, for regula-
word to fignify the bane of all poetry, rity, decency, and every thing but
rinu. We have, indeed, almoft fhaken ftrength, excels all the performances
off this monkifli yoke ; at leaft, we of that kind, which our country, or
have bani(hed it from the ftage^ where any other has produced, flnce the re-
it is, ftill, in fo great admiration in furredtion of letters. If an Englilh
France, that, not only, tragedies, but reader would allow me to render n
comedies, alfo, muft be in rime: Nay toiftrftxthwfttSmeirfvifMtiyinproteleiifi'
I have been told in France, that the matte rytbms^ as M. * * * has faid, en
Mifantbrope of Moliere, one of th6 rythmes froceleufmatiques^ it would fave
beft comedies, that, ever, appeared in a tranilator a great deal of trouble,
any language, was written by him in

Book VII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 273

*JCbe youthful dancers in a circle bounds
To the foft flute^ and cittern sjilver found:
Through the fair flreets-i the matrons in a row
Stand in their porches y and enjoy tbejbow.

Pope.

And, again, in defcribing another Cretan band of dancers,
that confifted of youths, and maidens, with which the
fhield was adorned, he fpeaks in this inanner;

Afigurd dance fucceeds ; fuch as uoasfeen
In lofty Gnojfus^ for the Cretan queen,
Forni d by Daedalean art* A comely batui ,
Of youths, and maidens, bounding hand and band*

Pope.
And, in defcribing the drels of thele dancers, in or^er to
fhew that the youths danced in arms, he fays j

Of thofe the locks withfcFwry wreaths inrolPd,
Of thefe the fides adorn d witbfooords of gold.
That gUtt^ring gay from filver bdis depend*

Pope.
And, when he introduces the kaders of the dance, who
prefcribed the figure of it to the refl, and began it, he
fays;

T^e gazing multitudes admire around ",
T'lao aSlive tumblers in the cemter ■bounds
Now high, now low, their pliant limbs they bend,
Andgenralfongs the fprigbtly revel end.

Pope»

Vol. IIL Nn It

274 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book Vlf.

It is, not only, from the warlike, and ferious dance, which
the Romans Employed in their racrifical ceremonies, and
proceflions, that any one may obferve their affinity to the
Greeks, but, alfo, from That, which is fatyrical, and jocofe :
For, after the armed bands, others marched in proceffion,
perfonating fatyres, and reprefented a Greek dance, called
^* Sicinnis : Thofe, who perfonated the Sileni, were drefled
in hairy vefts, called by fome, ^^ Chart aei^ and in mantlets
of various flowers : And thofe, who reprefented fatyres,
had cindures, and wore flcins of goats ; and, on their heads>
the manes of fe)me animals {landing upright, with other
things of the like nature : Thefe rallied, and mimicked the
ferious motions of the others by counterfeiting them ridicu-
loufly. The triumphal proceflions, alfo, Ihew that raillery,
and fatyrical jokes were an ancient, and national entertain-
ment among the Romans : For the foldiers, who attend the
^ triumphs, are allowed to fatyrize, and ridicule the mofl
confiderable men, without fparing their generals, in the
fame manner as the Athenians, who rode in proceflion in
carts formerly, were permitted to rally every one they met:
Now, they fing extemporary verfes: And I have feen, even,
in the funerals of illuflrious perfons, bands of dancers per-
fonating fatyres, who, together with the reft of the fhow,

34- "Zmnn. I fliall lay before the <-«fo&«i, k«i leiyw*®-*** n tvo 2:jit«»i» n

reader the account, given bytheau- A0«»«M«»/3««\»«foiirt «Mr»TBir«i*»y«y»

thor of the Etymologicum magnunty of tm 9tju(f oxAtp; »»Jm £uc«»k.
the fatyrical dance, called by theGreeks, ss- Xo(t»M. Xofaw is, thus, ex-

liKintf. That author fays it was *■«?«- plained by Suidas, and other lexicon

it, (ctpxif. minl»t h tnumf »»{«• ta derived from ;t«c'»f> *'^'*^^^'8"^fi^^'?y*

preceded

Book VII. DIONY-SIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 275
preceded the bier, and imitated, in their motions, the dance,
called Sicinnis, which is, particularly, pradiifed in the fu-
nerals of the rich : And, that this fatyrical manner of rally-
ing, and the dance, I have fpoken of, was not the invention
either of the Ligures, the Umbri, or of any other Barbarians,
who inhabited Italy, but of the Greeks, I fhall not go about
to prove, left I fhould, even, difguft my readers in endea-
vouring to confirm, by more arguments, a thing, univerfally,
allowed. After thefe bands of dancers, came a great number
of players on the lyre, and the flute: And, after them, the
perfons, who carried the cenfers, in which perfumes and
frankincenfe was burned all the way they went ; and, alfo,
the men, who bore the pageants made of gold, and filver,
both Thofe, that were appropriated to religion, and Thofe,
that belonged to the public. The images of the gods clo{ed
the proceflion ; they, were borne on mens ftioulders ; and
appeared in the fame fliape with Thofe made by the Greeks,
and had the fame habits, the (ame fymbols, and prefents, of
which each of them is (aid to have been the inventor, and
the giver to mankind : Thefe were the ftatues, not only, of
Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, Neptune, and of the reft, whom
the Greeks reckon among the twelve; but, alfo, of Thofe
'' more ancient, of whom the fables fay the twelve were born

3^' A\A(« Ktti ruy vraeytytft^ttt. The fcbooJ of mankind for two things

reader will find by many paflages in feemingly inconfiftent, learning, and

Herodotus, and Diodorus Siculus, that fuperftition. How the rhoft learned

the Greeks borrowed the names of al- nation, of all others, came to be the

moft all their gods, and the whole moft fuperftitious, contrary to reafon,

fyftem of their abfurd religion from and contrary to experience in all other

the£gyptians i whofe country was the parts of the world, is not fo eafy to be

N n 2 (as,

276 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VII.

(as of Saturn, Rhea, Themis, Latona, The Deftinies, Mne-
naofyne, and of all the reft, to whom temples, and holy

accounted for : The folution may be
this; that the learning, and the fupcr-
llition were in different hands : For I
imagine that the priefts had learning
without fuperftition^, and the laity
fuperftition without learning. To this
it may be objcfted, that, if the laity
had fuperftition, they learned it from
their priefts ; no doubt ; but, we are
not to conclude, that, becaufe the
priefts taught fuperftition, they were
themfelves fuperftitious •, on the con-
trary, many paflages in the ancient
writers ^ve us great reafon to believe,
and hope, that, in the earlieft times,
they were Deifts ; and, when they,
afterwards, taught fuperftition, they
preached, not the dodtrine they be-
lieved, but the doftrine they were to
live by, becaufe they were fenfible that
fyftems, and ceremonies would afford
a more abundant crop to the prieft*
hood, than a religion, which, indead
of wanting, defpifes the foppery of
both. If I faid that the Egyptians
were, originally, Deifts, I am juftified
in it by ^ Laftantius, whofe words I
ihall quote at length. In fpeaking of
Thot, or Thoth, whom we find by
Sanchoniathon in ^Eufebius to have
invented letters, contrary to the opi-
nion of many divines, who have a great
mind that Mofes (hould be efteemed
the inventor of them, he fays. Hie
fcripjit libros^ et quidem mtdtos^ ad cog-
nitionem divinarumrerumpertinentes^ in
quibus majejlaiem jummi ac Jingularis
pEi afferit : iifdemque nominibus appellate

quibus noSy deum, et patrem: ac ne
quis nomen ejus requireret^ a96iw%/uov ejj'e
dixity eo quod nominis proprietate non
egeaty ob ipfam fcilicet nnitatem : Ipfius
baec verba funlj i Jt Qiof ciV, ic tit o»o*

Tieo igitur nomen non efi^ quia folus eji ;
nee opus eJi proprio vocabuloj nifi cumdif-
crimen exigit muhitudo^ ut unamquamque
perfonam fud notd el appellatione deftg-
nes ; Deo aulem^ quia femper unus efiy
proprium nomen Deus. This was the
religion taught by this great Egyp-
tian philofopher, and legiflator ; ^ in
honor to whom the Egyptians called
the firft month of their year by his
name. It is, now, inipofllble to know
when he lived ; but, by a quotation
of * Eufebius from Sanchoniathon, it
appears that his laws were written on
pillars, and copied by Mercurius Trif-
megiftus in hicroglyphical, or hiero-
grammatical charafters after the flood:
Though I am much afraid that thefe
laft words, j»fl« top KtSanXy^^fMify are not
the words, or the fenfe of the words,
ufed by Sanchoniathon. This I fay,
becaufe every one, who is converfant
with the manner of Eufebius, muft
know that he is a very unfair quoter ;
and, if Sanchoniathon had given an
account of the flood, we (hould have
heard of it from him in at leaft as
ample a manner, as the other had re-
lated it. This, however, we may ga-
ther from his quotation, that Thot
lived, at leaft, a thoufand, and nobody^
knows how many thoufand, years be-

' B. i. c. 6. • Dc praq)ar. e?ang. B, i. c. 9> 10.
eDe praepar, evang. B. L c. 9, lo.

^Cken> Dc Nat. Deor. B. m. c. 22.

places

BookVir. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 277
places are dedicated among the Greeks ; and of thofe, who
are fabled to have lived ajfterwards, from whom Jupiter
received the kingdom) and of Prolerpina, Lu<;ina, the
Nymphs, the Mufes, theSeafons, the Graces, Bacchus, and
the Demigods, whofe fouls, after they had left their mortd
bodies, are faid to have amended to Hea.ven, and to have
obtained the fame honors with the gods ; fuch as Hercules,
Aefculapius, Caftor and Pollux, Heleija, Pan,, and ^nany
others. But, if the founders of. Rome, and the inftitutors of
this feftival had been Barbarians^ what could have induced
them to abandon their national gods, and genius's, and to
worfliip all Thofe of the Greeks ? Or, let any one ftiew any
other people befides the Greeks, among whom this was the
eftabliflied wwfljip ; and, then, let him cenfure this proofi
as groundlefs. After the procei^on w^$ ended, the confuls,
and the priefts, to whom itw^s aUowed, with their afliftants,
prefently facrificed oxen. The manner of which facrilice
was the lame as with us : For, after they had waflied their
hands, and purified the vi^ims vvith clear water, they
fprinkled flower on their heads, and prayed ; and, then, gave
orders to their minifters to facrifice them : Some of whom,
while the vi<Stim was yet ftanding, ftruck it on the temples
with a club ; other« recdved it, as it fell, upon knives, made
for that purpofe: After which, diey flayed it, and cut it up,

fore Mofes, in whofe -time, a$ it ap- otheir paCTage in the ^ Scripture, it alfo

pears from puniberlefs paflages in the appears t^ even the Ifraelites them-

Pcntateoch, tfce Egyptians had «k- -fclwcs had, during their fervitude in

changed the noble inftitutions of Thot Egypt, caught the infedion, and were

for a wretched idolatry j and, by an- become idolaters.

i< Joihaa, c. xxir. ;^. 14.

taking

278 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVlI.

taking ofF a piece from each of the inwards, and from every
limb, as a firft offering ; which they fprinkled with the
flower of barley, and carried to the facrificers in bafkets :
Thefe placed them on the altars ; and, making a fire under
them? poured wine upon them, while they were burning.
It is eafy to colled from Homer's writings, that every one of
thefe ceremonies was performed according to the cuftoms
eftabliflied by the Greeks in relation to lacrifices : For he
introduces the heroes both wafliing their hands, and ufing
barley cakes, where he fays ; Then they wajhed their hands^
and took up barley cakes : And, alfo, cutting off the hair from
the head of the vidim, and placing it on the fire, faying
thus : But hey beginning the facrificey threw the hair of the
bead into the fire. He, alfo, reprefents them ftriking the
foreheads of the vidims with clubs, and ftabbing them,
when they were fallen, as in the facrifice of Eumaeus :

A knotty flake then aiming at his heady
Down dropfd he groaningy and the fpirit fled :
The fl:orching flames climb round on evry fide.

He fays alfo,that they took the firft offerings from the inwards,
and the limbs, and fprinkled them with flower, and burned
themi upon the altars, as in the fame facrifice: Thefmne-
herd took the firfl offerings from all the limbs y andy wrapping
them up in the faty laid them upon the altar y while they were
yet raw ; then, flremng them with flowery be threw them
into the fire,

Thefe

BopkVil. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 279 1,

Thefe things I am acquainted with, by having feen the
Romans perform them, even in my time ; and, contented
with this iingle proof, I am convinced that the founders of
Rome were not Barbarians, but Greeks, aflembled together
from many places : It is, indeed, poffible that fome Bar-
barians, alfo, may perform a few cuftoms, relating to facri-
fices, and feftivals, in the fame manner with the Greeks ;
but, that they f]iould obferve all thefe, is not to be believed.

LXXIII. It, now, remains for me to give a fliort account
of the games, which the Romans performed after the pro-
cefllon : The firft was a race of chariots, drawn by four horfes
in front, and by two, and of unyoked horfes, as it was pradifed
by the Greeks, anciently, at the Olympic games, and is fo to
this day. In the chariot races, two very ancient cufioms are,
to this very time, obferved by the Romans, in the fame manner
as they were, firft, inftituted j one of which relates to the
chariots drawn by three horfes, which is, indeed, difufed by
the Greeks, though an ancient, and heroical inftitution, whicl^
Homer fays the Greeks ufed in battle : For to the two horfes
that were yoked, in the fame manner as when chariots are
drawn by two, a third was added in front, that was fattened
to the chariot by traces ; which horfe the ancients called,
^^ Hxprjo^ov, an additional horfe, becaufe he was fattened, and

S7' n«^|(<ifa»r. Cafaubon has a note gv(i^t Ivvatt took their rife from the

upon this word, which le Jay has tranf- ancient Greek cuftom of adding a

latcd without taking the leaft notice third horfe in front, called v^^^a^tf,

of him. In this npte, Cafaubon con- to the two, called }^vym. It is true that

tends that the led horfes, introduced this third horfe was, alio, called «'M(><iua(:

by the emperor Theophilus, and call- But this word, which is derived from

ed» by the Greeks . of thofe times, vu^Mt has not the leaft analogy with

joined

28o ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIl.

joined to the others. The other inftitution is the race, run
by thofe perfons, who fate with the charioteers ; which is,
ftill, obferved in* a few Greek cities upon the occafion of
fome ancient facrifices : For, after the horfe races were
ended, thofe, who fate with the charioteers, whom the poets
, call '* Uoc^ot^ac, and the Athenians Ano€oi}otc, leap^ from
their chariots, and run with one another in the ftadium :
So that, when the horfe races were over, thofe, who con-
tended in their own perfons, entered the lifts, that is, the
foot racers, the boxers, and the wreftlers : For thefe were the
three games in ufe among the ancient Greeks, as Homer
(bews in the funeral of Patroclus. And, in the intervals

ru(fo(, which is derived from «■»;«: tir»tf«fitwtrtuvii)titcufir»Y,*»f9«tf»iAtifitt
The «fe, aifo, of thefe horfes was as At^ut «*«e4« HAPHOPON ^
different as their names. The l^wot jg. n«<«CJ««f. This is, indeed, the
BT^fjofOf, or<r«f*«c, was fattened to word ufed by the Greek poets, or ra-
the chariot, and drew with the two ^j. ,«.,,c«?«4 for the fake of the
others : Whereas, the «»<7«j hr»of was ,„gt^ . b^ ^^ ^^^ j,^ ft^i^ ^1,^ f^^^
tio Other than what we call a ledhorfef. i ^^^^^ diftinguifhcs the »«{*.e«7«,
.In » Homer, the chariot of Acblles fromthe nV«X«»» when he is fpeaking
was drawn by three horfes, Xanthus, ^^f^^ Myrmidons, who, by the order
Balius, and Pedafusi the laft of which ©f Achilles
was the linros vntf^e^es we arc confi- -. - ,
dering. Av^ tC«i»A^{««'iir«;ai6«t/«M,iifie;)^otTt.

r.h .«.A«VJ«r vV*r. ^r.» «.»« I«r«, The thr^e games, prefcntly fpoken of

s'a^rKcc. B;A.ov,T««>i »r«.,<r. «7*.^.. by DionyOus, fucceed the chariot race

•^ ' in Horner^ though not, exattly, m this

L '/*'** * ^ . ^ TT i^-,*„ '^ order; which I mention, bccaufe Gla-*

^ ^ • ^ ^ rcanus fecms to think that our author

After this, poor Pedafus is killed by fuppofed the chariot race to have been

Sarpedon ; and, falling, puts the other one of them : Whereas, nothing can

two horfes in diforder ; but Autome- be plainer than that he fays thefe three

don drew his (word ; and, by cutting did not begin, till the horfe races

•the traces of Pedafus, fet every thing were ended j uKtAtflttv is rm Ufrnmt

right again, i(oixm.

i Iliad «r. f. 148. kib. f. 473. » niftd ^. 3^. 13a.

between

Book VII. DION YSIUS HALICARN ASSENSIS. 281

• between Ae^ gamesj thcjr o bicircd s cuftoat the meft-
agreeable to the genius of the Greeks, and the mofi com-
mendable of all others, which was, to crown the perfons,
and proclaim the names, of thofe they honoured as their
benefadlors (as it was pra<9lifed at Athens, during the feftivals
of Bacchus) and expofe to the view of all the ^edators the
ipoils they had taken in war._ But, concerning thefe things,
as it would not have become me to make no mention of
them, when the ful^edt required it ; fb it would be im-
proper to extend the relation farther than is neceflary. It is,
now, time to return to the narration we have interrupted.
After the fenate were informed of all the circumftances
relating to the flave, who had been led to punifliment by
the order of his mafter, and had preceded the proceffion,
by the perfon, who remembered what had happened
upon that occafion, they concluded that this man was the
unacceptable leader of the dancers, pointed out by the god,
as I faid ; and, inquiring after the mafter, who had ufed his
ilave fo cruelly, they puniflied him as he deferved; and
ordered another proceffion to be performed in honour of the
god, and other games to be exhibited, at double the expence
of the former. And thefe were the tranfadions of this
confulfhip.

The end of the Seventh book.

Vol. III. O o THE

THE

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

O F

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.

THE EIGHTH BOOK.

THE confuls, who were chofen after thefe, were
Calus Julius lulus, and Publius Pinarius Rufus,
who entered upon their magiftracy in the feventy
third Olympiad, at which Aftylus of Croton won the prize
of the ftadium, Anchifes being archon at Athens ; Thefe
magiftrates, who were not, in the leaft, warlike men, and,
for that reafon chiefly, had obtained the confulfhip from
the people, were, contrary to their inclination, ingaged in
many great dangers ; a war breaking out in their magiftracy,
which had like to have deftroyed the commonwealth from
its foundation: For Marcius Coriolanus, who had been
accufed of aiming at tyranny, and condemned to perpetual
baniftiment, refenting his misfortune, and, at the fame time,
defiring to revenge himfelf upon his enemies, confidered by
what means, and by the forces of what nation, he might
effed it j and found that the Volfci were, at that time, the

only

Book Vlir. DION YSIUS HALIC ARN ASSENS IS. 283

only people, whofe power was able to encounter That of
the Romans, if they could be brought to unite, and make
war upon them under an able general. He concluded, there-
fore, that, if he could prevail on the Volfci to receive him,
and to give him the command of the war, his defign would
eafily, and prefently, be brought to bear. On the other fide,
his hopes were checked by the confideration of the cala-
mities he had often brought upon them in battle, and in
forcing many cities to forfake their alliance. However, the
greatnefs of the danger did not deter him from the attempt;
on the contrary, he refolved to rujQi into thefe very dangers,
and fuffer whatever might be the confequence. Taking the
advantage, therefore, of a dark night, he went to Antium,
the moft cdnfiderable city of the Volfci, at the time when
the inhabitants were at fupper ; and, going into the houfe
of a man in power, who, by realbn of his birth, his riches,
and his military adions, had a high opinion of himfelf, and,
generally, led the whole nation, whofe name was Tullus
Attius, he became his fupplicant, and 'fate down at the

Annotations on the Eighth Book.

'• K«fl«^o/*5vo< Iff* Tt)f lf<«f. Cafaubon Moloflians; who, not being at home,
has fhewn great fagacity in reading his wife inftrudled him what he was to
)tcc6i^ofit>o(f inftcad of K»it(ofjittVi as it do, in order to gain the proteftion of
ftands in all the editidris •, this does him her hulband, fays, « A, rijf ywaixot
the greater honor, as it is plain he had Uilut ytftf*nt{, iiicKnuUi vV* ««7i,f ray
never feen the Vatican manufcript, »«» J« <r<p«» A«e«v it«(l({»<)fr«iiir. ti,» /f««»,
where we find K»6*^oi*twt : Cafaubon or, rather, as I think, tm mt {yi«f.
juftifies his correction by "Thucydides, Cafaubon goes on, and confirms his
who, in fpeaking of Themiftocles, reading by quotations from many
when he fled to Admetus, king of the other authors, which I think it need-

•B.i. c. 136.

O O 2 foot

«84 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OP BookVIII.

foot of the altar confecrated to his houfliold gods: Then,
having related to him the neceffity, which had reduced him
to fly to his enemies, he begged of him to entertain fenti-
ments of moderation, and humanity with regard to a perfon,
who was become his fupplicant, and, no longer, to locJcupon
that man as an enemy, who was in his power ; nor to exert
his flrength againft the unhappy and the humbled ; but
to confider that the fortunes of men are not permanent.
*^ This, fays he, you may learn, in a particular manner,
** from myfelf, who was, once, looked upon as the moft
^^ confiderable perfon in the moft renowned city, and am,
*^ now, defertcd, baniflied, reduced t?o an abjed condition,
*^ and expofed to any treatment you, who are my enemy,

lers to repeat, lince we are in poflef- crefted in every houfe to the Dii Pe-

fion of the true reading by the aflift- nates : This Is explained by ^ Cicero :

ance of the Vatican manufcript. M. ^id eji fanSliuSj quid omni religiom

• • ♦ has taken all thcfe authorities munitiusj quam domus uniufcujufque ci^

from Cafaubon verbatim^ and adorned vium ? Hie arac funiy hie foci^ bic dii

himfelf with his fpoils, without the PtnaUs^ hicfacra^ religioneSj caeremoniat

Icaft acknowledgement to the bird, continentur : Hoc perfugium efiitafanStum

whofe plumes he borrowed : However, dmnihus^ ut inde ahripi nemnem fas Jit.

i thought it apiece of juftice to ftrip This fr<ai Ulyfles, in *^ Homer, calls

the jackdaw, and to reftorc the gaudy upon to witncfs to the truth of what

feathers to the right owner. To what he is faying,
I have quoted from Cafaubon, I (hall t • i t ^

add a woixl, or two of my own, con- ^'''^ ' •^"^'^^^ ""^'f''''^ ''' .-^*'**'--

cerning the figniBcation of the word Where ly iiy, or U%a^ is, very properly.

Iff «, becaufe I do not think that either explained by the Greek fcholiaft, o

focus in the Latin, or foyer in the fimfAot tn^ Uic^K. In this fenle alfo,

French, tranflators, explains the fenfe Hobbes, who, feldom, miftakes his

of it in this place : For, neither of author, has tranflated x<ii9i^(o&«i tm mt

thofe words fignifies any thing more Ui»^ in the paifage I quoted from

than a fire^ or a hearth ; whereas the Thucydidcs, and fit down at the altar

proper fignification of \siok was an altar of the houfe.

^ Pro dom. c. 41 . * OdyC S. ^. 1 5 8»

"fhall

Book Vlir. DION YSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 285^

" fliali think fit to inflid upon me. But I promife you that
^* I will perform as great ferviccs to the Volfci, if I become
** their friend, as I occafioned calamities to them, when I
" was their enemy : However, if you refolve upon my ruin,
** let loofe your refentment at once, and grant me the
" fpeedieft death, by Sacrificing a fupplicant with your own
** hand, and at the foot of your own altar."

II. While he was yet fpeaking, Tullus gave him his hand;
and, raifing him from the altar, delired he would aflure
himfelf that he fliould not be treated in a manna* unworthy
of his virtue ; and faid he thought himfelf under great
obligations to him for coming to his houfe, and (hewed that
he looked upon even This as no fmall honor : He pro-
mifed him, alio, that he would make all the Volfci his
friends, and begin with his own fellow-citizens : All which
promifes he made good. Soon after, Marcius, and Tullus
conferred together in private, and came to a refolution to
begin a war againft the Romans. Tullus propofed to put
himfelf, immediately, at the head of all the Volfci, and
march to Rome, while the Romans were yet divided, and
had unexperienced generals. On the other fide, Marcius
kififted that they ought firft to lay a pious, and juft foun-
dation for the war ; and fhewed him that the gods intcrpofed
in all tranfadions, particularly in Thofe relating to war, by
how much they are of greater confequence than any others
and fubjed to uncertain events. It happened that there Was,,
at that time, a cefiation of arms, and a truce fubfifting
between the Romans, and the Volfci, and alfo, a treaty for

two

^

«

C(

286 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

two years, lately entered into between them : " If, there-
" fore, you make war upon them inconfiderately, fays he,
" and with precipitation, you will be the caufe of the
treaties being diflblved, and Heaven will not be propitious
to you : Whereas, if you ftay till they do this, you will
'* be thought to ad: upon the defenfive, and to punifli them
** for their breach of treaty. How this may be effeded,
" and by what means they may firft violate this treaty, and
" we feem to make war upon them with piety, and juftice,
'* I have difcovered, after long confideration. * It is neceflary
" the Romans fhould be deceived by us, and be led, by that
'* deceit, firft to tranlgrefs the law of nations. The manner
** of this deceit (which I have, hitherto, concealed in ex-
** pedation of a proper feafbn to put it in pradice ; but,
** feeing you, now, eager for adion, I am forced to difciofe
" it fooner than I propofed) is this; The Romans are going
** to perform facrifices, and exhibit very magnificent games, ,
** at a great expence : At which great numbers of ftrangers
" will be prefent, as fpedators. When this time comes, go

»• A« Jt v(f>' li'/w*" *"'"* «^««-<x7»iM««. to have been fo far blinded by his relent-

This is a poor fubterfuge in Coriola- mentagainft his country, as to facriBce

nus, and ftrange advice from a man, every confideration to his defire of rc-

who had, juft before, faid that Heaven venge : The impetuofity oi this paf-

would not be propitious to the Volfci, fion made him tranfgrefs the raoft im-

if they were the aggreflbrs in the war; portant maxhn of p.>litical morality,

as if there could be any difference be- which renders it infamous, in the

tween taking arms againft theRomans, higheft degree, for any man, how un-

and circumventing them by this mean jultly foever he may have been treated

device: The end of both was the fame, by his country (which, by the way,

that is, to force the Romans into a war, was not his cafe) even to aflift her

and the means he employed to effedt enemies with his counfel, much more

that end, was, of the two, the kaft to take ar^s againft her.
honourable. But he feems throughout

« thither

BookVIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 287

" thither yourfelf, and ingage as many of the Volfci as you
" can, to go alfo, and fee the games : And, when you are
" at Rome, fend one of your friends you can moft con-
** fide in, to the confuls, and let him acquaint them, pri-
" vately, that the Volfci have formed a defign to attack
" the city in the night ; and that it is with this view they
** are come to Rome in fo great numbers : For you may be
** afiured that, if they hear this, they will expel you the city
" without hefitation, and fumifh you with a motive for a
** juft refentment."

III. When Tullus heard this, he was highly pleafed ;
and, putting off the defign of a prefent expedition, employed
himfelf in preparing for the war. When the day, appointed
for the commencement of the feftival, was come, Julius,
and Pinarius, having, already, entered upon their magiftracy,
the choiceft youth of the Volfci came from every city, at
the defire of Tullus, to fee the games : And the greateft
part of them were obliged to lie in tents fet up both in the
facred, and public places ; neither the houies of public
entertainment, nor Thofe of the Romans, with whom they
had an intercourle of hofpitality, fufficing for their reception :
And, when they walked in the ftreets, they appeared in
bodies, and companies : So that, there was, already, a report
in the city, and ftrange fufpicions raifed concerning them.
In the mean time, the informer, fuborned by Tullus pur-
fuant to the advice of Marcius, went to the confuls ; and,
pretending that he had a fecret pradice to reveal to his
enemies againft his friends, he bound the confuls by oaths,

a*

iU ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIII.

as well in regard to his own fafety, as that none of the
Volfci fliould know who had given the information againft
them : After which, he gave an account of the pretended
treachery. The confuls gave credit to the relation, and
immediately fummoned all the fenators, man by man ; and
the informer, being brought before the fenate, and, having
received from them, alfo, the fame aflurances, he confirmed
the account he had given. The fenators had, even long
before, looked upon it as a circumftance full of fufpi-
cion, that fuch numbers of young men fliould come to fee
the games from one nation, who were their enemies : But,
by the acceflion of this information, the deceit of which
they were flrangers* to, their opinion was turned into cer-
tainty. The refolution, therefore, they all came to, was, to
fend the men out of the city before funfet, and to order
proclamation to be made, that all, who refufed to obey,
fhould be put to death ; and that the confuls fliould take
care that, in departing, they fliould neither be infulted, nor
cxpofed to any danger.

IV. After the fenate had pafled this order, feme went
through the ftreets giving notice to the Volfci to depart the
city immediately, and that they fliould all go out at one
gate, which was That called Capena j while others, together
with the confuls, condudled them in their departure : And,
as they all went out of the city at the fame time, and at the
fame gate, it appeared, by that means, how numerous they
were, and how fit they were all for fervice. Tullus firft
went out with great expedition ; and, making a ftand at a

proper

Book VIII. D ION YS I us HALICARNASSENSIS. 289

proper place, not far from the city, he received thofe, who
came after him: And, when they were all together, he
harangued them, ufing many invedives againft the Romans,
and (hewed that the infult the Volfcians had received from
them was heinous, and inexpreflible, they being the only
ftrangers, who were driven out of Rome : He defired that
every man would publifh thefe proceedings in the cities, to
which he belonged, and take proper meafures to put a
ftop to this infolence of the Romans, by punifhing them for
their unwarrantable behaviour: After he had faid this, and
iharpened the refentment of the Volfci, who were, already,
exafperated at the ufage they had met with, he difmifled
the aflembly. When they returned home, every one related
to his fellow-citizens the infult he had received, with ag-
gravations, which inflamed all the cities to that degree they
were unable to contain their refentment : And, fending to
another, they appointed a general aflembly of the Volfcian
nation, in order to confult in common concerning the war:
All this was done, chiefly, at the infl:igation of TuUus.
And the magiflirates from every cjty, together with great
multitudes of other people, afliembled at Echetra (for this
city feemed the moft conveniently fltuated for a general
aflfembly) and, after many fpeeches were made by the ma-
gifl:rates of the cities, the votes of all prefent were taken ;
and it was carried to begin the war, fince the Romans had
firft violated the treaty.

V. After the magiftrates had propofed to the afllembly
to confider in what manner they ought to carry on the war

Vol. III. P p againft

290 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

againft them, Tullus prefetited himfelf, and advifed them
to call in Marcius, and inquire of him by what means the
power of the Romans might be fubverted: For he knew,
better than any man, both the weaknefs, and the ftrength
of that commonwealth. This was approved of; and pre-
fently they all cried out to call in the man. Then Marcius,
hiving the opportunity he defired, role up with grief in his-
looks, and tears in his eyes ; and, after a fliort paufe, fpoke
as follows : " If I thought you all entertained the fame
** opinion of my misfortune, I fhould not think it neceflary
" to make any apology for it ; but, when I confider that,
" among many men of different chara<Skers, it is probable
** fome may be poflefled with an opinion, neither true in
" itfelf, nor deferved by me, that the people of Rome did
" not banifh me without a real, and juft caufe, I think
** myfelf obliged, above all things, firft to clear my condudl
** in a public manner, and before you all, from any impu-
** tarion relating to my banilhment : But, I conjure you,
" by the gods, that even thofe among you, who are beft
** acquainted with what I have fufFered from my enemies,
" and beft know that I have not deferved this misfortune,
" Will allow me to proceed, and that you will not defire to
** be advifed what you are to do, before you have inquired
*' into the charader of the advifer. The account I /hall give
" of thefe things will be fhort, though I fhould date it from
" their beginning. The original conftitution of the Romans
" was compofed of monarchy, and ariftocracy : Afterwards,
" Tarquiniys, their laft king, thought fit to change the

" govern-

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 291
** government to a tyranny : For which reafon, the leading
" men of the ariftocracy, entering into an aflbciation againft
" him, expelled him the city ; and, taking upon themfelves
" the adminiftration of the public affairs, formed fuch a
** fyftem of government, as all men acknowledge to be the
" bed and wifeft. But, not long after, that is, within three,
" or four years, the pooreft and idleft of the citizens, excited
** by bad leaders, committed many infolences, and, at laft,
** endeavoured to fubvert the ariftocracy. Upon this, all the
*' leading men of the fenate grew uneafy, and thought
** proper to confider of the means to reprefs the infolence
** of thefe difturbers of the government. Of all the fup-
<* porters of the ariftocracy, Appius, a man, who, on many
<* accounts, deferves to be commended, moft diftinguifhed
** himfelf among the elder fenators, as I myfelf did among
** the younger : And, upon every occafion, we fpoke with
<* freedom in the fenate, notfo much with a view of making
<* war upon the people, as from a jealoufy left the government
** ftiould fall into the hands of the worft citizens ; neither
<* did we defire ta inflave any of the Romans, but to pre-
** ferve the liberty of all, and that the power might be re-
" ftored to the beft men.

VI. " This being obferved by thofe moft pernicious
** leaders of the people, they refblved to remove us two,
** who moft profefledly oppofedthem, firft out of their way,
** not by attacking us both at once, left the attempt ftiould
** appear both invidious and odious, but to begin with me,
*^ who was the younger, and the eafier to be opprefled.

P p 2 "In

292 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.
" In the firft place therefore, they endeavoured to deftroy
" me without a trial ; and, after that, they required to have
" me delivered up by the fenate in order to be put to death :
'* But, being dilappointed in both, they fummoned me to
" a trial, in which they themfelves were to be my judges,
" and charged me with aiming at tyranny : They did
" not confider that tyrants never make war upon the
" people in conjundion with the beft men; but, on the
" contrary, deftroy the beft men in conjundlion with the
** people : Neither did they fuffer the people aflembled in
" their centuries to be my judges, according to the efla-
" bliftied cuftom, but appointed fuch an aflembly to try me,
"as all allow to confift of the moft profligate judges, a
" tribunal ere<^ed againft me, and me alone, in which
** labourers, vagabonds, and thofe, who form defigns
** againft the pofleflions of others, were fure to prevail over
** good and juft men, and fuch as aim at the fafety of
** the commonwealth. And fo far was I from appearing
" guilty of any crime, that, though tried by the populace,
" of which the greateft part were enemies to virtue, and,
" for that reafon, to me, I was ^ condemned by two votes
" only, while the tribunes threatened to reflgn their power,.
'* if I was acquitted, alledging that they expelled the

3* Aufl-i jupvof ix^uv ^t!<poK. Marcius, to him, there would, then, have been

like an able cater, artfully extenuates eleven for him, and as many againft

the number of votes, that condemned him, and, confequently, as our author

him, and yet advances nothing, that has already toid us, he would have

is not literally true : For, though nine been acquitted byreafon of the cqua-

votes only acquitted, and thirteen con- lity of votes, as the law rLquirecl. See

demned, him, yet it is true that, if two the twenty fixth annotation on the

cf thofe thirteen votes had come over feventh book.

" worft

Book VIII. DION YSI us HALICARNASSENSIS. 293
" worft of treatment from me, and, with all eageraefs and
" paflion, prefled my condemnation. After I had been thus
" treated by my fellow-citizens, I thought my future life
" would prove a fcene of mifery to me, unlefs I took re-
" venge on them: And, for this reafon, when I was at
" liberty to live, with eafe, either in any of the Latin cities
" I thought fit by reafon of our confanguinity, or in the
" colonies lately planted by our fathers, I declined it ; and
** chofe rather to fly to you, whom I knew to have received
" the greateft injuries from the Romans, and to entertain
" the greateft refentment againft them ; to the end that, in
** conjundion with you, I might take revenge on them to
" the utmoft of my power both by my words, where words
** were wanted, and, by my adionss where they were fo.
" And I think myfelf much obliged to you for the reception
** you have given me, and ftill more for the honor you {hew
" me, without either refenting, or confidering, the mifchiefs
" you received from me during the wars.

VII. " What charader, then, fhould I deferve, if, deprived
" as I am of the glory, and honors I ought to have received
" from my fellow-citizens, to whom I have rendered great
" fervices, and, befides, driven away from my country, my
" family, my friends, from the gods, and fepulchres of my
" anceftors, and from every other enjoyment ; and if, finding
" all thefe among you, whom I have made war againft for
" their fake, I fhould not annoy thofe, who have behaved
" themfelves to me like enemies, inftead of fellow-citizens,
*' and ferve thofe, who have fhewn themfelves my friends,

" inftead

294 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

" inftead of enemies ? For, whoever entertains neither re-
" fentment againft thofe, who feek his ruin, nor afFe<Slion
" for thofe, who endeavour his prefervation, deferves not,
'* in my opinion, the name of a man. I acknowledge not
** that nation for my country, which has renounced me,
" but That, of which, though a ftranger, I am become a
" citizen ; nor the country, in which I have been injured,
" as my friend, but That, in which I find my fecurity.
'* And, if I am aflifted by Heaven, and feconded by you
" with all the alacrity I have reafon to expedt, I hope there
** will be a great, and fudden change : For you know that
" the Romans, after the experience of many enemies, fear
** none more than you ; neither is there any thing they
have ever fought more earneftly, than the means of Weak-
ening your nation. And, to this end, they have poflefled
** themfelves of fome of your cities by force in time of
war, and deluded others to fubmit to them by vain
promifes of their friendfliip, left all of you fliould unite,
" and ingage in a common war againft them. If, therefore,
** youperfift in your refolution of countera<9ing their defigns
** with vigor, and all unite in carrying on the war, as you
** now feem determined to do, you will eafily put an end to
their power.

VIII. " As to the operations of the war, and your con-
dud in this enterprife, fince, from your opinion either of
" my experience, or affedion to you, or both, you defirc
" that I fhould give my advice, I {hall give it, without
" concealing any thing. In the firft place, therefore, I advife

" you

cc

(C

«

C(

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 295

" you to confider by what means jou may find a pious, and
" juft caufe of war : Hear then, what caufe of war will,
" not only, be pious and juft, but profitable to you at the
" fame time : The country, which,- originally, belonged to
" the Romans, is of fmall extent, and barren ; but That,
** which they have acquired by robbing their neighbours, is
*' large and fertil : And, if each of the injured nations (hould
'* redemand their own, nothing would be fo inconfiderable,
" fo weak, and fo diftreffed, as the Roman ftate. Of this
" you ought, I think, to fhew the example : Send, there-
" fore, embafiadors to them to demand reftitution of your
" cities they are in poffeffion of; to defire them to evacuate
" all the ftrong places they have ereded in your country,
** and to perfuade them to reftore every thing elfe belonging
** to you, which they have ufurped by force. But, commence
" not the war, till you have received their anfwers : For, if
** you follow this advice, you will obtain one of the two
" things you defire ; you will either acquire reftitution of
" all, that belongs to you, without danger, and expence ;
" or be furniftied with an honourable, and a juft caufe of
** war. For, not to covet the pofleffions of others, but to
" redemand one's own, and, not obtaining it, to declare war,
** will, by all men, be allowed an honourable proceeding.
" What refolution, then, do you think the Romans will
" take, if you purfue my advice ? Do you think they will
" reftore the places to you ? If they do, what fhould
" hinder them from relinquiftiing every thing, that belongs
" to others ? For the Aequi, the Albans, the Tyrrhenians,

"and

296 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIII.

** and many others will come, each to redemand their own.
** Or do you think they will retain thefe places, and refufe
" all your juft demands? This is my opinion. Protefting,
" therefore, that you have been firft injured by them, you
** will, neceflarily, have recourfe to arms ; and you will have,
** for your allies, all, who, having been deprived of their
" pofleflions, defpair of recovering them by any other means,
" than by a war : And Fortune has prepared for the in-
'* jured an opportunity they could never have expe<5led,
** and, of all others, the moft favourable, of attacking the
" Romans, while they are divided, and fufped one another,
** and while their generals are unexperienced in war. Thefe,
** therefore, are the things, which I thought proper to fug-
" geft to you, as to perfons I wifli well to ; and are delivered
** with all affedion, and fincerity. As to Thofe, which it
«' will be neceflary to forefee, and contrive upon every occa-
" fion, when thefe defigns are to be carried into execution,
*< leave them to your generals : For you may depend upon
** my zeal for your fervice, in whatever poft you (hall think fit
" to place me ; and I fliall endeavour to do my duty with
" no lefs bravery than any of your common foldiers, or
** your inferior, or fuperior officers. Employ _me, therefore,
** wherever I may be of any ufe to you ; and be affiired
" that, if, when I fought againft you, I was able to do you
** great mifchief, when I fight on your fide, I ftiall, alfo, be
** able to do you great fervice."

IX. Thus Marcius fpoke : And, while he was yet (peak-
Jng, it was vifible that the Volfci heard him with admiration.

And,

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARN AS SENSIS. 297

And, after he had done, they fignified their approbation of
his advice by loud acclamations ; and, fuffering no one elfe
to fpeak, they confirmed it by a refolution of the affembly.
After the order was drawn up, they made choice of the
mod confiderable men out of every city, and fent them to
Rome in quality of embailadors. And, as to Marcius him-
felf, they voted that he fhould be admitted into the fenate
in every cityj be capable of the magiftracy every where;
and partake of all other honors, that were in the greateft
requeft among them. And, without flaying for the anfwer
of the Romans, they all went to work, and employed them-
felves in warlike preparations ; and every one, who had
been, till then, dejeded by their former defeats, grew, now,
elated, in confidence of fubverting the power of the Romans.
In the mean time, the embafladors they had fent to Rome,
being introduced into the fenate, faid that the Volfci were
very defirous of feeing an end put to their complaints
againft the Romans ; and that, for the future, they might
be friends and allies, without fraud or deceit: And that
they fhould look upon the reflitution of the lands, and the
cities, which had been taken from them, as a fure pledge of
their mutual friendfhip ; otherwife, there could be neither
peace, nor lafHng friendfhip between them ; the injured
being by nature an enemy to the injurer : And they defired
the Romans not to reduce them to a neceflity of making
war, by refufing them juflice.

X. After the embafladors had done fpeaking, the fenators
ordered them to withdraw ; and held a confultation among

Vol. III. Q^q . them-

«

298 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVlII.

themfelves : Then, having refolved upon the anfwer they
were to give, they called them again into the Tenate, and
ij)oke to them as follows : " We are not ignorant, Volfci,
** that you do not feek peace, but only a fpecious pretence'
** for war : For you come to demand thde things of us,
** which you well know you will never obtain, fince your
** demands are unjuft and impoffible. If, indeed, you had
" delivered up thefe places to us, and, changing your minds,
came now to redemand them, it would have been unjuft
not to reftore them ; but, being deprived of them by war,
" and having, no longer, any right to them, you ad unjuftly
" in coveting the pofleffions of others. As for us, we look
" upon thofe acquifitions to be founded on the beft title,
•* that are founded on our vidories. We are not the firft,
** who have eftablifhed this law, neither do we look upon
** it to flow from men, but from the gods. And, as
** we know that all nations, both Greeks, and Barbarians,
•* make ufe of this law, we are refolved to relax in nothing,
" nor to relinquifh any of our conquefts : For it would (hew
** a great want of fpirit in us to lofe, through fear and folly,
*' what we have acquired by virtue, and valor. We neither
" force you into a war, if you do not defire it ; nor deprecate
** a war, if you do : But, if you begin it, we fhall. defend
*' ourfelves. Return this anfwer to the Volfci ; and let them
*' know that they will be the firft to take up arms, and we
** the laft to lay them down."

Xr. The embafladors, having received this anfwer, made
their report to the commonwealth of the Volfoi : Upon

which.

BookVIII. DIONYSIUS HALIC ARNASSENSIS. 299

which, another aflembly being called, a decree paflied, with
the concurrence of the whole nation, to declare war againft
the Romans. After this, they appointed TuUus, and Mar-
cius to command their armies with abfolute authority ; and
voted men to be levied, money to be raifed, and preparations
to be mad6 of every thing they thought neceflary for the
war. When the aflembly was going to be difmifled, Marcius
rofe up, and faid ; " The votes of this aflembly deferve
<' commendation, and let them be carried into execution,
" each in their own time : But, while you are raifing men,
" and making other preparations, which, in all probability,
" will employ you for fome time, and create delays, Tullus
** and I will begin the work. As many of you, therefore,
" as are willing to plunder the enemy's countiy, and to gain
" a great booty, let them go with us. I undertake, with the
** afliftanCe of Heaven, to procure them many rich fpoils:
" For the Romans, obferving that our forces are not yet
" drawn together, are unprepared to receive us : So that,
" we (hall have an opportunity of overrunning as great a
" part of their country as we pleafe, without moleftation."

XII. The Volfci approving this propofal alfb, the generals
marched out, immediately, at the head of a numerous army
of voluntiers, before the Romans were informed of their
defign : With part of which Tullus invaded the territories
of the Latines, in order to prevent them, by this diverfion,
from fending any afliftance to the Romans ; while Marcius
led the remaining part of the army into the Roman terri-
tories. As this misfortune fell unexpedcdiy on the inhabi-

Qj3 2 tants

300 ROMAN ANTlCtyiTIES OF BookVIII.

tants of the country, many Romans of free condition were
taken, and many flaves, and no fmall quantity of oxen,
beafts of burden, and other cattle. And, as to the corn
that was left ftanding, the iron" tools, and other inftru-
mehts, with which the land is tilled, fome were carried
away, and others deftroyed : For the Volfci, at laft, fet fire
to the country houfes ; fo that, it would be a long time,
before the owners could repair them. The pofleflions of the
plebeians fufFered moft upon this occafion, while Thofe of
the patricians remained unhurt ; or, if thele received any .
damage, it fell only on their flaves, and cattle. For Marcius
had given thefe orders to the Volfci, with a view of en-
creafing the jealouly of the plebeians againft the patricians,
and to keep the fedition alive ; which happened accordingly :
For, when the Romans were informed of this devaftation
of their country, and that the calamity had noffallen on
all alike, the poor clamoured againft the rich, accufing
them of having brought Marcius againft them ; and the
patricians faid in their defence, that this was fome malicious
artifice in the general : But neither of them put themfelves
in apofture, through mutual jealoufies, and fear of treachery,
either to fuccour that part of the country, which was laying
wafte, or to preferve That, which remained untouched.
So that, Marcius had full liberty to return with his army,
and to bring home all his men, after they had done as much
damage as they thought fit, but fufiered none, and inriched
themfelves with a great booty. Soon after, TuUus alfo
arrived from the territories of the-Latinesj bringing with

him

Book VIII. DION YSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 301
him a great number of fpoils : For there the inhabitants,
being unprepared, and the calamity falling upon them
unexpectedly, were alfo unfurniflied with an army to with-
iland the enemy. By this means, all the cities of the Volfct
were elevated with hopes ; the army was raifed, and every
thing elfe the generals had occafion for was fupplied, fooner
than could have been expeded.

XIII. When all their forces were aflembled, Marciua
confulted with his coUegue concerning the future operations
of the war, and faid to him : " In my opinion, Tullus, it
" will be beft for us to divide our army into two bodies ;
" and that one of us take with him the ableft, and braveft
** of our troops, and lead them againft the enemy in order
** to ingage them ; and, if they do not decline the ingage-
" ment, decide the conteft by one battle; but, if they
** are unwilling, as I think they will be, to commit the fate
** of the war to a new raifed army, and unexperienced
** generals, then let him lay wafte their country ; employ
** their allies in their own defence; deftroy their colonies,
" and annoy them by every other mdans he can : And let
" the other remain here, and defend both the countty, and
" the cities, left the enemy fall upon them unawares, if they
" are unguarded, and we ourfelves fuffer the moft fhameful
*' of all difgraces in lofing what we have, while we are en-
" deavouring to gain what we have not. It will be, alfb,
*' neceflary that the perfon, who ftays here, fhould repair the
" walls of the cities that are fallen down, cleanfe the ditches,
" and fortify the caftles, to ferve as places of refuge for the

" hulband-

3oa ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

** huftandmen : He fliould, alfo, raife another army ; fupply
** the forces, that are in the field, with provifions ; prepare
** arms, and furnifli, with expedition, every thing elfe, that
*' is neceflary. Now I give you the choice, whether you will
** command the army, that is to take the field, or That,
** which is to remain here." While he was fpeaking, Tullus
was in admiration at his propofal ; and, knowing the a^-
vity, and good fortune of the man, yielded to him the
command of the army, that was to take the field.

XIV. Marcius, without lofing any more time, marched
with his army to the town of* Circeii, in which there was
a Roman colony, who lived intermixed with the inhabitants,
and made himfelf mailer of the town, as foon as he appeared
before it. For, when the Circeienfes faw their country in
the power of the Volfci, and their army approaching the
walls, they opened their gates ; and, coming out unarmed to
meet the enemy, defired them to take poffeflion of the town.
This preferved them from all irreparable mifchief : For the
general caufed none of the inhabitants to be put to death,
or expelled the city: But, having taken clothes for his
foldiers, and provifions for a month, together with a mode-
rate fum of money, he drew off his forces, leaving a fmall
garrifon in the town, as well to preferve the inhabitants
from being ill treated by the Romans, as to reftrain them
from innovating for the future. The news of thefe tranf-
adions being brought to Rome, encreafed the tumult, and
diforder ; the patricians reproaching the people with having,

4* Kieitmav ircAiy. See the feventy fourth annotation on the fourth book.

by

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 305
by a falfe acculation, driven out of the city a great warriour,
a man of adivity, and q( a generous fpirit ; and contrived to
make him general of the Volfci. On the other fide, the
leaders of the people inveighed againfl the fenate, and &id
the whole affair was a pifece of treachery formed by them,
and that the war was not direded againft all the Romans in
general, but only againfl the plebeians : Thefe were fup-
ported by the moft profligate among the people. But
neither of them had lb much as a thought of raifing an
army, of fending to their allies for afliftance, or making the
neceflary preparations; by reafon of their mutual hatred,
and their accufations of one another, whenever the people
were aflembled.

XV. This being obferved by fuch of the Romans, as
were moft advanced in years, they aflembled together, and
perfuaded the moft feditious of the plebeians, both in public,
and in private, to put a ftop to their jealoufies, and invedives
againft the patricians. Since, they faid, by the banifliment
of one man of diftindion, the commonwealth was brought
into fo great danger, what were they to exped, if, by their
abufes, they forced the greateft part of the patricians to en-
tertain the fame fentiments ? Thefe men appeafed the dif-
order. After this great tumult was fupprefl^d, the fenate
met, and gave this anfwer to the embafliadors, who were
come from the commonwealth - of the Latines to defire
fuccours ; that it was no eafy matter for them to fend q£-
fiftance at prefent : However, that they gave them leave to
raife an army themfelvcs, and chufe their own generals, and

to

304 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIII.

to fend into the field an equal number of forces with the
Romans : For, by the treaty of friendfhip they had made
with the latter, both thofe things were forbidden. At the
lame time, the fenate ordered the confuls to raife an army ;
to guard the city ; and to call upon their allies to fend them
fuccours ; but not to take the field till all things were* in
readinefs. Thefe refolutions were ratified by the people.
By this time, the magiftracy of the confuls was near expiring:
So that, they could execute none of thefe refolutions, but
left every thing half finiflied to their fucceflbrs.

XVI. Thefe were Spurius Nautius, and Sextus Furius,
who raifed as great a number of Roman citizen* as they
poflibly could, and placed beacons, and fentries in the moft
convenient fortrefles, to the end they might be acquainted
with every thing, that pafled in the country : They, alfo,
raifed money, and provided a great quantity of corn, and
arms, in a fhort time. By this means, all their domeftic pre-
parations were in fo good a pofture, that nothing feemed to
be wanting : But, their allies did not all obey their iummoiis
with alacrity; neither were they difpofed to aflift them
voluntarily in the war ; and the confuls did not think fit to
compel them, for fear of treachery. Some of their allies had,
even openly, deferted them, and joined the Volfci. TheAequi
fet the example of this defertion, as foon as the war was
declared, by going prefently to the Volfci, and entering into
an alliance with them, which they confirmed by their oaths :
And thefe fent to Marcius the moft numerous army, and
the beft difpofed to aflift him. After thefe had begun, many

of

BookVIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS, 305
of their other allies, alfo, fecretly aflifted the Volfci, andfent
them fuccours, though not by virtue of any public order,
or in the name of the commonwiealth ; but, if any of their
people defired to enter into the fervice of Marcius, they were
fo far from diffuading them from it, that they even encou-
raged it. So that, the Volfci had, in a fliort timey a more
numerous army than they had ever been matters of in the
moft flourifliing ftate of their affeirs. At the head of this
army, Marcius made another irruption into the territories of
the Romans ; and, incamping there for many days together,
laid wafte all that part of the country, which he had
fpared in his former expedition. However, he did not, in
this inroad, take many perfons of free condition : For the
inhabitants had, long before, retired with every thing that
was moft valuable j fome to Rome, and others to fuch of
the neighbouring fortreffes, as were moft capable of defence. .
But he took all the cattle they had not been able to drive
away, together with their fervants, who tended them j and
carried off" all the corn, that lay upon the floors, and all the
other fruits of the earth, whether then gathering, or already
gathered. Having ravaged, and laid wafte the country, none
daring to encounter him, he returned home with his army,
now burdened with the multitude of fpoils, by gentle

marches.

XVII. The Volfci, feeing the vaft quantity of the fpoils,
that were bringing home, and being informed of the pufil-
lanimity of the Romans, who, having, till then, been ufed
to ravage their neighbours country, could, now, bear to fee

Vol. hi. R r t^^eir

^ J

3o6 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIH.
their ownlaid wafte with impunity, grew wonderfully elated,
and conceived hopes of the fovereignty, looking upon it as an
eafy, and a ready undertaking to fubvert the power of their
adverlaries. They offered facrifices to the gods, in thanks-
giving for their fuccefs, and adorned their temples, and
public places with the fpoils; and all pailed their time in
feftivals, and rejoicings, in which, they never ceafed to ad-
mire, and celebrate Marcius, as a warriour, of all others, the
moft confummate, and agreater general, than Rome, Greece,
or any Barbarous nation had ever produced: But, above all,
they admired him for his fuccefs, feeii^ every thing he under-
took eafily fucceeded according to his defire: So that, no
man, who, by his age, was capable of bearing arms, declined
ferving under him ; but all were eager to fhare in his adtions,
and flocked to him from every city. The general,, after he
had confirmed the zeal of the Volfci, and reduced the for-
titude of the enemy to a low, and unmanly diftrefs, led his
army againfl: the cities of their allies, who yet remained
faithful to them : And, having, foon, prepared every thing,
that was neceflary for a fiege, he marched againft the
5 Tolerini, a Latin nation : Thefe, having, long before,
made the neceflary preparations for a war, and trans-
ported all the effefts they had in the country, into the city,
bravely received his attacks; and ftood out fome time,
fighting from their walls, and wounding many of the enemy;,
till, being driven from thence by the {lingers, and fatigued

5' ToXf^ivyf. ' Toleria was a city of the Latines fituated near the frontiers of
the Aequi.

* Qmtr, Ittl. Antiq. B. iii. c. 4.

with

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 307
with a reflflance, which had tailed till night, they aban-
doned feveral parts of the wall. WhenMarcius was informed
of this, h^ ordered fbme of the foldiers to plant ladders
againft thofe parts of the walls, that were left naked;
while he himfelf, with the chofen men of his army, ran to
the gates, amidft a fhower of darts, that were thrown at
him from the towers; and, breaking the bars afunder, was
the firft who entered the city. Clofe to the gates flood a
large, and ftrong body of the enemies troops : Thefe re-
ceived him vigorously, and continued the combat for a long
time; till many o£ them being killed, the refl gave^way;
and, difperfing themfelves, fled through the flreets. Marcius
followed, putting all to death he could come up with, ex-
cept thofe, who, throwing down their arms, begged their
lives : While this was doing, the men, who had afcended
by the ladders, made themfelves maflers of the walls. The
town being taken in this manner, Marcius feleded fuch of
the fp(»ls, as were proper to be confecrated to the gods,
and to adorn the cities of the Volfci, and the refl he gave
to the foldiers. Many prifbners. were taken, a great deal of
money, and a confiderable quantity of com : So that, it was
not cafy for the conquerers to remove every thing in onef
day; but they were forced to empfoy much time, while they
fucceeded one another in carrying away fbme part of the
fpoils themfelves, and the refl on beafls of burden.

XVIII. The general, after all the prifbners, and ef-
fefts were conveyed out of the city, left it defblate, and
drew off his forces to another town belonging to the

R r 2 Bolani:

3o8 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF- Book VIII.

*Bolani: Thefe, alfo, had been apprized of his defign to
befiege them, and prepared every thing, that was neceflary
for their defence. Marcius, who expeded to take the tbwn
by ftorm, made his attacks upon many parts of the wall at
the fame time. But the Bolani, watching a favorable oppor-
tunity, opened their gates ; and, fallying out with numerous
forces, and in good order, attacked the front of the enemy;
and, having killed many of them, and wounded more, and
forced the reft to a fhameful flight, they retired into the
city. When Marcius was informed that the Volfci were routed
(for he happened not to be prefent, where this defeat hap-
pened) he came up in all hafte with a few of his men ; and,
rallying thofe, who were difperfed in the flight, formed
them into a body, and encouraged them : Then, placing
them in their ranks, he told them what they were to do,
and ordered them to attack the town at the fame gates.
Here, the Bolani having recourfe to the fame expedient,
and fallying out in great numbers, the Volfci did not ftand
their ground ; but, giving way, fled down a declivity, pur-
fuant to the orders of their general; and the Bolani, ignorant
of the ftrategem, purfued them a confiderable way : When
they were at a diftance from the town, Marcius fell upon
them with a body of chofen youth : Here many of the

*; B«^«rwll. * Bolae., a city of the to be an error of fome late tranfcriber^

Aequi, as Cluvcr fays, near the bor- who made ufe of a V, inftead of a B j

ders of the Latines, not far from Prae- which miftake crept in about the time,

ncfte. It has, long fince, been fo far when thqG reeks, then half Barbarians,,

deftroyed, that no traces of it are to be changed the power of their B, to That

found, I look upon Volant, in ^ Livy, of a V.

* Cluver, Ital. Antiq. 6. ii- c. 1 6. ^ B, iv. c. 49.

Bolani

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 309

Bolani fell, fome defending themfelves, and others endea-
vouring to efcape. Marcius purfued thofe, who were haften-
ing to the town, and forced his way in, before they could
fliut the gates. After the general had once made himfelf
mafter of the gates, the reft of the Volfci followed in great
numbers. Upon this, the Bolani abandoned the walls, and
fled to their houfes. Marcius, having poflefled himfelf of
this city alfo, gave leave to his foldiers to make flaves of the
inhabitants, and to feize their eifeds : And, after he had
carried away all the booty at his leifure, and with full liberty,
as before, he fet fire to the town.

XIX. From thence, he marched with his army to ' Labicum:
This was, alfo, a city of the Latines ; and, like the reft, a
colony of the Albans. In order, therefore, to intimidate the
inhabitants, as foon as he entered their territories, he fet fire to
thofe villages, the flame of which might, with the greateft
eafe, be difcerned by them. However, the Labicani, finding
themfelve§ defended by a flrong wall, were neither aftoniflied
at his invafion, nor relaxed in any refpeft, but made a brave
refiftance ; and, often, repulfed the enemy, as they were
fcaling the walls. Notwithftanding this, they were not able'
to refift to the laft, being but few in number, and obliged
to oppbfe a large army without the leaft relpite : For many
attacks were made upon all parts of the city by the Volfci,

T A«e<K«»8f, 8.Z,flfoV««»:,aeityof the treatment from thofe ignorant tran-

Latines, fifteen Roman miles north fcribcrs, and is, by them, often writ-

eaft of Rome, now called Zagarmla. ten Leeuicum^
This city has, alfo, fuffered the fame

i Claver, Ital. Antiq. B. iS. c. 4.

who

3IO ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIIL
who fucceeded one another; thofc, who were fatigued,
alwa.ys retiring, and frefh forces taking their poft. Againft
whom the inhabitants, fighting all day, and e\ren all night
without intemufllon, were f(»-ced, through fatigue, to aban-
don the walls. Marcius, having taken this town alfb, made
{laves of the inhabitants, and allowed his foldiers to divide
the ipoils. Thence, he marched to ' Pedum (This, aUb, was
a city of the Latines) and, advancing with his army in good
order, as fbon as he came near the walls he took the town
by ftorm : And, having treated it in the fame manner with
Thofe he had, before, taken, he led his forces, early the next
morning, to ' Corbio. As he was approaching the walls, the
inhabitants opened their gates ; and, prefenting themfelves
before him ^'* with the marks of fuppliants, delivered the
town to him without flriking a ftroke. Marcius commended
them for having taken fuch a refolution, as bed fuited their
own intereft, and ordered -them to fupply his army with'
.what they wanted, money> and com : And, his orders being
complied with, he led his army to " CorioK : This city,
alfb, the inhabitants furrendered without refiflance ; and,
as they fumifhed his army with provifions, and money, and
every thing eke they were ordered, with great chearfufeefs,
he marched through their territories, as through a country
belonging to his allies; For he, always, took great care that

*• Utitum. ' Pedum^ another city of tion on the fixdi book,
the Latines, about feventeen miles '<>' ixQn^at. See the feventeenth an-

north eafl: of Rome. It is, now, called notation on the fixth book.
Callicano. "■ TLt^iaxtum*. See the fifty fourth

9- YLtfitmti, See the fecond annota- annotation on the fourth book.

*CIaver, Ital. Antiq. B'. iii. c. 4.

thofe.

BookVm. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 311
thofe, who furrendcrcd their cities to him, ihould fuiFer none
of the mifchiefs incident to war ; but fhould have their lands
reftored to them unhurt, and all the cattle, and flaves they
had left in their country houfes : Neither would he fufFer
his army to quarter in the cities, left any mifchief might
happen by their rapine, or theft; but always incamped
without the walls,

XX. From Corioli, he marched to " Bovillae, a city,
then, of note, and looked upon as one of the leading cities
of the Latin nation. As the inhabitants, confiding in the
ftrength of their works, and the number of the garrifon,
refufed to receive him, Marcius encouraged his men to
fight bravely; and, having promifed great rewards to thofe,

x^* BoTaa«c. Thus we muft read the Bolae. But both of them forgot that

name of this city, and not Bopa^c, as it our author ufes the fame expreffion in

ftands in the editions^andtnajiufcripts. fpeaking of the ficgc of B$lae y where

The Latin name of this city is ^Bo- he fays of the Volfci, ^k^^ivayIu ^t\>fai0

villae : It ftood on the Appian road, ntllA rg w{ay»f- The mention of a

about nine Roman miles from Rome, declivity, therefore, may be a re^on

and near three from Albanum : Here for reading BaviUae in neither place,

it if^as that the famous Clodius was but can be none for tranfpoGng the

killed by Milo, as famous a man in names of thefe cities. I do not wonder

his own way. Our author has, already, at the original doubt in Cluver, who

told us that Marcius took BolaCj be- may well be fuppofed to have read no

fore he beiieged Bovillae \ and that the more of Dionyfius at once, than was

inhabitants of the latter, in a fally, neceflary to enable him to give an ac-

drove the Volfci down a declivity, count of the cities, and places he was

}mJ« m ar(«vv^9 which does not agree treating of; but, that a tranflator of

with Bovillae^ as it was fituated in Dionyfius, who copied that doubt,

a plaim After Cluver has quoted Ihould not have remembered that he

this paflag? from our author, he read %a\» xh v^avnf^ in the page imme-

doubts, and, after him, M.*** doubts, diately preceding, if he did read it

whether we fhould read Bovillae^ in there, is very furprifing.
this place, or in the other^ inftead of

f Claver^ Ital. Antiq. B. iii, c. 4;

who

312 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

who fliould firft mount the walls, he began the attack, which
was maintained with great vigor on both fides : For tlie
Bovillani did, not only, repulfe the aflailants-from the walls,
but, even, threw open their gates ; and, {allying out in a
body, forced thofe, who oppofed them, down a declivity ;
and, here was the greateft (laughter of the Volfci; and the
attack was drawn out to a great length, every one defpairing
erf" taking the town : But the general rendered the lofs of
thofe, who were flain, imperceptible, by fubftituting others
in their room ; and infpired with frefh courage thofe, who
were fpent with toil, by going himfelf to that part of the
army, which fufFered moft : Where, not only, his words,
but his adions, alfo, were incentives to valor : For he faced
every danger, and was prefent at every attempt, till the town
was taken. Having, at laft, made himfelf mafter of this
city alfo, and .put fome of the enemy he took to death upon
the (pot, and made others prifoners, he withdrew his forces;
and, after a moft glorious vidory, returned laden with a
great number of moft magnificent fpoils, and inriched his
army with the vaft fums of money he took in this city,
where it was found in greater quantity, than in any other
he had taken.

XXI. After this, all the country he marched through,
fubmitted to him ; and no city made any refiftance, but
'^ Lavinium, which was the firft city built by the Trojans,
who, with Aeneas, landed in Italy ; and from which the
Romans derive their original, as I have, before, ihewn.

»3* A««»r«r. Seethe fixty third chapter of the firft book.

The

BookVIII. DIONYSIUS H ALICARNASSENSIS. 313

The inhabitants of this city thought thcmfelves obliged to

fiiffer any eiaremity, rather than break their faith with the

Romans, whom they looked upon as their defendants.

Here, therefore, fome briik attacks were made upon the

walls, and fharp ingagements before the works : However,

the walls were not carried at the firft aflault ; but the fiege

feemed to be a work of time. Upon this, Marcius gave over

the attack, and drew a line of contravallation round the

town, which he fortified with palifades, and placed guards

upon all the roads, that neither provifions, nor fuccours

might come to them from without. In the mean time, the

Romans, being informed both of the deftrudion of the

towns, that were already taken, and of the ncceffity, which

had reduced others to join N^cius; and importuned with

the deputations for fuccours, which came to them, everyday,

from thofe, that continued firm to their intereft ; and being,

alP>, alarmed at the blocade of Lavinium, then actually

farmed ; and concluding that, if this place was taken, the war

would, prefently, be brought to the gates of Rome, thought

the only remedy for aU thefe evils, would be to pafs a vote

for the return of Marcius. This was the cry of the whole

people, and the tribunes were defirous to bring in a law for

the repeal of his condemnation ; '* but the patricians oppofed

'»"♦• AaV m ar«7$»)Mw n»t1minf»¥ avlotf. country,nor the apprehenfion erf" feeing

It muft be owned that this behaviour a Volfcian army elated with fuccefs

Cf the patricians was truly great. They under a viftorious, and e'xafperated ge-

had employed ail their power, and in- neral at the gates of Ronae, codd ter-

tereftto fave Coriolanus -, but, the mo- rify them into a compliance with the

riient ht became a rebel, they oppofed people, when thefe had fo little refo-

his return j and, neither the diftrefs lution as to defire the repeal of his

he had, already, brought upon their fentence.

Vol. III. S s them,

.J

314 ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVlIL

them, bemg determined not tp reverfe any part of the
fentence, which had been pronounced : And, as no previous
vote was paffed by the fenate, neither did the tribunes think
fit to propofe the affair to the people. It may well be won-
dered what motive could induce the fenate, who had, before,
fo warmly appeared in favor of Marcius, now to oppofe the
people, when they delired to recal him. Whether their
intention was to found the inclinations of the people; or to
inflame their defire of reftoring him by their own back-
wardnefs in gratifying it ; or, poflibly, to clear themfelves
of the accufations, with which they were charged, by fhew-
ing that they had neither given occafion to, nor been ac-
complices in, any of the adions which Marcius had been
guilty of: For, as their deliberation wasfecret, it is difficult
to form any conjectures relating to the motives of it.

XXII. Marcius, being informed of thefe things by fbme
deferters, marched, immediately, towards Rome in a rage,
leaving a fufficient number of forces to carry on the blocade
of Lavinium, and incamped at a place, called '^ The Cluilian
ditchesy within forty ftadia of the city. When the Romans
heard of his being there, they were in great difbrder, not
doubting but his defign was, prefently, to befiege them r
So that, fome took arms, and ran to the walls without
orders ; others went in a body to the gates without any
one to command them ; fome armed their flaves, and pre-
pared to defend their own houJes ; while others feized the
fortrefs, and the capitol, and other ftrong places of the city t
And the women, with their hair diflievelled, ran to the holy

>s> KxoiAMtf T«9f«f. See the third Annotation on the third book.

places.

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALIC ARNASSENSIS. 315

places, and to the temples, lamenting, and praying to the
gods to avert the threatening danger. After the night was
pafled, and the greateft part of the following day, and none
o( the evils they had feared, befell them, but Marcius re~
mained quiet, all the plebeians flocked to the forum, and
called upon the patricians to aflemble in the fenate, and let
them know that, if they did not pafs the previous vote for
the return of Marcius, they themfelves would take fuch
refolutions, as the fenfe of their being betrayed fliould dictate.
Upon this, the patricians met in the fenate, and refblved to
fend five perfons of thofe, who were the moft advanced in
years, and the moft acceptable to Marcius, to treat with him
of a reconciliation, and fneodfhip. The perfons appointed
were Marcus Minucius, Poftumus Cominius, Spurius Lartius,
Publius Pinarius, and QuintusSulpicius, all confular fenators.
When they came to the camp, and Marcius was informed
of their arrival, he placed himfelf in the midft of the molt
confiderable among the Volfci, and their allies, where every
thing, that was faid, might be heard by numbers of people,
and ordered the deputies to be admitted. When they came
in, Minucius, who, during his confulfhip, had been the moft
adive in his favor, and diftinguifhed himfelf by his oppo-
fition to the plebeians, fpoke firft, and faid as follows.

XXIII. " We are all fenfible, Marcius, that the people
" have treated you with great injuftice in driving you but
" of your country under a foul accufation ; and do not
** wonder to fee you refent it, and bear your misfortune
" with indignation : For, by an univeifal law of nature,

S s 2 « the

3i6 ROMAN ANTJQJJITIES OF Book VIII.

" the injured is an enemy to the injurer. But we wondeif
" that you do not, with a calm confideratiori, examine who
" thofe are whom you ought to punifh, and take revenge
" on, and that you obferve no moderation in punifhing,
** but involve the innocent vrith the guilty, and friends with
" enemies; that you violate the inviolable laws of nature,
*.* confound the duties of religion, and have even forgotten
" who you are, from whom defcended, and where you were
** bom. You fee before you the moft ancient of the patri-
*^ cians, and the moft zealous of your friends, fent by the
commonwealth to lay before you our defence mixed
with a deprecation, and to inform you upon what con-
** ditions we dciire you to be reconciled to the people;
** and, alfo, to advife you to a<Sfc in fuch a manner, as we
" think will be moft for your reputation, and advantage.

XXIV. " I ftiall firft fpeak to the point of right. The
" plebeians, uifiamed by their tribunes, confpired againft
" you ; and, becaufe they feared you, came with a defign
" to put you to death, without a trial : This a?St we, who
** are of the fenate, prevented, and took care that you
** ftiould, upon that occafion, fuffer no injuftice. After
" this, the fame men, who were, thus, prevented from de-
** ftroying you, fummoned you to a trials charging you with
*< having fpoken ill of them in the fenate. This likewifc, you
** know, we oppofed, and would not fuf?er you to be tried
**• cither for the opinion you gave, or the words you fpokc.
*' Difappointed of this alfo, they apj^ied, at laft, to us, and'
** accufed.you of affeAing tyranny : This charge you your-

«<felf

Book VIII. DION YSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 317
" felf fubmitted to make your defence to, fince you were
" far from being guilty of it, and confented that the peopHl
" fhould pafs judgement upon you ; the fenate were, then alfo,
** preient, and ufcd many interceilions in your favor. Which
^* of thefe misfortunes, therefore, have we been the caufe
^* of? And why do you make war upon us, who fhewed
** {o much affedlion to you, during that conteft ? But it
f^ appears that not even all. the plebeians defired your
" banifhment : For you were ** condemned by two votes
" only : So that, you cannot, with juftice, be an enemy tvett.
•* to thefe, who acquitted you. But I will fuppofe, if yoU
" pleafe, that all the people, by their votes, and the whofe
" fenate, by their refolutions, brought this calamity upon
" you, and that your hatred againft us all is juft ; what
irgury have the women done to you, Nfarcius, that you
fhould declare war againft them ? By what vote did they
condemn you to banifhment ? What fpeeches did they
" make againft you ? By what injurious anions, or thoughts
" have our children deferved to be expofed to captivity, and
" to every other misfortune, if the city ftiould be taken ?
" You do not determine juftly, Marcius, if you think you
*' ought to hate thofe, who are guilty, and your enemies^
" in fuch a manner, as not to fpare even thofe, who are
" innocent, and your friends : This way of thinking k
unbecoming a good man. But, to omit all thefe things,
what anfwcr could you make, in the name of Jupiter, if

cc
((

«

16* ^vfi y»( taj^ut 4")^K f*»ins. See the twenty fixth annotation on the
fevcnth book.

** any

3i« ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

*< any one fhould aik you, what injury you have received
*' from your anceftors to induce you to deftroy their iepul-
** chres, and deprive them of the honors they receive from
** men? What injury can provoke you to fpoil, bum, and
<' demoIiHi the altars of the gods, their confecrated places,
** and temples, and not to fuffcr them to receive the worfhip,
** that has always been paid to them ? What anfwer could
** you make to thefe things ? For my part, I know of none.
" Concerning the point of right, let thefe reafons be alledged
" in favor of ourfelves, of the fenate, and of the other citi-
" zens, whom, unprovoked by any injury, you defire to
** deftroy, and in favor of the fepulchres, the temples, and
" the city, to which you owe both your birth, and edu-
" cation.

XXV. " Is it reafonable that all men, even thole, who
" have not wronged you, together with their wives, and
'* children fliould perifh to gratify your revenge, and that
** all the gods, the heroes, and the genius's, the city, and the
** country, fhould fufier for the madnefi of the tribunes, and
" that nothing fliould be exempted, nothing go unrevenged?
Have you not already, fufficiently, puniftied us all by the
flaughter of fo many men, the devaftation of fo large a
" country with fire, and fword, the utter fubverfion of fo
many cities, the abolifliing the feftivals, the facrifices, and
the worfliip of the gods, and genius's, whom you have
deprived of their feftivals, their facrifices, and their
'' eftabliftied honors : For my part, I cannot think that a
" man, who has the leaft regard for virtue, ought either to

" involve

n

It

u
u

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSJS. 319
** involve his friends^ in the iame ruin with his enemies, or
** to fliew himfelf fierce, and inexorable in his anger to
" thofe, who have, in any degree, ofFended him ; particu-
" larly, if he has, many times, punifhed them with feverity.
" Thefe, therefore, are the reafons we had to offer you, both
*' to excufe ourfelves, and deprecate your anger in favor of
" the plebeians ; and thefe the motives, which we, who are
" the mofl dignified of all your friends, are come to fu^eft
** to you through pure afFedion ; and the promifes we
" make, if you think fit to be reconciled to your country;
** While your power is at the greateft height, and Heaven
** yet favours you, we advife you to ad with moderation,
" and ufe your good fortune with economy, when you con-
" fider that all things are fubjed to change, and that nothing
*V continues long in the fame fituation. Eminence, when
** arrived to its greatefl luftre, raifes the indignation of the
** gods, and finks, again, into obfcurity : This, chiefly, hap-
** pens to fevere, and haughty minds, which exceed the
" bounds of human nature. You have, now, an opportunity
** of putting an end to the war upon the mofl: honourable
" conditions : For the whole fenate are defirous to pafs a
" vote for your return, and the people ready to repeal, by
" a law, the fentence of your perpetual banifhment. What
" fhould hinder you, then, from feeing, once more, thofe
«* perfonsyou love, and honour moft; from being reftored to
" your country, the thing, of all others, the moft worthy to
<* be contended for; from governing, as you may well expedj
" thofe, who govern others ; fi-om commanding thofe,. who-

** com-

32a HOMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

" command others, and from leaving the greateft glory toyour
*' children, and pofterity. We are the fureties for the im-
** mediate performance of all thefe promifes. It would not
** become the fenate, or people to pafs a mild, or relenting
** vote in your favor, while you are in arms, and commit
" hoftilities againft us ; but, if you lay down your arms,
** the order for your return will foon be brought to you
** by us.

XXVI. " Thefe will be the advantages you will reap
" from your reconciliation : Whereas, if you perfift in your
** refentment, and arc inflexible in your hatred to us, many
•* misfortunes will befal you ; of which I ftiall mention two,
** as the moft conflderable, and the moft evident : Firft,
<* you are infatuated with a defire to accomplifh a difficult,
** rather an impoflible thing, which is, to fubvert the power
** of the Romans, and That by the arms of the Volfci.
••Secondly, if you fucceed, and accomplifli your defire,
" you will be looked upon as the moft miferable of all men.
** Hear then, Marcius, the reafbns, that induce me to enter-
" tain this opinion concerning you ; and be not oflended
" at the liberty I fhall take in laying them before you.
*< Confider, firft, the impoflibility of fucceeding. The
*' Romans, as you yourfelf know, abounc^ in a numerous
** youth of their own nation, whom (if the {edition is once
" baniftied from among them, as baniflied it nauft be, pre-
" fently, by this war ; for common fear rcconcHes all
" difterences) neither the Volfci, nor even any other Italian
** nation, will be able to overcome. Great, alfo, is the

*.* power

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 321

* power of the Latines, and of the reft of our allies,

* and colonies; moft of whom, you may be afliired,
« will fly to our affiftance. We have generals of the fame

* merit with yourfelf, both old, and young, in a greater

* number than are to be found in any other city. But the

* greateft afliftance of all, and That, which, in the moft
threatening dangers, has never fruftrated our hopes,
and is alone of greater efficacy than all human power,

* is the favor of Heaven, by which our city has, not only,
" preferved her liberty " near eight generations, but is be-

* come flourifliing, and the fovcreign of many nations.

* Neither ought you to compare us to the Pedani, the

* Tolerini, or the other inhabitants of the fmall towns you
' have reduced : For a general lefs able than yourfelf, and
' with fewer troops, might have forced places defended by

" finall garrifons, and flight works. But confider the great-

* nefs jof our city, the luftre of her military adHons, and the

* favor of the godsj always prefent to her, by which flie

< was, from a fmall begbning, raifed to the grandeur flie

* now enjoys ; and imagine not that the forces, with which

< you are undertaking fo great an enterprife, are changed ;

* but remember well that your army confifts of Volfci, and

* of Aequi, whom the prefent race of our countrymen have

* defeated in many battles, that is, as often as they have

* dared to come to an ingagement with us. Know then

* that, with troops inferior in bravery, you are going to

* encounter thofe, that are fuperior to them; and, with

>7- Oyion* )(Ai r)}y vvy ywar. See the fourteenth annotation on the firft book.
Vol. III. T t " troops

322 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

" tfoops always beaten, thofe, that are always vidorious.-

" But, if the contrary of this was true, it would, however,

" be a thing to be wondered at how you, who are experienced

" in military affairs, fliould not know that thofe, who invade

** the pofleilions of others, are not fo daring as thofe, who

** defend their own : For the former, if they fucceed not,

" receive no damage; but the others, if they are defeated,

" have nothing left. And this is the chief reafixi, why

" armies, fiiperior both in number, and goodne^ are often

** beaten by thofe, that are inferior to them in both. For

** neceffity is powerful; and every man, when his all is at

" ftake, is infpired with a boldnefs, which nature had, before,'

" denied him. I had many otherthings to laycon^iernihgthc

" impoffibility of your undertaking ; but let thefc fuffice. '

XXVII. " I have one confideration ftiU to (bggeft to you,

" which, if you judge of it by reafon, not paflion, will, not

" onlyj gain your approbation, but, alfd, ingagc you'to'

** repent of what you are doing. What is this feonfideration ?

** That the gods hav« never given to any mortal man the

** certain knowledge of future events ; neither will you find,

** in any age, a man futcefsful in all his undertakings, un-

" fuccefsful in none. For which reafon, thofe, who excel

" others in prudence, the fruit <^ a long life, and great

experience, think it reafonable, before they begin any

entcrprife whatever, firfl to confider the event of it, not

cmly the event they wifh for, but the other alfo, which

" may, pofliHy, happen contrary to their defire : This is,

" particularly, the duty of generals, as the affairs they have

"the

it

BookVm.DIDNYSIV* HALiCARNAS^ENSIS. 323
" the condud of are of the greateft importance ; and as
" all the \forld attributes to them thecaufes both of vidories,
" and defeats: After they have, thus, confidered things, if
" they find that the want of iiiccefs will be attended with
" fmall, or few, mifchiefsj or with none at all, ,they under*
" take it ; . bttt, if. with great, and many inconveniences,
** thejr abandon it. Follow their example 5 and, before you
" ingage ^purfelf, confider what you are to exped, if you
** fhould be unfortunate in this war, and every thing fliould not
f * fucceed according to your defire. You will be reproached
" by thofc, who have received you, with having uodeftakem
" things impofliWe ; and, when ouf army, in return, (hall
" march into their territories, and lay them wafte (for we
*^ fhall never fubmit to fuch injuries without reyenging eur*-
** felvcs on the aggreflbrs) you will never be able to avoid
" this alternative ; you will be put to death in a ihameful
" manner, either by the Volfci themfelves, as the caufe c£
" the great calamities they will have fuiFered, or by us,
" whom you deiGgned to deftroy, and inflave. But it may,
" poflibly, happen that the former, before any mifchief be-
" fals them, may, in order to a reconciliation, think fit to
*' deliver you up to be punifhed by us; which is a thing,
** that many, both Barbarians, and Greeks, when reduced to
" fuch extremities, have been obliged to fubmit to. Do you
look upon thefe as fmall things, and not worth your con-
fideration ? And that you ought to defpiie them, or rather
to cftecm them as the greateft of all evils ?

T t 2 XXVIII.

ii

cc

324 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIIf.

XXVIII. " On the other fide, if you fucceed, what won-
" derful, what defirable advantage will you obtain ? Or what
•* glory will you acquire ? For this, alfo, you ought to exa-
" mine. In the firft place, you will have the misfortune to
be deprived of thofe perfons, who are the deareft, and the
moft nearly related, to you ; of an unfcMtunate mother,
<^ to whom you make no grateful return for your birth, and
" education, and for all the other trouble (he underwent on
" your account ; fecondly, of a virtuous wife, who, by
'' resSoa of your abience, fits in fblitude, and widowhood,
^< and laments day, and night your bamfhmeiit ; befides,
** you will be deprived of twa fons, who, as they are de-
** fcended from worthy anceftors, are intitled to the enjoy-
'* ment of their honors, and to flourifb in a fiourifhing
** commonwealth : Of the miferable, and unfortunate ca-
" taftrophe of all thefe you will be compelled to be a fpec-
** tator, if you dare to approach the walls with your army :
« For you may be afHired that no mercy will be £hewn to
" any of your relations by thofe, who are in danger of lofing
** their own, and are treated by you with the fiunc cruelty ;
" but, forced by their calamities, they will infiid on them
" dreadful torments, cruel infults, and all other kinds of
" abufe : And of all thefe things, not the adors, but you,
** who forced them to a<ft in this manner, will be the caufe.
" Thde will be the pleafuresyou will enjoy, if your enter-
** prife fucceeds. As to the praife you will acquire, the
** admiration, and the honors, which aU good men ought
" to aim at, confider of what nature they will be : You will

"be

C(

BookVIII. DIONySIU« HALiCARNASSEN8IS. 325
" be called the parricide of your mother, the murderer of
" your children, the aflaffin of your wife, and the fcourge
of your country ; and no' man, who has any regard either
to religion, or juftice,.will partake of the iame faic^ifices,
" or libations with you, or live under the feme roof whither-
" foever you go : Even thofe, for whofe feke you do thefe
" things will not efteem you ; but every one cithern, after
•* diey have reaped fome advantage from . your impious
*' adions, will deteft your implacable temper. I need not
put you in mind that, befides the deteftatlon of the beft
men, you will be envied by your equals, and feared, by
*' your inferiors ; and, for both thefe reaibns, expofed to
treachery, and to many other miichiefs, which mud, ne^
ceflarily, befal every man, who is deftitute of friends, and
refides in a foreign country. I iky nothing alfo, of the
" Furies, fent by the gods, and genius's to punifh thofe,
who have been guilty of wicked, and fla^tious actions,
" by whom they are tormented both in their minds,
*^ and bodies, and, after a wretched life, die a miferable
" death. Confider thefe things, Marcius ; change your refb-
" lutibn, and foi^ your refentment to your country ; look
'' upon Fortune to have been the caufe of aU the mi£:hief9
" you have either fuffered from our hands^ or infKded o»
" us ; return with joy to your family ; and,.* once mcM-e,
" receive the mofl affe<ftionate embraces of your mother,
" the mofl indearing careflies of your wife, and the moil
" ingaging tendernefs of your children ; and, by refloring
" yourfclf to your country, repay the glorious debt

" you

«

{(

336 RO^AA'IT ANtlC^JlTie^'lJF' ^ BookVrii.

.** you owe to berj ibr having given birth, and education to
" lb great a man/* •') /-■

■^ XXIX.. Minudus having fpoken in chis mariner, Marcius,
dfter a (hort paitfe, replied : " I own myfelf a friend to yoii,
^< Minucius, and to all the reft, wlio are f^nt hither together
^* with you by dte feflale; and am ready to do you any
^* fisrvicc:ln my power^h^oaufe, even before, when I was your
*' fellow-dtizen, ahd had a (hare in the adminif^ation of
** the public. alfeirs, you aiHfted me on many difficult occa-
** fions; and, '*fter-my haniihment, you did not dilregard
<* me &om a contempt of my then tnhap|3iy fitiiation,
** at if it had rendered me incapable, any longer, either to
'* fcrve my friends, or hurt my ehemies^j but continued to
*' ihew your benevolence, andfriendfhipfor me, by taking
«* care of my mother, my Mdfe, and children, and alleviating
f^ their misfortunes by your good offices : But I am an
♦* enemy to the reft of <the Romans, and do every thing in
** my^xjwer to<liftrefs them, and Ihall never ceafe to hate
'* thofe, who, in return for the many glorious aftions, for
** which I dcferved honor, drove me out of my country with
** ignominy, as if I had been guilty of the moft heinous
** crimes againft the commonwealth; and-ftiewed neither
** refpedl to my mother, compaflion to my children, nor
" any other marks of fenlibility for my misfortunes. Now
" you are apprized of my refolutions, if you ' defire any
^* thing of me with regard to yourfelves, make no difficulty
*• to let me know it, and be afliired that you mayconi-
" mand any thing in my power: But, concerning fnendfliip,

« and

BookVlll DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 327
*^ and a reconciliation, which you deiire mp to ooter it>to
*^ with the people, upon the pralpe<aJof: fliy^reCufp, c^fe
*/ to fay any thing. . Shall I look upon it as a. fip^^^t- fe^op
" to return to a city, where vice receives the reward of virtue,
" jand innocencp the punifhment of guilt ? Let irc fcnow^
V in the mttie of the gods^ Jpr wli^t criim hav»,I, m)?fclf
^^ experienced thi5 inisfpitiine? What: action : im.^ ;I. eoen-^
" mitted, that is unworthy of my anceftor;^ ? I made my
" firft , c^mp^ign when I was very young, at the . tmae. .we
^'Vfeughtiagain^ the kings, who were, than^feftdea^roufing
" -ijO'forf:^. tiijeir reftoration; In this* esgagenient^ltfaisfid vL
^^cit^ze;(^, :ai)d flew an enemy, and was honoured by tihie
"genetal with '^ the crowns due to fiipcrior valor;. : jA&ef

V^' Af /s-wcif 5-e(i>«vb/f. By thefe words, Arabians/ being an^excrefcence occa-

OUf^ajuthor means the Corcna civics ; fiontd fey thepunftLreof afly,Jwrhicli

becaufe he makes Marcius fay that he lays its t^ there : This gr^. is^

received this honor as a reward for fometimes, tifed by the' -dyers ^ T)ut

having favcd 2^ drizen> and flain.w .was jnuch more, i^, bcfbije i^hiey tweri

enemy. As the Civi^ crown w^s the acquainted will) Cocbijieair T)^ /^

moft honourabfe. jof all others, the* V«&^, called Ijy^Theophraft^^^^sjij-

reader m^^ noc be difpleafed to firid' aodyby ^ PJinyvi/i)7«?;a^: is the dwarf

here fome particulars relating to it. oak. EveryRoman foldicr, of whatever

This crown was ^rft made of a branch degree, was intitled to a civic crown^

of the Ikic\ ^fterwatdsj of th&^/cnhfSy . if iic hid fayed n ^iiizf n, Bnd fciUed an

and, at Uft, of thq oak,with -the acorns, enemy ; and the latter muftJiave ftpc4

This mighrt>e fufficieht if all my rca- -upon die Talifc fpfet,' where the 4iffair

ders were gardeners ; but, as that may happened, that day : The ci.t^zen faved

not happen to be the cafe, I think it mull own it ; otherwife, no witnefles

ncccffary to (hew the difference bd:ween were admitt^ to prove the fad - the

the two firft trees, and the laft, with perfon faved jnuft -be a Roman citizen:

which .they arc, often, confounded. After the foldier had regeivcd a ciric

The Uesc of ^ Pliny, and the tsr^ivo^ of crown, he had tfefe priviiegc of wearing

Theophraftus,is the fcarlet oak, which it always : Vi'^en he entered any place,

bears the fcarlet grain, the xoxwf /3fl4>/jcjj where public games were celebrating^

of the Greeks, and the i&r;«w of the all tlie fpcftatoi^, even the fenate, rofe-

^Nat. Hift.B. xvi. c. ^ ' -^Ib.c.e.

" ^ "that.

(C

i<

328 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OP BookVlII.

" that, in every other action I was ingaged in, whether of
the horfe, or foot, Idiftinguiihed myielf in all, and, in all,
received the rewards appropriated to the braved man ;
neither was there any town taken by ftcM-m, of which
** I did not mount the walls either the firft, or among the
** firft ; nor was the enemy ever put to flight, but all, who
** were prefent, acknowledged that I had been the chief caufe
** of it ; or any other fignal, or brave adion performed in
** war without the affiftance either of my valor, or fortune.

XXX. " It is poffible that any other brave man alfb
5* may alledge fuch exploits, if not fo many, in his favor ;
** but, what general, or inferior officer has reafbn to glory
in taking any town, in the manner I took Corioli ? And
that the fame man, the fame day, defeated the enemy's
'* army, as I defeated That of the Antiates, who were
** coming to the affiflance of the befieged ? I fhall not add
** that, after I had given fb many proofs of my valor, when
*^ I might have received out of the fpoils a large quantity of
** gold, and filver, of flaves, beafls of burden, and cattle,
'* and of fertil land to a great extent, I refufed them all ;
'* and, from a defire to fecure myfelf as much as poffible
" againfl envy, took only a war-horfe of all the fpoils ;

up to do him honor : Upon thofe oc- nilprofunt j ut civisfuerit : — Accepti

cafions, he had a right of fitting next licet utiperpetuo : Ludes ineuntijemper

to the fenators : The foldier himfelf, ajfurgu etiam ab fenatu^ in more eft :

his father, and his grandfather, were Sedendijus in proximo fenatui : Vacatio

fireed from all public duties. ^ Civem munerum omnium ipfi^ patrique^ et ava

fervaret boftem occidere : Utque eum lo- paterno. There is fomething in this

«w, in quo fit aSium^ hoftis obtineat eo inftitution too great not to be ex-

Se: Utfervatus fatcatur % alias teftes plained, or imitated.

f Pliuy, Nm. Hifl. B. xvi. c. 4..

«and,

BookVUl DIONYSrUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS. 329

*' and, of all the prilcMiei's, only one perfbn, with whom I
** had an intercourfe of hofpitality ; and all the reft of the
" riches I refigned to the public. Did I, then, for thefe
'* adions deferve punifliment, or honor ? And to be fubje&
" to the moft profligate of the citizens, or to command my
" inferiors ? However, it feems, the people did not baniih
" me for thefe things ; but becaufe, in the reft of my adions,
^* I was intemperate, expenfive, and irregular : But, who
" can name the man, who has been deprived either of his
<' country, his Hberty, or his fortune, or involved iri any
" other calamity, to gratify my irregular appetites ? No one
" even of my enemies everaccufed, or charged rafe with any
" thing of this kind, but all bore witnefs that the whole
*' tenor of my life was irreprehenfible. But, it may be iaid,
" your political principles, detefted by all men, brought this
" misfortune upon you : Fw, when you had it in your
'* power to chufe the better fide, you chofe the worfe :
" And all your words, and adions, conftantly, tended to
" fubvert the eftabli£hed ariftocracy ; and to throw the
" whole power of the commonwealth into the hands of the
" ignorant, and abandoned multitude : On the contrary,
" the meafures I purfued, Minucius, were the very reverfe
'^ of all this, and tended to maintain the fenate in the ad-
" miniftration of the public aflfairs for ever, and to perpe-
" tuate the eftabliihed conftitution. But, in return for thefe
" glorious meafures, which our anceftors thought worthy of
" emulation, I have received this happy, this Wefledretribu-
" tion from my country, in being baniihed, not by the people
Vol. Ill, U u . « only,

30 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVlII.

only, Minucius, but, long before, by the fenate, who encou-
raged me, at firft, with vain hopes, while I was oppofing
the tribunes in their pretenfions to tyranny, that they them-
felves would provide for my fecurity ; and, upon the firft
fufpicion of fome danger from the plebeians, abandoned me,
and delivered me up to my enemies. You yourfelf were
conful, Minucius, when the fenate pafled the previous
vote concerning my trial, and when Valerius, who advifed
them to deliver me up to the people, gained great applauie
by his fpeech : And I, fearing left, if the queftion had
been put, I fliould be condemned by the fenate, ac-
quiefced, and promifed to appear, and take my trial.
XXXI. " Anfwer me now, Minucius, whether I did not
feem to the fenate, alfb, to deferve punifhment for having
promoted, and purfued the beft of all meafures, or to the
people only ? For, if you were all of this opinion at thdt
time, and if all of you banifhed me, it is plain that all of
you, who concurred in this, are enemies to virtue, and
that there is no place in your city, where merit can be
fecure. But, if the fenate were forcied to comply with the
people, and their compliance was not voluntary, but ex-
torted by necefllty, you muft allow that they are under
the government of the wicked, and have not the power
to a£t in any thing, as they think fit. After this, do you
defire me to return to a city thus conftituted, in which
the beft men are governed by the worft ? You muft,
certainly, think me capable of committing a great folly.
But, fuppofe I yield to your felicitations 3 and, putting

"an

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALIC ARN ASSENSIS. 331

an end to the war as you defire, return ; what fentiments
fhall I entertain after this ? And what condud fliall I
obferve? Shall I confult my own fecurity, and fafety ;
and, in order to obtain magiftracies, honors, and the other
advantages I think myfelf worthy of, fubmit to court the
multitude, who alone have the power of beftowingthem?
If I did this, I fhould be transformed from a good, to a
bad man, and reap no benefit from my former virtue :
Or fhall I preferve the .fame charader ; and, adhering to
the fame principles of government, bppofe all, who are of
a different opinion ? And is it not manifeft that the people
would, again, perfecute me, and meditate another revenge,
and make this their firft charge againft me, that, having',
obtained my return through their indulgence, I did not
. flatter their paflions in every meafure I purfued ? This
cannot be denied. Then, fome other bold demagogue
will fpring up, like Sicinnius, or Lucius, who will accufe
me of fowing difcord among the citizens, of forming
treacherous defigns againft the people, of betraying my
country to the enemy, or, of affecting tyranny, with
which Lucius charged me, or, of any other crime he
fliall think fit : For an enemy will never be at a lofs for
an acculation : And, to fill up the meafure of my iniqui-
ties, I fliall foon be accufed, alfo, of every thing I have
done in this war ; that I have laid wafte your country,
carried off a great booty, taken your towns, flain fome
of thofe, who defended them, and delivered up others
to the enemy: If my accufers charge me with thefe

U u 2 " things-,

332 ROMAN ANTIOyiTIES OF Book VIII.

" things, what can I fay in my defence ? What affiftance
" can I rely on ?

XXXII. " Is it not, therefore, plain, Minucius, that you

** make ufc of fair words, and diffimulation ; and, with a

" fpecious name, cover a wicked defign ? For, inftead of

" giving me leave to return, you lead me, as a vi<aim, to

" the people : Even this may be your view ; for I can, no

" longer, entertain any good opinion of you. However, if you

" defire it, I will fuppofe that you do not forefee any thing

" I fliall fujffer: But, whsLt advantage (hall I reap from your

** ignorance, or folly ; fince it will not be in your power,

" fhould you even defire it, to oppofe any thing; but you

" will be compelled to gratify the people even in this, as well

" as in other things ? I think it unneceflary, after this, to

" employ many words, in order to convince you that I (hall

" find no fecurity in what you call a return, but I, the road,

" that will, quickly, lead me to deftrudion. Learn, now,

" in your turn, that I can find in it neither reputation,

" honor, nor piety, fince you defire me, with great reafon,

Minucius, to have a regard to thefe, but, that I {hall aA

in a moft fliameful, and impious rnanner, if I -follow

your advice. I was an enemy to the Vollci, and did them

great injuries during the war, while I was acquiring fo-

" vereignty, power, and glory for my country. Was it not

** reafonable, therefore, that I fhould be honoured by thofe I

** had obliged, and hated by thofe I had injured? Certainly,

" if reafon had taken place: But Fortune has defeated both

" thefc expedlations, and given a contrary turn to their

** dif-

U
ii

Book VIII. DION YSIU^ HALICARN ASSENSIS. 333

" difpofitions : For you, for whofe lake I was an enemy to
" thefe men, have deprived me of all my fortunes, and, hav-
" ing reduced me to the loweft condition, you caft me off;
" while thefe, who had luffered the greateft calamities from
** me, received into their cities this indigent, this abjedt
" man, who had been driven from his habitation, and from
" his country; and, not contented with this illuftrious, this
** magnanimous adion, they granted to me the rights of
" a citizen in all their cities, and inverted me with thofe
" magiftracies, and honors, that are in the greateft rtqueft
" among them. I omit the reft : They have, now, appointed
" me to command, with unlimited authority, the army they
" have fent out of their country, and committed to me alone
" the whole power of their commonwealth. What infenfi-
*' bility then fhould I be guilty of, if I betrayed thofe, by
" whom I have been adorned With fuch honors, without
" being provoked to it by the leaft injury ? Unlefs, indeed,
" their favors are injurious to me, as mine are to you. I
" fhould, certainly, gain a fine reputation in the world, if
** I was known to be guilty of a double treachery. And
" who could not chufe but praife me, -when they heard
** that, finding my friends, from whom I ought to have
** received benefits, to become my enemies, and my ene-
** mies, by whom I ought to hive been deftroyed, to become
*^ my friends, inftead of hating thofe who hate me, and
" loving thofe who love me, I entertained contrary fenti-
" ments ?

XXXIII.

334 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

XXXIII. " Confider, now, Minucius, in what difpofition
" the gods are to me at prefent, and in what difpofition
" they will be to me, during the reft of my life, if I am
prevailed upon by you to betray the truft repofed in me
by thefe people. At prefent, they aflift me in every
" enterprife I undertake againft you, and I fucceed in every
** attempt. How great a proof do you think this is of my
" piety ? For, if I had undertaken an impious war againft
'* my country, the gods ought to have oppofed me in every
" thing ; but, fince Fortune favors my arms with an au-
** fpicious gale, and every thing I attempt is crowned with
** fuccefs, it is plain that I am a pious man, and that my
** defigns are honourable. What, therefore, can I exped, if
** I change my condud, and endeavour to encreafe your
" power, and reduce theirs ? Have I not reafbn to expedb
** the contrary of all this, and that the gods, exafperated at
" my perfidy, will revenge the injured ? And, as by the
*** afliftance of the gods, I have been raifed from a low
** condition to greatnefs, (hall I not, again, fall from great-
" nefs to a low condition, and my''fufFerings become leflbns
** to the reft of the world? Thefe are my thoughts concern-
" ing the gods ; and I am perfuaded that thofe Furies you
*' mentioned, Minucius, fo formidable, and inexorable to
" the wicked, will perfecute me, and torment both my foul,
" and body, whenever I fhall abandon, and betray thofe,
" who preferved me after you had ruined me, and, at the
** fame time they preferved me, conferred many illuftrious

'9* n«Si;|it«7« ir»iitv(*eila. See the thirty third annotation on the firft book.

" marks

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 335
*' marks of their favor on me, to whom I gave this aflurance,
" to which I called the gods to witnefp, that I did not
" come among them with a defign to do them any injury,
" and pledged that faith to them, which I have, hitherto^
" preferved pure and inviolate.

XXXIV. ".When, Minucius, you call thofe, ftill, my
"friends, who have baniflied me, and that nation, my
" country, which has renounced me j when you appeal to
" the j^ws of nature, and difplay the duties of religion, you
" feem to be unacquainted with the moft common things^
" and to be alone ignorant of Thofe, which no man elfe is
ignorant of; that friends, or enemies are not diftinguifhed
either by their looks, or their names, but by experience,
" and by their behaviour. We all love thofe, who do us
" good, and hate thofe, who do us harm ; this law we have
" not received from the inftitution of men, neither is it in
" their power to abrogate it, when they pleafe : It is the
" univerfal, and eternal law of nature given to all, who
" partake of fenfe, and will ever continue in force. For
" this reafon, we renounce our friends, when they injure usj
** and are reconciled to our enemies, when we receive fomc
" favors from them ; and we cherifh the country, that gave
** us birth, when we receive a benefit from it ; but, when
" an injury, we abandon it, and are not fond of it for the
" fake of the place, but of the advantage we receive from
" it. Thefe are not the fentiments of private men only, but
" of whole cities, and nations: So that, whoever follows this
'* maxim contradids neither the divine laws, nor the received

" opinioa

336 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIII.

" opinion of all men. While, therefore, I adl in this manner,
I look upon myfelf to aA with juftice, with advantage
to myfelf, and with honor ; and that my behaviour is, at
" the fame time, highly acceptable to the gods : Since my
" adions are pleafing to them, I have no occaiion to make
*' men judges of thofe adions, who judge of truth by con-
** jedure, and opinion ; neither do I efteem the enterprife I
have undertaken to be impoflible, fince the gods are my
guides ; particularly, if I may be allowed to guelg of the
" future by the paft.

XXXV. " Concerning the moderation you recommend
" to me, and that I would not, utterly, defboy the Roman
** nation, nor fubvert their city from the foundations, I
** could anfwer, Minucius, that this does not belong to my
province, neither is this requeft, properly, addreiled to me,
who am, indeed, general of the army, but thefe have the
fole power of. making peace, and war : So that, you ought
to apply to them for a truce in order to a peace, and not
"*to me. However, Ifhall not give you this anfwer; but,
** from the veneration I pay to the gods of our fathers, and
** the refped I bear to the fepulchres of our anceftors, and
** to my native country, the compaflion I feel few your wives
** and children, who, though innocent, will fuifcr for the
" errors of their fathers, and hufbands, and from my r^ard
" to you, who are fent hither by your commonwealth,
'* which is not the lead confideration, Minucius, I fhall re-
" turn this anfwer : If the Romans will reftoreto the Volfci
'^ the lands they have taken from them, and the cities they

(C

c<

C(

<(

fC

<t

€1

" are

Book VIII, DIONYSIU8 HALICARNASSENSIS. 357
** are in pofleflion of, recal their colonies, enter into a league
" of perpetual friendfliip with them, communicate to them
" the rights of Roman citizens, in the fame manner as they
" have communicated them to the Latines, and confirm:
** this treaty by oaths, and imprecations againft the tranf-
** greflbrs of it, I will put an end to the war. Firft then,
" make your report to them of thefe things, and urge to
<* them the confideration of juftice with the fame energy
" you have reprefented it to me ; tell them that it is a
" glorious thing for every man to enjoy his own pofleflions,
" and live in peace, and highly valuable to have no enemy,
^* no crifis to fear ; but that it is no lefs iHameful, by grafp-
** ing at the pofleflions of others, to expofe ourfelves to an
" unneceflary war, in which we run the hazard of lofing
" even all we enjoy ; lay before them the confequences,
" that attend thofe, who covet the territories of others,
<* when they do not fucceed, as well as when they do ; add
<* too, if you pleafe, that thofe, who defire to feize the
« towns of the injured, if they do not overcome them,
<* often lofe both their own territories, and their own cities ;
" and, befides this, fee their wives expofed to the greatefl
" indignities, their children to infults, and their decrepit
" parents to llavery : And let the fenate know, at the fame-
" time, that they could have no reafon to attribute thefe
" evils to Marcius, but to their own folly; fince, when they
" have it in their power to do juflice, and to avoid every
" calamity, they chufe to hazard all from the great delight
« they, always, take in the pofTefHons of others. You have
Vol. III. X X ' ''my'

33a ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF fiook Vllf 1
^.' my anfwer, to which you will not prevail upon me to add
** any thing. Return now, and confider what you ought to do.
" I will allow you thirty days for your deliberation. In the
** mean time, to fliew my regard for you, Nfinucius, and
*-* for the reft of the deputies, I will withdraw my troops
,' from your territories ; for they would occaiCion great da-
mage to you fhould they remain here: And, on the
^ thirtieth day, expeft my return in order ta receive your
" anfwer."

XXXVI. Having faid this, he rc^ up, and difmiiled the
^flembly: And, the following night, decamped with his
army aboiit the ** laft watch, and marched to the reft of the
Latin cities (either really informed that the Romans were
to receive fome fuccours from thence, as Minucius had ad-
vanced in his fpeecb, or, having himfelf caufed fuch a
report to. be Ipread) to the end it might not appear that he'
hadi^ven over the war to gratify his enemies. And, having
attacked a town, called " Longola, he made himfelf mafter
of it vdthout any difficulty, and treated it in the fame
manner he had treated the reft, by making flavcs of the
inhabitants, and plundering the town. Then he marched
to the city of the ** Satricani ; and, having taken this, alio,
after a fhort refiftance, and ordered a detach^ment of hirf
army to convey the booty, taken in both thefe towns, to'
** Echetra, he went with the reft of his forces to a town,

*" Hi^i Ti»» ttwilcticit (^A«inr9. See »»• 2»7f«x«»<*r. See the fixtjr firft

tbe fixtieth annotation on the third chapter of the fifth book,

book. *3* Exfl^»\i. . See the fifty fixth aa-

' •>' Atfytha. .See the ^ninety Brft not»tioo on ite fburdi bo<»^
ch^jtecof the rix.th book.

called

BookVnLDIONYSIUS. HALICARNASSENSIS. J39
called ^ Cetia : Aftef he had taken this place alio, and
pillaged it, he made an irruption into the territories of tho
*^ Polufcani ; who, being unable to withftand him, he took
their city, alfo, by florm: And, then advanced to the fol^
lowing towns ; *^ Lavinium, and *^ Vitellia he took by
affault ; and *^ Corioli by compofition. Having thus made
himfelf mafter of feven cities in thirty days, he returned to
Rome with an army much more numerous than the former;
and incamped on the road, that leads to Tufculum, at the
^iftance o( fomething more than thirty ftadia from the city*

*4.' Kilietv. I find that " Cluver can
Qfiakc nothing of the name of this
town •, for which rcafon, I fhall not
attempt to correft it. In all probabi-
lity, the text is corioptcd,

*5* TUhii^Ko^fm. See the forty feventh
annotation on the fixth book.

^^' Aa6«7^. SylbargHis thinks, with
great reafon, that we ought to read
Aa/^m^So^ ; becaufe, Lavinium, as we
have feen, was blocked up before
Coriolanus advanced fo near to Rome,
as the Cluilian ditches.

»7* MoiyiA^iriif. I very much fufpedt
that here is another error in the Greek
text ; becaufe I can fiiKl no fuch town
in Italy, as Mugilla : And the reafon
given by Jac. Gronovius to prove
there was fuch a town, is, in my opi-
nion, very incondufive, though M.***
has adopted it. Gronovius contends
^at there nmii have been fuch a town,
becaufe the cognomen of Lucius Papir
fius was Mugillanus. If this is a rea*
(on, the confequence will be» that all
the Roman cognomina were derived

from towns : But this was far from
beii^ the cafe, as we fee by thefe cogr
nomina ; P. Cornelius Scipio 5 M.
TulHus Cicero ; C. JuKus Caefaf , and
many others. I fliaU^ therefore, ajihcre
to the correiaion of ° Cluvdr, who reads
OvrTf^Aiomrf, inftead of lAoryihan^^.
In this, he is fupportcd by ' Livy, who
reckons Vitellia among the cities taken
by Coriolanus : CorBionemj VitcIHant,
Trebiam^Labicos^ Pedum cepit. Fiittii^
ftood on the borders of theXatines,
and the Aequi.

*^' Ko^iflXfliwf. This cannot be the
true readmg ; becaufe our author has
told na that he ha4 before,, tak^h
Corioli. "^ Cluver things we ought tp
read Ka^ctva^. But ' he himfelf, m ah-
other place, makes C^J to have been
a city of the Volfci 5 which makc^ it
impoffible that Cora Ihould have been
one of the towns taken by them under
Coriolanus : As, therefore, I am at a
lofi what dty to fubftitute in the room
of Corioli, I have ftifiered it to remain
in the text.

Ital. Anuq. B. iix. c. 8.
<: I'lb. B. iii.c.8.

fIb.B.ii. c. i6, FB.ikc. 39.
XX2

9ltaI.Antiq. B. li. c.iS.

While

540 ROMAN ANTIQJtJITIES OF Book VIII.

While Mardus was employed in taking, and conciliating
the cities of the Latines, the Romans, after many conful-
tations upon his demands, refolved to do nothing unworthy
of their commonwealth; but, if the Volfci would depart
from their territories, and from Thofe of their alUes, and
fubje^s, and, putting an end to the war, fend embailadors to
treat of friendfhip, the lenate would pafs a previous vote to
fettle the terms of that friendfliip, and lay before the people
the refult of their deliberations ; but that, while they re-
mained in their territories, and in Thofe of their allies,
committing adls of hofHlity, they would come to no refo-
lution in their favor : For it was, always, the great concern
of the Romans to do nothing by command, or to yield to
an enemy through fear ; but, when once their adverfaries
had made peace, and acknowledged themfelves their futgeds,
to gratify them, and yield to any thing they could, rea-
fonably, deiire. And this greatnefs of mind the common-
wealth has preferved to this day, under many great dangers
"both in foreign, and domeftic wars.

XXXVII. The fenate having come to this refolution,
.appointed ten other confiilar fenators to go to Marcius in
quality of embafladors with inftru<£tions to defire him not
to command any thing, that was fevere, or unworthy of
their commonwealth ; but to lay afrde his refentment, and,
withdrawing his forces from their territories, to endeavour
to obtain the terms he propofed by perfuafion, and concilia^
tory language, if he defired. to unite the two nations by a
firm, and everlafting peace j fince all treaties, both public

and

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 341
and private, that are entered into through neceflity, or in
fubferviency to conjundures, are foon diflblved, when the
conjundures, or the neceflity ceafes. The embafladors ap-
pointed by the fenate, being informed of the arrival of
Marcius, repaired to him, and ufed many arguments to gain
him, preferving, however, in every thing they faid, the
dignity of their commonwealth. Marcius made them no
other anfwer than that he advifed them to take fome better
refblution, and to return within three days ; after which,
the truce fhould expire. And, when the deputies were
preparing to make fome anfwer to this, he would not fuffer
it; but ordered them to leave the camp immediately,
threatening, if they did not, to treat them as fpies : Upon
which, they withdrew in filence, and prefently departed.
The fenate, being informed by the deputies both of the
haughty anfwers, and threats of Marcius, did not, even then,
come to a refolution of fending out an army, from a diftrufl
either of the inexperience of their foldiers, mofl of them
being new raifed, or of the pufillanimity of the confuls ;
as thefe had not the leafl fhare of activity: For which
reafons, they thought it dangerous to hazard a battle of fb
great confequence. It is pofTible alfo, that the gods, the
aufpices, the Sibylline books, or fome received fcruples of
religion may have deterred them from it ; which the men
of that age did not think fit to negled, like Thofe of this:
However, they refblvedto.guard the city with greater caution,
and to defend themfelves from their works, whenever they
fhould be attacked.

xxxviir.

342 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIH.

XXXVIII. While they were employed in theCe prepara-
tions, and had not yet given oyer all hopes of prevailing on
Marcius to relent, if they fent embafladors of greater weight,
and dignity to intercede for them, they refblved to depute
the pontifs, the augurs, and all the reft, who were inyefted
with any holy dignity, or public miniftry relating to divine
worfhip : There being among them great numbers of priefts,
and minifters of religion, who are the moft diftinguiftied of
all others on account both of their families, and their own
virtues ; and that thefe fhould carry with them the fymbols
of the gods> whofe rites, and worftiip they performed, and
go in a body to the enemy's camp, clad in their prieftly
garmeiKs, and ule the fame intreaties with the former de>
puties. After they were arrived, and had acquainted Nfar-
cius with the inftru&ions they had received from the knaxe,
he made no other anfwer even to thefe, than to give them
notice either to depart, and obey his commands, if they
defired peace, or to exped: the war at their gates : And
forbid any application to him for the future. When the
Romans found themfelvesdi(appointed in this attempt alfb,
they abiblutely defpaired of peace, and prepared for a iiege,
difpofing the ableft of their men near the ditch, and at the
gates ;. and thofe, who were difcharged from the fervice,
but not yet incapable of bearing the fatigues of war, they
placed upon the walls.

. XXXDL In the mean time, their wives, feeing the dangei^,
at hand, and forgetting the decency of domefHc retirement,
ran to the temples of the gods with lamentations, and

threw

Book Vin. DION YSI US HALICARNASS^NSIS. 343
threw themfelves at the feet of their ftatucs : And every
holy; place, particularly the temple of the Capitoline Jupiter,
was filled with the cries, and fupplications of the women.
Then it was that one of them, by name Valeria, a lady
diftinguiflied by her birth, and dignity, and indued with
the grcateft prudence, the effed of her age, and filler to
Poplicok, one of thofe, who freed the commonwealth
from tiic tyranny of their kings, moved by fome divine
impulfe, placed Jherfelf upon the upper landing of the
flairs, that lead to the temple; and, calling the reft of the
women to her, fhe' firft comforted, and encouraged them,
defiring they would not be aftonifhed at the danger, that
threatimed them : She then aflbred them there was one
hope left to preferve their country, which was placed in
them alone, if they would do their duty : Upon this, one of
them fad; " And what can we women do to fave our
" country, when the men have given it up for loft ? What
" flxength fo great are we weak, and miferable women
^* pofieflSed of?" " We have no occafion for arms, or
^* ftrength, replied Valeria (for nature has excufed us from
" the ufe of thefe) but for zeal, and eloquence." And all
crying out, and begging of her to explain what affiftance
Aki meant, Valeria faid; " Let us go to the houie of Ve-
** turia,^ the mother of Marcius, in this mourning, and
" negligjent appairel> and take with us the reft of the women,
<* and their children; and,* placing thefe at her feet, let us
" intrcat her with tears to have compafiion both of us, who
" have giwen her no caufe of grief, and of her country,'

" now

It
it
it

344 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

** now expofed to the greateft danger ; and that (he will
** go to the enemy's camp with her grandchildren, and
** their mother, and take us all with her (for we muft attend
her with the children) and, making fuppUcation to her
fon, beg and conjure him not to iniii<ffc any irreparable
miichief on his country : For, while fhe is lamenting, and
** intreating, compaflion, and humanity will iind their
** way to his heart, which is n6t fo obdurate and inexorable,
** as to allow him to fee his mother at his feet without
** emotion."

XL. This advice being approved of by all the women who
were prefent, {he prayed to the gods to infpire their inter-
ceflion with perfuafion, and the Graces ; and then went from
the temple ; the others followed her ; and, after that, taking
with them the reft of the women, they went all together to
the houfe of the mother of Marcius. Volumnia, his wife,
law them coming, as fhe fate near her mother-in-law ; and,
being furprifed at their arrival, laid ; " What occafion,
** ladies, has brought you in fuch numbers to an unfortu-
** nate, and diftrefTed family?'* Then Valeria replied;
** Both we ourfelves, and thcfe children, now expoled to
** the greateft danger, fly to you, Veturia, with (uppHca-
" tions, as to our only help, and intreat you, firft, to take
** compaflion of our common country; and not to fuffer
" that country, which has been hitherto unconquered, to
" be inflaved by the VoUci; unlefs, indeed, they themfelves
" ftiould fpare it after their conqueft, aaid not endeavour,
" utterly, to deftroy it : And, in the next place, we intreat

" you

<(
((

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 345

" you in favor of ourfelves, and of thefe unfortunate children^
" that we may not be expofed to the infults of the enemy,
" we, who have occafioned none of the evils, that have
" befallen your family. If there yet remains in you any
" fpark of a mild, and humane diipofition, you, who are a
" woman, Veturia, have mercy on women, who, once,
partook with you of the lame facrifices, and of the fame
rites; and, taking with you Volumnia, the virtuous wife
*' of Marcius, and her children, and us alfo, who are your
" fuppliants, with thefe infants in our arms, goto your fon j
" perfuade, prefs, ceafe not to intreat, and aik this one favor
"• of him in return for many, that he will make peace with
" his fellow-citizens, and return to his country, that longs
" to receive him. Be aflured that ybu, will prevail ; a man
" of his jMCty will not fufFer you to lie prpftrate at his feet
" in vain : And, when you have brought your fon back to
" Rome, you yourfelf will gain immortal glory, as you may
" well exped, for having freed your country from fo great
^* a danger, and fuch an alarm ; and you will caufe us to be
" honoured by our hufbands, for having ourfelves compofed
" a war, which it was not in their power to difpel ; and we
" fliall fhew ourfelves to be the true defeendants of thofe
" women, who, by their own interpofition, put an end to
" the war, in which Romulusj and the Sabines were ingaged ;
" and, by reconciling both the commanders, and the nations,
" raifed this city, from a fmall beginning, to its prefent
** greatnefs. It is a glorious attempt, Veturia, to recover
" your .fon, to free yoOr country, to 6ve your fellow-
VoL. III. Y y « citizens,

346 ROMAN ANTIQUITIESOF' Book VIII.

•* citizens, and leave an immortal glory to pofterity. Grant
" us this favor with chearfulnefs, and alaCrity, and haften
** your departure, Veturia : For the danger is fwift, and
" admits neither deliberation, nor delay."

XLI. Having faid this, and flied many tears," fhe was
filent; and the other women ' lamenting alfo, and, adding
many intreaties, Veturia, after a fhort paufe, and weeping>
laid ; " You fly to a weak, and flender hope, Valeria, the
'* afllftance of us wretched women, who love, indeed,
'* our country, and defire the prefervation of our fellow-
** citizens, however they may deferve it ; but want the
" ftrength, and power to do what we defire. Marcius is
** averfe to us, Valeria, from the time the people pafled that
** fevere fentence againft him ; and hates his whole family,
** together with his country. This we can afliire you of, as
** of a thing we know from Marcius himfelf, and from no
** other perfon : For, when, after his condemnation, he
" came home conducted by his friends, and found us in
<^ diftrefs, and clad in mourning, with his children upon our
*' knees, lamenting with reafon, and bewailing the unhappy
** fate, to which the lofs of him would, now, expofe us. He
** flood at a fmall diftance; his eyes were like Thofe of a
" ftatue, without tears, and without motion ; Mother, fays
" he, and you, Volumnia, the beft of Women, you have loft
" Marcius ; he is expelled the city by his fellow-citizens,
*' becaufe he was a brave.man, and a lover of his country,
** and fuftained many contefts for her fake ; do you bear
" this calamity, like women of worth, without defcending

"to

BookVin. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 347

to any unbecoming, any ungenerous adion ; and educate
thefe children, the confolation of my abfence, in a manner
worthy both of me, and of their birth ; and, when they
are grown up, may the gods grant them *» better fortune
than their father, and not lefs virtue : Farewell ; I now
depart, and leave a city, in which there is, no longer, any
TQom for a good man ; and you, my houfliold gods, and
my paternal altar, and you genius's, who prefide over this
place, farewell. After he had faid this, we, unfortunate
women, gave way to thofe lamentations, which our diftrefs
Ajggefted; and, beating our breafts, hung about him to
receive his laft embraces ; I had, then, the eldeft of thefe
his fons by the hand, and the youngeft his mother carried
in her arms : But he turned from us ; and, thrufting us
back, faid ; Marcius, from this time, ftiall neither be your
fon, mother, my country having deprived you of the fup-
port of your age ; nor your hufband, Volumnia, from
this day, may you be happy in another, more fortunate
than I am 1 Neither iliall I be your father, moft dear

19* Tw;^>i»f«»K{«T7ov«Tjf w«I{Of, «5«V occafion : Cafaubon has not faid in

St ym x;«?o»«« I^ 's very ungenerous in what tragedy of that poet thefe verfes

the French tranflators to tranflate the are to be found : However, they are

notes in Hudfon, word for word, with- in his ' A(«f ju«s-ij(0?>flf of, where Ajax

out the leaft acknowledgement to the fays to his fon :
commentators, from whom they took 11

them. This I have, often, taken notice " '«'' f'."? '"^^'^ *"1»x«^*««f,
of; and am ferry they give me fo fre- T« i «aa 6^<.«- ku. y»>, «. k K««f.

quent' occafions to take notice of it. The reader will obferve that this paf-

Here, le Jay has tranflited a note of fage of our author is very far from

Cafaubon, who obfcrves that our au- being a clofe imitation of Sophocles,
thor has imitated Sophocles upon this

*f' 550-

Y y 2 " children,

348 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

** children ; but I muft leave you orphans, and deftitute,
" to be brought up by thefe women, till you are men.
** Having faid this, he went out of the houfe alone, without
** taking any care of his domeftic affairs, giving any orders, or
faying whither he was going, without a fervant, without
money, and without taking from his own fortunes, wretch-
** ed man, enough for the fupport even of one day. This is
«* the fourth year, fince he was baniihed ; and, during that
** time, he has looked upon us all as ftrangers, neither
** writing, nor fending to us, nor defiring to hear any thing
** concerning us. On a mind fo formed, fo hard and in-
*' flexible, Valeria, what influence can we, by our intreaties
" have, from whom, when he left his houfe for the lafl: time,
** he withheld his embraces, his tendernefs, and every other
** mark of affedion ?

XLII. " But, if you defire even this, ladies, and are, ab-
** folutely, refolved to fee us a<fl this unbecoming part,
^* imagine that I, andVolumnia, with thefe children, prefent
** ourfelves before him : In what manner ftiall I, his mother,
" firft addrefs him ? What intreaty {hall I employ to my
fon ? Tell me, and teach me what I am to fay. Shall I
" exhort him to fpare his fellow-citizens, by whom, though
innocent, he was expelled his country ? That he fliould
be merciful, and compaflionate to the plebeians, from
*" whom he found neither mercy, nor compaflion ? That he
." fhould abandon, and betray thofe, #ho received him,
" when an exile ; and, notwithftanding the many dreadful
" calamities he had inflidied on them, treated him, not

" with

.«

C(

Book VIII. DION YSI us HALICARNA SSENSIS. 349
" with the hatred of an enemy, but with the benevolence
" of friends, and relations ? What fentiments muft I enter-
" tain to defire my fon to love thofe who have ruined him,
" and to injure thofe who have preferved him ? This is not
" the. language of a fenfible mother to her fon, nor of a
*' confideratc wife to her hufband. Compel us not, ladies,
" to deiire thofe things of him, that are neither juft with
*' regard to men, nor pious with regard to the gods ; but
" fujffer us miferable women to continue in the low condi-
" tion, to which Fortune has reduced us, without expofing
*' ourfclves, ftill more, by an unbecoming behaviour."

XLIIL After fhe had done fpeaking, there was fo great
a lamentation of the women who were prefent, and the
houfe refounded with cries fo loud, that the noife was heard
through great part of the city, and the ftreets, near the
houfe, were filled with a concourfe of people. Then Valeria
again urged, with greater warmth, many kmg and afFediing
intreaties, and all the reft of the women, who had any con-
nexion of friendfhip, or relation with either dF them,
continued prefling them, and laying hold on their knees :
80 that, Veturia, unable to refift their lamentations, and
reiterated intreaties, yielded, and promifed to undertake the
cmbafly in favor of her country, acccanpanied by the wife of
Marcius, and his children, and by as many Roman matrc«is,
as were willing to join them. The ladies rejoiced exceed-
ingly at this, and invoked the gods to accomplifti their
hopes ; then, going out of the houfe, informed the confuls
of every thing that had pafled : Thefe, having commended

their

350 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

their zeal, aflembled the fenate, and called upon the fenators
to deliver their opinions, feparately, whether they ought to
fuffer the women to go upon this embafly. Several fpeeches
were made, upon this occadon, by many of the fenators ;
and they continued till the evening in great perplexity :
For fome alledged that, to fuffer the women with their
children to go to the enemy's camp, was to expofe the city
to no fmall danger; fince, if the Volfci fhould, in contempt
of the eftablifhed rights of embaffadors, and fuppliants, not
think fit, afterwards, to difmifs them, the city would be
taken without a ftroke. And thefe advifed not to fuffer
any other women to go, but Thofe, who were related to
Marcius, together with his children. Others were of opinion
that not even thefe fhould be fuffered to go ; but that they
ought to keep them fafe, and efteem them as effedual
pledges to fecure the city from any outrageous attempt of
the enemy. But others advifed to give leave to all the
women, who defircd it, to go upon this occafion ; with this
view, that the relations of Marcius might intercede in favor
of their country with the greater dignity : And, to preferve
them from all danger, they faid, they would have for their
fureties, firft, the gods, the protedors of fuppliants ; and,
then, the man himfelf, to whom they were going, whofe
life was pure, and free from every ftain of injuftice, and
impiety. At laft, the opinion allowing the women to go
carried it, greatly to the praife both of the fenate, and of
Marcius : Of the firft, for their prudence in forming the beft
judgement of this incident, and in forefeeing what would

happen,

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. jji

happen, without being deterred by fo great a danger : And
of Marcius, for his piety, who, though an enemy, was
thought incapable of any thing impious towards the weak
part of the city, when he fhould have them in his power.
After the decree was drawn up, the confuls went to the
forum ; and, affembling the people, it being now dark,
informed them of the contents of it ; giving orders, at the
fame time, that all of them fhould, early the next morning,
prefent themfelves at the gates, to attend the women when
they went out ; and affured the people they would take •
care of every thing, that was neceflary.

XLIV. When it was near break of day, the women went
with torches to the houfe of Veturia, leading their children ;
and, taking her with them, proceeded to the gate&L in the
mean time, the conlul?, having prepared mules, chariots,
and many other carriages, condui^ed them a confiderable
way. The women were followed by the fenatois, and many
other citizens, who, by their vows,, commendations, and
prayers, gave a luftre to the proceflion. As foon as they
were difcovered at a diftance by thofcin the camp, Marcius
fent fome horfe, with orders to inquire what multitude it was,
that advanced from the cit^, and what was the caufe of their
coming : And, being informed by them that the wives of
the Romans, together with their children, were coming to
him, and that they were preceded by his mother, his wife>
and his fons, he was, at-firfl, aftonifhed at the afTurance of
the women, in reviving to come with their children intaaa
enemy's camp, unattended by men, without any regard to the:

modefly

352 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIII.

modefty bec6ming women of free conditicMi, and virtue,
which forbids them to be fcen by ftrangers, and without
apprehending the danger, which they expofed themfelvcs to,
if his foldiers, preferring their intereft tojuftice,{houId think
fit to make a profit, and advantage of them. But, when
they approached, he refolved to go out of the camp, with a
few of his men, and to meet his mother ; having wdcred
his li<9»r8 to lay afide the axes, which are, ufually, carried
before generals ; and, when he came near his mother, to
lower the rods* This is a cuftom obferved by the Romans,
when inferior magiftrates meet Thofe, who arc their fupe-
riors, which continues to this day. In obedience to this
cuftom, Marcins, as going to prefent himfelf before a fuperior
power, laid afide all the enfigns of his . own dignity. So
great was his veneration, and piety to his parent.

XLV. When they came near to one another, his mother,
firft, advanced to falute him. Her mourning apparel, and
her eyes fwimming in tears, rendered her an objeft of great
compafHon : Whom when Marcius faw,, who, till then, had
fhewn an infenfibility, and firmnefs fuperior to all impref-
fions of grief, he became^ no longo*, mafterof his refolution,
but was hunied, by his affedions, into fcntimcnts of huma-
nity ; and, embracing her, uicd the moft tender appella-
tions; and, for a long time, continued weeping ; and che-
ri(hed, and fupported her while (he was fainting, and finking
to the ground : After he had fatisfied his tendemeis to his
mother, he embraced his wife, and children, and faid;
" Volumnia, you have aded the part of a good wife, in
' " living

BookVIIL DIONYSrUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS. 353

*' living with my mother ; and, by not abandoning her in
*' her folitude, you have dcme me the greateft of all favors."
After this, he took both hi? children in his arms ; and^
having embraced them with the tendernefs of a father, he
turned, again, to his mother, and begged her to let him
know what fhe came to defire of him. His mother anfwered,
that fhe would acquaint him with it in public, fince fhe
had nothing ^ criminal to requeft of him ; and defired him
to give her audience in the fame place, in which he ufed
to adminifter juftice to the people. Marcius, willingly,
accepted the propofal, not doubting but he fliould be able,
with numberlefs reafons, to defeat the interceffion- of his
mother; and he looked upon it, at the lame time, as an
honourable proceeding to give his anfwer in public. When
he came to the general's tribunal, the firft thing he did was
to order the liaors tO/ remove the feat that flood there, and
to place it on the ground ; as thinking it unbecoming in
him to fit in a higher place than his mother, or to make a
fhew of any power where fhe was. Then, caufing the mofl
confiderable of the generals, and the other officers to fit by
him, and permitting every one, who was willing, to be pre-
fent, he defired his mother to fpeak.

XLVI. Upon which, Yeturia, having placed the \yife of
Marcius, with his children, and the mofl diflinguifKed of
the Roman matrons near her, firft wept, fixing her eyes on
the groundfor a confiderable time, and raifed great com-
pafTion in all prefent ; then, recovering herfelf, fhe faid ;
*< Thefe ladies, Marcius, my fon, alarmed at the infults, and

Vol. III. 2: z " every

354 ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVlII.

< every other calamity they will be expofed to, if the enemy

* fhail become mailers of Rome, and defpairing of all other

* afllAance, fince you gave hajighty, and fevCTC anfwers
' to their hufbands v^h^i they deiired peace, accompanied
' with their children, and dre(ied in this mourning apparel,

* have fled for refoge to me your mother, and to Voluninia

* your wife ; and intreated us not to fuffer them to be

* afBided with the greateft of all human evils by your

* means, fince they have never dcxie us the leaft injury ;

* but, on the contrary, have fhewn great benevolence to us

* in our profperity, and compaffion in our adva^ty : For

* we' can tcftify in their favpr that, fince your departure,
' when we were left defolate, and reduced t» the loweft

condition, they, conftandy, vifited us under our misfortunes,
and condoled with us : In remembrance, therefore, of
thefe things, neither did I myfelf, nor your wife, who lives
with me, rcjeft their fupplication ; but, as they defired,
we fubmitted to come to you, and intCTcedc in favor of
our country."

XL VII. While Ae was yet fpeaking, Marcius interrupted
her, and faid; ** Mother, you are come to defire impoffibi-
" lities, in requiring me to betray to th9fe, who have driven
** me put of their country, a nation, that has received me;
** and, to thofe, who have deprived me of all my fortunes,
** a people, who have conferred on me the greateft of human
" advantages ; and to whom, when I accepted this com-
** mand, I gave my faith, and called upon the gods, and
•* genius's, as fiircties for mj fincerity, that I would

" ©either

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. ^SS.
** neither betray their commonwealth, nor make peace
** without the confent of the whole nation. Induced, there-
** fore, by the veneration I pay to the gods, by whom I
** have fworn, and by the refpeft I bear to the men, to
" whom I have pledged my faith, I fliall continue to xnakt
** war upon the Romans to the laft: But, if they will reftore
«* to the Volfci the lands, of which they have poflefled
" themfelves by force, receive them into the number of their
** friends, and communicate to them the fame equality of
" all rights they have conferred on the Latines, I will
*' put an end to the war; othcrwife, not. Return, therefore,
** ladies, and acquaint your huibands with thefe things, and
** perfuade them not to take delight in the unjuft pofleflion
" of what belongs to others; but to be contented, if they
** are fuffered to enjoy their own ; nor, in confidence of
" their having poflefled themfelves of the Volfcian territories
" by arms, to flay till they are again deprived of them by
" arms: For the conquerors will not be ^tisfied with reco-
" vering thdrown, but will, alfb, think themfelves intitled
to all, that belongs to the conquered. However, if they
perfifl in their haughtinefs, and refblve to run all hazards,
" rather than part with what they have no right to, impute
" to them all thc.miferies that will befall them, not to
^* Marcius, to the Volfci, nor to any othen. And I beg of
" you, mother, in my turn, your fon begs of you, hot to
<* invite him to wicked, and unjufl adions ; not to efpoufe
*^ the caufe of ihoCe men, who are the mofl implacable both
^* to me, aad to yourfelf ; nor to look upon thofe, as your

Z z ,2 " enemies,

<c

356 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIII.

" enemies, who are your greateft friends:- But live with me,
** as it is reafonable you fhould, refide in the fame country
" where I refide, and in the fame houfe ; enjoy my honors,
*' fhare in my glory, and look upon my friends, and ene-
" mies, as your own : Lay afide this mourning, which my
" banifhment induced you, miferable woman, to put on,
" and ceafe to torment me with this habit : For all other
** advantages have been conferred on me both by the gods,
** and men, above my hopes, and above my wiflies : But
" the difquiet I have felt for you, whofe age I have not
" cheriflied in return for all your pains, has taken fuch pof-
" feffion of my mind, as to imbitter my life, and render all
" thefe blefllngs of lio ufe to me : Whereas, if you will
" efpoufe my intereft, and partake of every thing I enjoy,
" I fhall, then, want no happinefs, which human nature is
*' capable of."

XLVIII. When he had ended, Veturia, after a (hort
paufe, which lafted till the great, and iterated applaufes of
the affembly ceafed, fpoke to him as follows ; ** Neither do
** I myfelf defire you, Marcius, my fon, to betray the Volfci,
** who received you when an exile ; and, among other
** honors, intruded you with the command of their army ;
** or that, contrary to your agreement, and to the oaths you
" fwore to them, when you accepted that command, you
" fhould put an end to the war by your own authority
** vs^ithout the confent of the whole nation : Neither fhould
" you imagine that the gods have fofar deprived your mother
** of her fenfes, as to make her capable of exhorting her dea?,'

« and

BookVIir.DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. is7
" and only fon to fhameful, and wicked adions : All that
" I defire of you is, that you will lay down your arms by a
" general confent, after you fhall have perfuaded the Volfci
" to ufe moderation with regard- to the terms of the treaty 5
" and to make.fuch a peace, as fhall be honourable and
" advantageous to both nations: This may be done, if you
" will make a truce for a year, and, now, withdraw your
"forces. In the liiean time, you may, by fending, and re-
" ceiving embafladors, effe€t 9l real peace, and a firm accom-
" modation. And be afTured that the Romans will he in-
" duced by perfuafion, and exhortation to fubmit to any
" thing, that is neither impofUble, nor difhonourable : But,
" if you attempt to compel them, which is the method youj
" now, think fit to ufe, they will not grant any i^vors to you
** whatever, as you may learn from many other inflances^
" but particularly, from the conceflions they, lately, made- to
" the Latines, after they laid down their arms. The Volfci
" are grown extremely haughty, \vhich, ufually, happens to
" thofe, who have great fuccefs ; but, if you will give them
" to underftand that any peace is preferable to. war ; that a
" voluntary agreement between friends is- more lafling. thaa
" conceflions extorted by necefHtyj that it is the part of
" wife men, when their affairs feem profperous, to ufe their
" good fortune with economy ', and, when they are in a
" diflrefled, and ui^ortuaate fitoation, to fubmit t;o nothing
" that is ungenerous. If you make ufe of thefe, and other
** arguments, calculated to infpire fentiments of humanity,
" and moderation, which you, who have the management

"of

358 ROMAN ANTIQIJITIES OF Book VHt

** of civil afFairS) are beft acquainted with, they will, volun-
** tarily, defcend from their prefent exaltation, and give you
** power to do every thing, which you {hall judge moftcon-
** ducive to their intereft : But, if they oppofe you ; and,
** elated with the advantages they have gained by your means,
** and under yoUr command, as if they were always to laft,
'* refufe to admit your reafons, refign the command publicly;
*' and make yourfeltndther a traitor to thofe, who have trufted
** you, nor an enemy to thofe, who are nearcft to you : For
** both are impious. Thefe are the favors I am come to afk
'* of you, Marciusj my fottj which are neither impofHble to
** be granted, as you fay; neither do they imply any con-
*' fciou&efs of injuftice, or impiety.

XLIX. " But, it feems, you are afraid, if you do what I
** advife, of incurring the infamy of ingratitude to your
*' benefactors, who received you, when you were their enemy,
'< and communicated to you all the advantages, which their
** natural born citizens are intitled to : For thefe are the
** things you are, ever, magnifying. And have you not
** made them many illuftrious returns ? Arid, by the inftances
*«,you have given them of your gratitude, which are bound-
^* lefs both in their extent, and number, exceeded their
** favors ? They placed their whole fatisfadion, and grcateft
** happinefs in being fuffered to enjoy their liberty : You
** have, not only,.lecured them in die poUeflion of it, but
** enabled them, aheady, to deliberate whether it is more
** for their intereft to fubvert the power of the Romans, or
*• to partake of it, by forming a commonwealth, in which

« both

BookVlII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 55^
** both nations will have an equal fliare. { fay nothing of
" the fpoils, with which jrou Jiaveadoraed their cities, nor of
" the immenfe riches you have beftowed upoo thofe, who
** accompanied you in your cKpeditions. When they hav«
" been tius aggrandized 1:^ you, and iiaifed to foch pro-
" fperity, do you think they will not reft fatisfied with the
** advantagps they poffef?, but be angry with ypg, a^d ^x-
" afperated, if you do not, alfo, pourouti by their hands,
" the blood of your fellow-citizens ? For iny part, I do not
^ think fo. There, yet, remaim one point {or me to fpc»k
" to, which, if you jud^ of it by your reafon, will .hav«
** great wd^t with you ; but, if by ycHJr pafSop, ooiie-:
" This relates to the unjuft hatred you bear to yourcpwntry;.
. " which was neither in a ftate of health, nor governed by
^* her eftabliflied laws, when fhe pronounced that -unjuft
" iibntence againft you, but ^iiiem/pered, and to&d in ff
** ^ddent tempeft; neither did aH the people concur in it$
" the worft part of them only, miHed by evil leaders, de-
'* claring them*&lv€S againft you. But, if, not only, the
*< worft jof the dttzens, but all the reft had coocurred in
*' your condemnation, and you had been baniihed by tjbtem,
'* as a promoter of meafure^ not of the heft ibnt ; jcven in
'* that cale, it did not become you to bear any cefeotment
" againil your country : For the lame tibiag has, alfo, hap-
** pened to many others, .who purf«ed the kek meafores;'
*' and there are few, whoie virtue, though acknowledged,
" has not been expofed to the unjuft envy of their fellow-
" citizens : But all generous men bear thefe calamities like

" men,

360 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

*' men, and with moderation; and remove to other cities,
'" in which they live without giving oficnce to theif country.
" This was the condu<fl of Tarquinius, furnamed Collatinus
** (a domeftic example, and proper, for you to imitate) the
" fame perfon, who aflifted in delivering his country from
'* the tyrants ; and, being, afterwards, accufed of ingaging
^* in the confpiracy to reftore them, and, for that reafon,
** banifhed, he retained no refentment againft thofe, who
** had baniftied him, neither did he invade his country in
" conjunction with the tyrants, nor fufFer his adions to prove
"** the truth of that charge ; but, retiring to Lavinium, our
•* mother city, he fpent the remainder of his life there, juid
** continued an afFedtionate friend to his country.

L. ** However, let all, who have fufFered great injuries,
** be allowed not to diftinguifli whether thofe, who have
'* injured them, are friends, or enemies, but to extend, their
" anger alike to all j even in that cafe, have you not taken
" a fufficient revenge on fuch asabufed you, by laying wafte
" the beft part of their country, by facking the towns of their
" allies, which they had acquired with great labor, and
" reducing them, now for the third year, to a great want of
** all neceffaries? But you carry your wild, and mad revenge
** fo far, as to defire even to inflave them, and fubvert their
" city. You fhewed no regard either to the perfons deputed
"to you by thefenate, men of worth, and your friends,
" who came to offer you your pardon, and leave to return
** to your family ; or to the priefts, whom the common-
« wealth fent laft to you, whofe age deferved reCpc^y

"as

u
((
((

(C

BookVIILDIONY«IU6 HAl^iCARKA^S^NSIS. 3^61

" as weM as the holy garknd« of the gods, which they bpie
** in their hands j but thefe, alio, you rejected, ^nd gave
" haughty, and imperious anlwers to them^ as to a con-
quered enemy. For my part, I cannot commend thefe
fevere, and overbearing pretentions, which exceed the
bounds of human nature, flnce I obierve that fupplications,
and prayers, when the injurer flies to the injured with
^< humility, have been found out as a refuge for all men,
" and a deprecation of their mutual offences ; a cuftom
<< eftablifhed by the gods for our imitation: By thole all
^' anger is foftened, and, inftead of hating our enemy, we
*^ pity him ; But I obierve, alio, that the haughty, and all
" who infult over the prayers of their fuppliants, incur the
*^ indignation of the gods, and come to a miierable end :
<* For the gods themielves, who iiril initituted, and deH^ed
<< to us theie laws, forgive the offences of men, and are,
" eaiily, reconciled ; and many there are, who, after they
<< had, gready, oflended them, have appeafed their ai^ger
** by prayers, and facrifices : Unleis you are of opinion,
'VMarcius, that the anger of the gods ought to be mortal ;
" but That of men, immortal. You, therefore, will aiGt with
*^ juftice, and in a manner that becomes you, if you alio for>
" give the offences of your country, who repents, deiires to
" be reconciled, and reflores to you every thing fhe has
" taken from you.

LI. " But, if you are irreconcileable to her, grant this

** honor, and favor to me, from whom you have received

" benefits not of the leail value, which none elfe can claim.

Vol. III. A a a "and

362 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

'* and fuch as are of the greateft confideration, and efteem,
" and with which you have acquired every thing elfe you
** are poflefled of, I mean, your body, and your mind :
" Thefe are debts you owe to me, which no place, no time
** can ever deprive me of; neither can the favors of the
" Volfci, or of all the reft of mankind, however extenfive,
" Co far prevail, as to efface, and furpafs, the rights of nature ;
** but you will be ever mine; and you will owe to me,
<* preferably to all others, the favor of life, and you will oblige
" me in every thing I defire, without alledging any excufe :
For this is a right, which the law of nature has prefcribed
to all, who partake of ienfe, and reafon. Confiding, in
** this law, Marcius, my fon, I beg of you not to make war
upon your country ; and, if you offer violence, I oppofe
you : Either, therefore, firft, facrifice with your own hand
J to the Furies your mother, who oppofes you, and> then,
begin the war againft your country ; or, trembling at the
" crime of parricide, yield to your mother, and grant, my
**.fon, this favor willingly. Supported, and aflifted by this
** law, which no time has ever repealed, I do not think fit,
** Marcius, to be alone deprived by you of the honors I am
** intitled to under it. But, to omit this law, remember the
** good offices you have received fi-om me, and confidcr how
" many, and how great they are : You were left an orphan
" by your father, and an infant, when I took you under
** my care ; for your fake, I continued a widow, and under-
" went the trouble of bringing, you up, fhewing myfelf
" not only a mother to you, but alfo a father, a nurfe, a

"fitter,

«
«

<c

C(

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 363
" iifter, and every thing, that is moft endearing. When
" yoii were a man, and it was in my power to be freed from
** thefe cares by marrying another, to breed up other chil-
" dren, and prepare for myfelf the hopes of many fupports of
" my old age, I would not dolt, but remained in the fame
" houfe, and contented myfelf with the fame courfe of life ;
" placing all my pleafures, and all my advantages in you
" alone : Of thefe you have difappointed me, partly againft
" your will, and pardy of your own accord, and have made
" me the moft wretched of all mothers. What time have I
** pafted, fince I brought you up to manhood, without grief,
'* or fear ? Or when had I achearful mind on your account^
" feeing you, always, undertaking wars upon wars, ingag-^-
" ed in battles upon battles, and receiving wounds upon
" wounds?

LII. " But, fince you had a fhare in the government,
" and in the adminiftration of public aiB^s, your mptherj
" perhaps, has enjoyed fome pleafure by your means: Then
" was I moft unhappy, feeing you deeply ingaged in a
** party. For thofe very meafures, which you feemed to
purfue with applaufe, in oppofing the plebeians with fo
much fpirit iikfavor of the ariftocracy, filled me with fear,
" when I confidered that '** human events ftand upon a

30- <j>„ «v9f«5r«Mv j3io». Both the other things, human events ; which is

Latin tranflators have rendered this, the fenfe I have given to this piafTage t

vita humana ; in which they have been And in this fenfe it is ufed by * Thucy-

followed by the French tranflators. dides; when, fpeaking of theAthenians

B.of is a word of a very extenfive fig- after their mifcarriage in Sicily, he fays j

nitication in Greek: It Qgnifics, among m it u u reif em^ciirems T O r B I O T

<B. viii. c. 24.

A' a a 2 " pointj

364 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book Vllf.
*' point ; and knew, by the many inftances I had heard, and
** feen, that fome divine wrath, always, oppofes illuftrious
" men, or human envy attacks them : And the event has
" too well juftified my predidion. The envy of your fcllow-
** citizens^'' rufhed on you, like a torrent, and carried you
" far from your country. From this time, my life (if I
** may call it fa,{ince you departed leaving me delblatewith
" thefe children) has been fpent in this wretched condition,
** and in this mourning apparel. In return for all thefe
" things, I, who was never uneafy to you, nor ever fhall be
*' while I live, afk this favor of you, that you will, at laft,
** be reconciled to your fellow-citizens, and lay afide your
•* implacable anger againft your country. The favor I afk
*' will prove aa advantage to us both, and not to me alone:
** For, if you hearken to me, and commit no irreparable
** crime, you will enjoy a mind pure, and free from all
*' apprehenfions of the divine ayger ; and my life will be
** retidered happy by the honor I fhall receive from my
** fell6w-citiiens of both fexes while I live ; and that honor,
" when it fhall be paid to my memory, as it may well be

m»(»uyiut *'<P«M~'. Our author Each MJtGreek^ this amclu/heftrif*

fccms to have had a thought of • Ho- StandsoithefiM^eftcdgeofdlatbirUfe.
met in btaeye, thotigh he has given j i-j & j y j

it a diHerent drefs: After the Tro- ^" E7rjp'p»^«v — «i>ir(«-«m. Neither

jans had approsfched the navy of the ^^^ Latin, nor the French tranflators

Greeks with their viftorious troops, have preferved the force of thefe words

Neftor fays to Diomed, »" their verfions. They arc, plainly,

. ' » . « relative to a torrent ; and are the fame,

Nu, y»( A, ir«.V«r nr. |«e« Wala, i«p,f. ^^ich the beft Greek writers make ufe

"The fenfe of which. Pope has, very of in fpcaking of a torrent,
well, expreffed j

• B. K.:». 173.

«ex-

_j

«

^ookVIir. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSBNSIS. ^&s
" expeded, after I am dead, will caufe my name to. be for
" ever celebrated : And, if there is any place appoinCed for
" the reception of human fouls, after they are difingaged
" from the body, that fubterraneous, and gloomy place, the
" habitation, as it is faid, of the unfortunate, will not reoeive
" mine, nor the field of Lethe, as it is called ; but the
** exalted, and pure ether, where, they iay, thofe, who are
" defcended from the gods, lead a happy, and a blefled Ufe ;
" to whom {he will relate your piety, and the favors, with

which you adorned her, and, always, beg of the gods to

make you fome illuflrious returns.

LUI. " But, if you treat your mother with indignity, and
*' fend her away with difhonor, what fufferings you may
" draw upon yourfelf for this, I fhall not pretend to fay;
" tut I forefee nothing happy : However, this I know, that,
" fhould you, even, be fortunate in every thing elfe, for I
" will fuppofe this, the pain occafioned by me, and my
** afflidions, will perfecute you, never give reft to your
** mind, and render your life infenfible of every pleafure ?
" For Veturia, after this cruel, and irreparable ignominy
" received before fo many wftnefles, will not bear to live a
" moment : But I will kill myfelf in the prefence of all
*' thefe, both friends, and enemies, and bequeath to ypu, in
" my room, a dreadful imprecation, and dire Furies to be
'* my avei^ers. May there be no occafion for this, O gods,
*^ who guard the Roman empire ; but infpire Marcius with
** fcntimcnts of piety, and honor : And, as, juft now at my
• * approach, he ordered the axes to be laid afide, the rods

"to

3«6 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

** to be lowered, and his feat to be t^en from the tribunal,
and placed on the ground ; and, of all the other enfigns,
that are the ufual ornaments of abfolute magiftracy, fbme
** he leflened, and others he quite removed, with an inten-
** tion to make it manifeft to all, that he had a right to
** command others, and his mother to command him : So
*^ may he, now alfo, make me honoured, and oonfpicuous ;
** and, by remitting our common country at my requeft,
** inftead of the moft unfortunate, render me the moft
*^ fortunate, of all women. If it was becoming, and lawful
** for a mother to throw herfelf at the feet of her fon, even
** to this, and every other pofture, and office of humility
** would I fubmit, to iave my country."

LIV. Having faid this, fhe threw herfelf upon the ground ;
and, embracing the feet of Marcius with both her hands, me
kifled them : As foon as fhe fell proftrate, all the women
cried out together, uttering a loud, and long lamentation.
Even the Volfci, who were prefent at the aflembly, could
not bear the unufual fight, but turned away their eyes.
And Marcius himfelf, leaping from his feat, took his mother
in his arms ; and, raifing her up from the ground fcarce
breathing, he embraced her, and with many tears faid ;
** O mother, you have gained a victory, that will prove
^* fatal both to yourfelf, and me : For you have faved your
'** country, but ruined me your pious, and afFedionate fon,"
After he had faid this, he went to his tent, and defired his
mother, his wife, and his children to follow him ; wherfe
he pafTed the reft of the day iii confidering with them, what

was

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 367

was to be done : And the refolutions they came to were
thefe : That the fenate fhould lay nothing before the people
rekting to his return, nor thefe pafs any vote concerning it,
till all the articles of friendfliip, and peace (hould be fettled
with the Volfci : That Marcius fhould withdraw his forces,
and march through the Roman territories, as through the ter-
ritories of his allies: And, after he had given an account to
the Volfei of his condud in the command of their army,
and difplayed the fervices he had done them, that he fhoujd
deiire thofe, who had intrufted him with that command, by
all means to admit their enemies into the number of their
friends, to conclude a treaty with them founded on juftice,
and to commifHon him to take care that the terms of that
treaty were equal to both nations, and not infidious : But
if, elated with pride from their late fuccefies, they rgeded
an accommodation, that he fhould relign the command.
For they concluded that the Volfci would either not bear
the thoughts of chufing another commander for want of a
good general j or, if they did run the hazard of giving the
command of their, forces to any other,* their great loft
would teach them to purfue fuch meafures, as fhould be*
to their advantage. Thefe were the fubjefts . of thek
confederation, and thefe their refolutions ; which they
looked upon to bejufl, pious, and reputable, the point
Marcius had mofl at heart. But they were alarmed with a
fufpicion^ mixed with fear, left the thbughtleft multitude, now
buoyed up with the opinion of having, already, conquiered
the enemy, fhould refent the difappointment in an out-
rageous

368 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIH.
rageous manner ; and, in confequencc of that refentmcnt,
put him to death with their own hands, as' a traitor, without
giving him time to fay any thing in his defence. However,
they determined to fubmit even to this, or to any other
danger ftill more formidable, which they might be expofed
to in perforinit^ their ingagement withfideUty. And, when
it was near fun fet, they embraced one another, and went
out of the tent : After which, the women returned to the
city. Then Marcius, aflenabling his troops, laid before them
the reafbns, which had induced him to put an end to the
war ;. and ufed many intreades with his fbldiers both to
forgive him, and, when they returned home, to prpte«^ him
^om the violence of their fellow-citizens, in remembrance
of the benefits they had received from him : And, having
■faid many other things to ingage them in his defence, hs
ordered them to prepare themfelves to decamp the following
night.

LV. When the Romans heard that the dai^er Was over
(for the report of it was brought to Rome before the arrival
of the women) they ran out of the city with great joy to-
meet them ; and, embracing them, fung triumphal ibngs ;
and all in general, and every one in particular, fhewed all
thofe £igns of exultation, which men, who emerge out of
:great dangers to unexpeded felicity, expre& both in their
words, and anions. That night, therefore, they pa£e4^in
feafls, and rgoicings. The next day, the fenate, being af-
fembled by the confuls, refolved to poflpone the honors de-
figned to be conferred on Marcius to a more proper .feafon :

But

BookVIII. DIONYSIUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS. 369

But ordered that praife fliould, immediately, be given to the
women, in return for their zeal ; which praife fhould be
perpetuated to pofterity by a public infcription; and fuch
a reward, as to the women, who were to receive it, fhould
appear moft grateful and honourable. Thefe, after conful-
ration, refolved not to afk any invidious gift, but to defire
the fenate would give them leave to ered a temple to
Female Fortune ^*in the fame place, where they had inter-
ceded for their country ; and that they might aflemble, and
perform annual facrifices to her on the day they had put an
end to the war. And the fenate, and people decreed that an
" area fhould be purchafed with the public money, andconfe-
crated to the goddefs, and that, upon it, a temple, and an
altar fhould be ereded in fuch a manner, as the pontifs

3*' Ev w T*^ argfi Tu; aroMwc <?roiif(rav7o urbis matemae preces repulerunt : From
kRak x'^VV' Porcus has miftaken this this paflage, Syiburgius concludes, thac
paffage, both in his tranflation, and. in this temple was erefted in the fame
his note referring to it,- in which he place^ where the mother of Coriolanus
reads vom^dtvlo^ for 1 7roiff<r«v7o. This prevailed on her fon to fpare his coun-
Syiburgius has obferyed, and, with try. I agree with him that the temple
great fagacity, fubftituted x^W ^^ ^^e was ereded in the fame place ; but
room of ;^«{if ; which alteration is This I gather from the words of our
juftified by the Vatican manufcript, author, not from the paflage he has
though it is plain he had never feen it: quoted *, becaufe, it is plain, by all the
Syiburgius, alfo, Ihcws from a paflage rules of Grammar, that quo relates to
in Valerius Maximus, that the iem- eo tempore^ not to quartum milliarium.
, plum Fortunae muliebris, ere6ked upon M. * * * has inferted this note of Syl-
this occafion, ftood near the Latin burgius among his own without men-
way, four miles from Rome: The tioning his name. Le Jay has tranf-
wor^s of ^ Valerius Maximus are as lated the fame note, and the fame
follows : Fortunae etiam Muliebrisjimu- miftake.

lacrum^ quod eft in Via Latind ad quar- 33- Ttfj^tvof. Sec the 102** annotation

turn milliarium^ eo tempore cum aede fud on the firft book.
confecratum^ quo Coriolanum ab excidio

Vol. III. ' ''* B b b fhould

370 ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES -0? BookVlIL

fliould diredl, and facrificcs performed at the public cxpcnce ;
and that a woman, to be chofen by themfelves, (hould begin
the facrificc, and prefide in this ceremony* After this decree
of the fenate, Valeria, who had firft propofed the embaily,
and prevailed upon the mother of Marcius to concur in it,
was appointed prieftefs by the women. And thefe offered
up the firft facrifice for the people, Valeria prcfiding, upon
the altar raifed on the area, before the temple and the
ftatue were ereded, in the month of December in the fol-
lowing year, on the day of the new moon, ^* which the

it Kaxay^a^ zuXhvi. The ytar, at that
time in ufe among the Romans, was
the Pompilian year, inftituted by Nu-
ma Pompilius, which continued till
Julius Cacfar reformed it. This year
was, properly, luni-folar ; becaufe,
though the twelve fynodical months,
of which it confided, did not amount
to more than 354 days, yet this defeft
was fupplied by intercalary days, by
which this lunar year was brought
nearly to the fokr year : The Greek
year alfo, which, being lunar, con-
fided of no more than 354 days, was
brought to the folar year by an inter-
calation of feven months in nineteen
years, invented by Meton, and, from
him, this luni-folar year was called
iAffmot cy»«v7cc. The yy^i^vitf, or the
day of the new moon, was the firft
day of the month with the Greeks,
and the calends the firft day of the
HK^th with the Romans : Thefe had,
alfo, their iiones, and ides; both which
were moveable, and their calends fixed:

As for example ; the nones of March,
May, July, and Odober fell on the
fevench days of thofe months, which
nones were, for that reafon, called No-
ttae feptitnamu ; and the nones of all
the reft of the months on the fifth days
of thofe months, and were called No-
not qmntanae. The ides, called fo, as
'Macrobius fays, from the Tu(can
word idusre^ which (ignified to divide^
were governed by the nones : For, as
the ides were nine days after the nones,
including both, when the nones hap-
pened on the fifth day of the months
the ides fell out on the thirteenth;
and, when the nones were on the fe-
ventfa, the ides were on the fifteenth.
By all this it appears, that the day
before the nones of Quintilis (July)
was the fixth of that month, as the
text has been correded by Glareapus,
and Poctud ; sid the dedication of this
temple ftands in the old Roman ca-
lendar, I find, on that day, and not
on the feventh, as it is in all the edi-
tions, and manufcripcs. This laft

* Sat. i.e. 1 5.

Greeks

Book VIII. DIQNYSIUS HALIC ARNASSENS IS. ^71

Greeks call Ns/Ktiy^ay, and the Romans, Kalertdas , this being
the day, that put an end to the war. The year after the firft
facrifice, the temple, built at the expence of the public,
was finiftied, and confecrated, exadly, on the (ixth day of
the month Quintilis according to the courfe of the moon j
this being, as the Romans compute, the day before the
nones of the month Quintilis. The perfon, who confecrated
tliis temple, was Proculus Virginius, one of the confuls.

LVI. It may be agreeable to the purpofe of this hiftory,
and conducive to the reformation of thofe, who think that
the gods are neither pleafcd with the honors they receive
from men, nor difpleafed with impious, and unjuft adions,
to relate the manifeftation this goddefs gave of her prefence
at that time, not once, but twice, as it is recorded in the
"" books of the pontifs ; to the end that thofe, who, reli-
gioully, adhere to the opinions they have received from
their anceftors concerning the gods, may have no cauie
cither to repent of their belief, or ever to change it; and
that fuch, as defpife the cuftoms of their forefathers, and

reading, however, has been efpoufed with that cxpreffion in any good Ro-

by M. * * *, though not by le Jay : man writer for the nones of Quintilis:

The former fupports it by a very ex- They would have rather faid, I ima-

traordinary fuppofition in his note ginc, noniSy for the day of the nones,

upon this paflTage; he imagines that and pridie nonas^ for the day before.

Dionyfius found in the Latin authors. But, whatever cxpreffion he might

from whom he collected his hiftory, have found in any Roman hiftorian, I

that the temple of Fortuna muliebris am apt to believe that he undcrftood

was dedicated ante diem Honat ^intilisy the force of it, better than either that

four marquer It jour des nones^ which gentleman who condemns him, or I

he tranflated, literally, into Greek, who defend him.
In the firft place, I fliall not, readily, ss- Uoc<p»»lm — y^ct^tu. See the234*^

allow that Dionyfius could have met annotation on the firft book.

Bbb^ hold

_J

372 ROMAN ANTIQiJITIES OF Book VIII.

hold that the gods have no power over the defigns of men,
may, if pofTible, alter their opinfbn ; but, if they are in-
curable, that they may become ftill more odious to the gods,
and, confequently, more miferable. It is recorded, there-
fore, that the fenate hav*ng ordered that the whole expence
both of the temple, and of the ftatue, fliould be defrayed by
the public ; and the women having caufed another ftatue
to be made with the money they had contributed among
themfelves ; and both of them being dedicated together
on the firft day of the confecration of the temple, one of
the ftatues, being That which the women had. provided,
fpoke intelligibly, and loudly, in the Latin tongue, many
being prefent : The words being tranflated into Greek, the
{enfe of them is this ; ^* Oaia Ts^oT^scac yofxuy yvvxixBc yafjiejctiy
^s^uxctle jwf : Matrons^ in due form have you dedicated me.
The women, who were prefent, as it ufiially happens in
relation to uncommon voices, and fights, would not eafily
believe that the ftatue fpoke, but took it for fbme human

3*' Otm zro\tu( ve,u«, etc. Sylbur- inquire whether this is the firft ex-

gius has given us the words fuppoied ample in hiftory of a fpeaking ftatue;

to have been fpokcn by this ftatue in if it is, the hint has been, fince, im-

Latin from ''Valerius Maximus,which proved to very fubftantial purpofes :

are thcfe : Riti me, matronact vidtftisy However, it is a melancholy inftance

riteqtie dedicajiis. Where, nVi, explains of fuperftition, or of fomething worfe,

«V<M sroAfftif nojuoi \ matronaey yw»ixtt both in heathens, and many chriftians,

y<>tl*il*i i and dedicajiis, him»lt. As for to alledge fuch idle ftories in proof of

vidiftisy which is not in our author, I a Providence, when every fingle ob-

do not think it worth while to inquire jeA in this wonderful frame of nature

how Valerius came to infert that word can fupply them with a demonftratton

in his relation of this ridiculous tale, of it.
Neither do I think it worth while to

1 6. i. c. 8.

voice;

BookVIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 373
voice ; thofe, particularly, who happened, at that time, to
be thinking of fomething elfe, and did not fee what it was
that fpoke, would not believe fuch as had feen it. After-
wards, when the temple was full, and there happened to be
the greateft filence, the fame flatue pronounced the fame
words in a louder voice : 3o that, there was, no longer, any
doubt concerning it. The fenate, hearing what had pafled,
ordered other facrifices, and rites to be performed et^ery
- year, in fuch a manner, as the pontifs fhould dired : And
the women, by the advice of their prieflefs, eflabU(hed it as
a cuflom that no women, who had been twice married,
fhould crown this flatue with garlands, or toueh it with
their hands ; but that the whole honor, and miniflry relating
to this flatue, fhould be committed to new married women.
But, concerning thefe things, it became me neither to ottiit
a fa6t recorded by the Roman hiflorians, nor to dwell any
longer upon it. I, now, return from whence I digrefled.

LVII. After the departure of the women, Nfercius de-
camped with his army by break of day, and marched through
the territories of the Romans, as through a friend's country:
And, when he came to That of the Volfci, he divided all
the booty among his foldiers, without referving the leafl
thing for himfelf, and fent them to their refpedive homes.
The troops, who had ferved under him in his battles, re-
turning loaded with riches, were not difpleafed with refling
from the war ; and, as they loved the man, they thought
he deferved to be forgiven for having defifled from profe-
cuting the war to the lafl,in compaflion to the diflrefs, and

prayers

374 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

prayers of his mother. But the youog men, who had ilaid
at home, envying the fbldiers on account of the great booty
they had acquired, and being di&ppointed in their hopes of
feeing the pride of the Romans humbled, when their city
(hould be taken, were exafperated againft the general, and
full of refentment ; and, at laftj when they found their
hatred countenanced by the men of the greateft power in
the nation, they grew wild with rage, and committed an
impious a6bion. The perfon, who contributed not a litde to
inflame them againft Marcius, was Tullus Attius, who was
fuppoited by a great fadion colleded out of every city. This
man, who could not command his envy, had, long fince,
refolved if Marcius fucceeded, and, after he had deftroyed
Rome, returned to the Volfci, to murde^ him in a private,
and infidious manner; or, if he mifcarried, and returned
without efFeding his defign, to deliver him over to his radion
as a traitor, and put him to death ; which was the method
he, then, took. And, aflembling a ccxiiiderable number of
his people, he accufed the man; forming conjedures of
falfe things by true, and of fuch as were never to come to
pafs, by thofe which had already happened ; then ordered
him to refign his command, and give an account of his
condud r For, as I faid before, he was general of the forces,
which had been left in the cities ; and had power both to
aflemble the people, and to fummon any man he thought
fit to a trial. ^

LVIII. Marcius (fid not think proper to oppofe either of
thefe demands ; but objeded to their order : For kt infilled

that

BdokVnr. DT0NYSIU5 HALICARNASSENSIS. ^js
that he ought, firft, to give an account of his condutSt io
the war ; after which, he coasted to refign his command,
if all the Volfci fhould be of that opinion : . But he thought
that the determination of thefe points fhould not be com-
mitted to any particular city, of which the grcatcft part was
corrupted by Tullus, but to a legal aflembly of tie whole
nadon, to which it was the cuftom for them to fend deputie»
from every city, when they were to deliberate upon affairs
of the greateft importance. This Tullus of^fed; well
knowing that a man of his eloquence, when he came to
give an account of the many great adions he had performed,
if he ftill retained his dignity of general, would juftify his
conduca Co the multitude ; and be fo far from being punifhed
as a traitor, that he would become ftill more illuflrious, be
more honoured fay them, and authorized, by a geneml con-
fent, to put an end to the war in fuch a manner, as he fhould
think proper. This flruggle lafled for a confiderable time,
and was carried on every day in the afiemblies, and the
forum, with great eagernefs by words, and mutual comtefb :
For neither of ijiem could employ force againfl the other;
becaufe both were defended by the dignity aS an equal
command. But, there being no end of tjiis contention,
Tullus appointed a day for ^^cius to refign his command,
and take his trial for the treafbn he flood accufed of ; and,
having prevaikd upon fome of the moft daring, with the
h(^es of rewards, to be the ringleaders in the wicked a^on
he meditated, he came to the aflembly cm the day appointed ;
and, placing himfelf in the tribunal, ufed many inve&ives

againfl

376 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIIL

againft Marcius, and exhorted the people to depofe him by
force, if he would not, voluntarily, refign the command.

LIX. Marcius having afcended the tribunal in order to
make his defence, the fadion of TuUus hindered him from
{peaking by their clamor ; and, upon their, crying out, Kill
him. Kill him, the moft daring furrounded him, and ftoned
him " to death. While he lay ftretched upon the ground in
the forum, both thofe, who had been prefent at this tragedy,
and thofe, who came thither after he was dead, bewailed the
misfortune of the man, who had found fo ill a return from
them, and recounted all the fervices he had done to the
commonwealth, defiring to apprehend the murderers for
having fet the example of an a^ion illegal in itfelf, and of
pernicious confequence to their cities, in killing a man, and,
particularly, their general, by an ad of violence, without
fufFering -him to make his defence : But thofe, who had
ferved under him, (hewed the greateft indignation at the
ufage he had met with ; and fincc, when he was living, they
had not been able to prevent his misfortune, they refolved to
fliew their juft acknowledgement to him after he was dead,
by bringing into the forum every thing, that was neceflary
to the honor of a brave man ; an^, when all things were

37' A»roicli»»t»««. Livy, alfo, fays hiftorians, afferts that he lived to a

chat Coriolanus was put to death by great age ; and that, when he was

the Volfci, in refentment for his hav- very old, he ufed, often, to fay that

ing withdrawn his forces from the ter- exile was the moft fcverely felt by an

ritories of the Romans j and that old man : * Rtfcrt certe (Fahius) banc

others give a different account of his faepe eum exaSid aetaU ufurpajfe vocem,

death: But, Fabius, he fays, who was Muhd miferius feni exsliumejfe.
by much the moft ancient of their

»B.ii. c. l(o.

ready,

Book VIII. DI0NYSIU3 HALICARNASSENSIS. ^j
ready, they dothcd him in the habit of a general, and
placed him on a bier adorned in a moft fumptuous manner;
and, caufing the booty, the fpoils, and the crowns, together
with the reprefentations of the towns he had taken, to be
carried before him, the young men, who were the moft di-
ftinguidied by their military achievements, took up the bier ;
and, carrying it to the moft confiderable part of the fuburbs,
placed it on a funeral pile, before, prepared for its reception,
all the citizens accompanying the body with lamentations,
and tears : Then, having killed a great number of vidims
in honor to hkn, and offered up all the firft offerings
that are, ufually, made at the funeral piles of kings, or
generals, thofe, who had been moft attached to him, re-
mained there, till the flame was extinguiftied ; after which,
they gathered together his remains, and buried them in the
fame place ; and, having railed a high mound by the af*
iiftance of many hands, they ereded a handfome monument.

LX. Such was the cataftrophe of Marcius, the greateft
general of his age: He was fuperior to all thofe pleafures
that tyrannize youth ; and pradifed juftice not with re-
luAance, and through fear of the punishment impofed by
the law, but voluntarily, and from his natural propen-.
{ity to it: He did not look upon the not doing an injury
to be any part of virtue ; and, not only, took care to be
exempt from all vice himfelf, but, alfo, thought it his duty
to compel others to be fb too : He was a man of great
fpirit, and liberality, and moft ready to relieve the wants of
, his friends, as foon as he was informed of them : He was

Vol. III. C c c inferior

378 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Biook VIIL
inferior to none of the ariftocratical party in his talents for
civil affairs ; and, if the contrary fadion had not oppofcd
his meafures, the Roman commonwealth would have re-
ceived the greateft acceffion of power from them : But it
was not poflible for all the virtues to meet in the fame*
compofition ; neither will there ever appear a man produced
from a mortal, and frail original, who is perfe<9: in all things.
LXI. Heaven, therefore, that beftowed thefe virtues on
• him, blended them with unhappy defeds, and imperfedlions :
For there was no mildnefs, no chearfulnefs in his behaviour;
nor any thing winning in him, when he faluted, and fpoke
to his acquaintance ; no difpofition to be reconciled, or to
mitigate his refentment, when he was angry with any one;
nor that grace, which adorns all human adions ; but he
was always harfh, and fevere. Thefe qualities hurt him in
many refpedls ; but, moft of all, his immoderate, and in-
exorable rigor in fupporting juftice, and the laws, without
the leaft mixture of clemency : And the '* opinion of the
ancient philofophers feems true, that moral virtues confift

3'* To vVo rm agx^^^^ xtyofjL^ov wV«^So\if, the excefs \ and Cowardice,

^i^o<^o(p«l'. This is the doftrinc of i ^kkh^^^ the deficiency. Again, Li be-

* Ariftotlc, which is here, I believe, rality is the mean ; Prodigality, the

alluded ro, and which he explains in excefs ; and Avarice, the deficiency,

the following manner in his ethics: Ariftotle has applied this doftrine.

His pofition is, that virtue confifts in even, to converfation, where Faceti-

the mean, iai^^y^ i r** i ot^^yi : This ^ he oufnefs is the mean ; B.ufFoonry, the

illuftrates by many examples drawn excefs •, and Rufticity, the deficiency,

from the pafrions, and afFeftions ; in This is not the firft opportunity I

all which to /weo-ov, the mean, is found have had of fhewing how great a de-

to be virtuous, and ra, axfot, the ex^ ference our author pays to the ethics

tremes, to be vicious : Thus, Bravery of Ariftotle.
is TO pio-oK, the meany Raflinefs, if

•B. ii. c. 6. Md.ib.c.7.

in

Book Vm. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 379

in the mean, and not in the extremes, particularly juftice :
For fhe is unprofitable to her pofleflbrs, not only, when flie
does not arrive to this mean, but, alfo, when fhe exceeds it;
and, fomctimes, the caufe of great calamities, and leads .
to miferable deaths, and irreparable mifchiefs : Nothing
elfe but the purfuit of exadi:, and extreme juftice drove
Marcius out of his country, and deprived him of all the
other enjoyments of life : For, when he ought to have made
reafonable conceflions to the plebeians,- and might, by
yielding to their defires in fome particulars, have gained
the firft place in their afFedions, he would not do it ; but,
by oppofing them in every thing that was not juft, he
incurred their hatred, and was baniihed by them: And,
when he had it in his power to refign the command of the
Volfcian army the moment he had put an end to the war,
and to remove to any other place, till his country had granted
Jiim leave to return, and not expofe himfelf to the fnares of
his enemies, and the folly of the multitude; though he
confidered all this, he did not think fit to ufe any of thefe
precautions; but, efteeming it his duty to prefent himfelf
before thofe, who had intrufted him with that command, in
order to give an account of his condud while he was invefted
with it, and, after he had given that account, if he was
found guilty of any crime, to undergo the punifhment or-r
dained by the laws, he did not receive the reward, which his
extreme juftice dcferved.

LXII. If therefore, when the body is deftroyed,,thc fub-
ftjuice o( the foul, whatever that fubflance may be, peri(hes

C c c 2 together

V,

3«o ROMAN ANTK^ITIES OF Book VIII.

together with it, and ceafes to cxift, I know not how I can
conceive thofe to be happy, who have received no.advantage
from their virtue ; but, on the contrary, have been undone
by it : Whereas, if our fouls remain for ever incorruptible,
as fome think, or, if they fubfift fbnne time after their fepa*
ration from the body, Thofe of good m«i enjoying the
longeft, and Thofe of the wicked the fliorteft, duration, the
applaufe of the living, and the prcfervation of their memory
to the lateft ages, feem to be an honor fufficient for the
virtuous, though Fortune was their enemy : Which honor
happened to this man : For, not only, the Volfci mourned
for his death, and ftill honor him, as a man of the greateft
merit ; but the Romans alfo, when they were informed of
his tragical end, looked upon it as a great calamity to their
commonwealth, and mourned for him both in private, and
in public : And their wives, as their cuftom is at the death
of their ncareft relations, laid afide their gold, and purple^
and all the reft of their ornaments ; anddrefling themfelves
in black, mourned for him a whole year : And near five
hundred years being, now, elapfed fince his death, his me-
mory is not obliterated, but he is, ftill, praifed and celebrated
by all, as a pious, and juft man. Thus ended the danger,
with which the Romans had been threatened by the invafion
of the Volfci, and Aequi, under the command of Marcius;
a danger greater than any they had, ever, been expofed to,
which had like to have deftroyed the whole city from its
foundations.

LXIII.

BookVin. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 381

LXin. A few days after, the Romans, took the field with

a numerous army commanded by both the confuis 5 and,

advancing to the confines of their own territories, incamped

on two hills, each of the confuis having his camp apart, very

ftrongly fituated. However, they returned to Rome without

effeAing any thing, though fair opportunties were given

them by the enemy of performing fome gallant a<5tion :

For, before this, the Volfci, and the Aequi had invaded

the Roman territories, refolving not to lofe the opportunity ;

but to attack them, while they iecmed to be, ftill, in a

confternation, fuppofing that fear would induce them to

furrender of their own accord : But, quarrelling among one

another about the command, they ran to arms, and ingagcd

without keeping their ranks, or receiving orders, but with

all the confufion, and diforder imaginable ; fo that, many

were killed on both fides: And, if the fctting of the fun

had not prevented further mifchief, both armies had been,

utterly, dcftroyed. Yielding therefore, though unwillingly,

to the night, which put an end to the conteft, they were

parted, and each army retired to their own camp ; And,

decamping, early the next day, each returned home. The

confuis, though informed both by the prifoners they had

taken, and by the delcrters, who had efcaped from the

adicMi, of the madnefs, and fury the enemy had been pof-

lefibd with, neither- tooikf advantage of an opportunity Co

much to be wiflied, when they were not diftant from them

above thirty ftadia, nor purfued them in their retreat, in

which their own troops being freih, and following in their

ranks,

382 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIII.
ranks, might eafily have dcftroyed, to a man, Thofe of
the enemy, that were fatigued, wounded, reduced to a fmall
number, and retiring in diforder. However, the confuls
decamped alfo, and returned to Rome ; either contented
with the advantage Fortune had given them, or having no
confidence in their troops that were undifciplined, or highly
fatisfied with not having fuffered the leaft lofs. But, when
they came to Rome, they were treated with great ignominy,
^nd their behaviour was charged with cowardice. And,
without undertaking any other expedition, they furrendered
their magiftracy to their fucceflbrs.

LXIV. Th<? next year, " Caius Aquilius, and Titus
Sicinus, both men of experience in war, entered upon the
.confulfhip. The fenate, after the confuls had propofed to
them to confider of the war, ordered that embafladors fhould
be fent to the Hernici to demand of them, as of their
friends and allies, fuch latisfadion, as they were intitled to
by their treaties (for the commonwealth had been injured by
them at the time of the invafion of the Volfci, and Aequi^
by the robberies they had committed, and the inoirfions
they bad made upon that, part of the Roman territories,
which lay contiguous to theirs) and that, in the mean time,
and until they fhould receive their anfwers, the confuls
ihould raife all the forces they could, and demand the af-
fiftance of their allies by embaffies ; and, alfo, that they

39- r«iof AxvXior, Ktct THo( Zaum. Fafti confulares. In ' Li vy, the latter is
Thefe confuls are called C. Aquilius named T. Sicinius, poffibly through a
Tufcus, and T. Sicinus Sabinus in the miftake in the tranlcriber.

<B.ii. c. 40.

fliould

Book VIII. DION YSi US HALICARNASSENSIS. 383
fhoiild, by employing a great number of men, prepare com,
arms, money, and all other things, that were neceflary for the
war, with the greateft expedition. When the embafladors
returned from the Hernici, they made their report to the
fenate of the anfwcrs they had received from them ; the
fubftance of which was, that they faid there never had been
any treaty between them, and the Romans in general ;
that the convention they had made with Tarquinius was
diffolved both by his expulfion, and by his death in a foreign
country ; and that, if any depredations had been committedj
or incurfions made upon the territories of the Romans by
bands of robbers, thefe did not flow from the general confent
of their nation, but from the avarice of particular pcrfons ;
that it was not even in their power to deliver up to juffice the
men, who had been guilty of thefe things ; that they them^
felves, having, alfo, fuffered damages of the fame nature, had
the fame complaints to make ; and that they, chearfuUy,
accepted the war. The fenate, having heard the report of
their embafladors, ordered the youth already raifed to be
divided into three bodies: And that, with one of them,
Caius Aquilius fliould march againft the Hernici (for thefe
were already in arms) That Titus Sicinus, the other conful,
fliould lead the fecond againfl: the Volici ; and that Spurius
Lartius, who had been appointed governor of Rome by the
confuls, fliould, with the third, defend that part of the
country, that lay neareft to the city : That thofe, who were
above the military age, but ftill in a condition to bear

arms^

384 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OP BdokVlII.

armS) ihould be dUpofed under their enfigns, and guard the
fartreflfes of the city, and the walls, to prevent any fudden
attempt of the enemy, while all the youdi were in the field:
And that Aulus Senipronius Atratinus, a confular perfbo,
fhould have the command of thefe forces. All chefe orders
were foon executed.

LXV. Aquilius therefore, one of the confuls, finding
the anny of the Hernici waiting for him in the country of
the Praenefliiii, incamped as near to them as he could, at
the diftance of little more than two hundred ftadia firom
Rome. The third day after he had formed his camp, the
Hernici, coming out of theirs, advanced to the plain in
order of battle, and gave the fignal for the combat : Upon
which, theconful marched out to meet them with his army
alfb drawn up, and difpofed in their reipedive divifions :
And, when they approached one another, they fhouCed, and
rah to the ingagement, which was begun by the light armed
men on both fides, who, with darts, arrows, and ftones from
their flings, gave one another many wounds: Then the
horle charged the horfe in troops ; and the foot ingaged the
foot in companies : And, now, the battle ragol; both armies
fighting bravely; and, for a long time, maintaining the
ground where they were pofted. At length, the firft line
of the Romans began to give way, this being the firft battle
they had been ingaged in for a long time. Aquilius, ob^
{erving this, ordered the frefh troops referved for this very
purpofe, to take the place of thofe who were fatigued, and
the wounded men, and thofe who were ipent with the

labor

BdokVIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSEN8IS. 385
labor of the day, to retire to the riEJlr. The Heniici, feeing
their troops in motion, imagined the Romans were beginning
to fly; and, animating one another, and clofing their files,
they fell iipon thofe ports df the enemy's army^ that were in
motion, and the firefli trobps of the Romans received their
onlet } and, both fighting refblutely, the battle was, now,
renewed with great Violence : For the cohorts of the Hernici
were alfo, cohtinudly, reinforced with frefii troops fcnt by
their generals, in the room of thofe, who were fatigued.
The evehini; ^as now Coming on, when the conful, en-
cdui-aging the horfe to exert themfelves upon this occafion,
put hiihfelf at thdr head, and charged the ri^t wing of the
enemy ; who, after a fliort refiftance, gave way, and a great
flaiightet infued: While the right wing of the Hernici
fuflrered, and Idft ground, the left, ftill, maintained the fight,
and had die advantage bver thfe right wing of the Romans :
Buti in a fliort time. That too gave way : For Aquilius, tak-
ing with him the braveft of the youth, ran to their afiiftance
alfo} and, exhorting his- people, and calling upon every man,
who ufed to^diftinguifti himfelf in former battles, by his
name, and fhatchiiig the ftandards of thofe cohorts, that did
not feeta to do thfeir duty, from their bearers, he threw them
into the midft of the enemy ; that the dread of the punifh-
ment ofdaihed by the laws, if they did not recover their
ftandards, might compel them to fight valiantly ; and he
himfelf always relieved every part, that wanted fuccour,
till he forced this Wing, alfo, to give way. Both the flanks
being now left naked, even the center did not ftand their
Vol. III. . D d d ground j

386 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book Vin.

ground ; but the Hernici fled to their camp in confufion,
and diforder, and the Romans purfued them with great
execution. The Roman army fought, that day, with fo
much eagernefs, that fome of the men endeavoured even
to mount the intrenchments of the enemy's camp, in ex-
pedtation of taking it by ftorm ; which attempt the conful
obferving to be hazardous and unavailing, ordered a re-
treat to be founded, and that his men iliould give over the
attack, which they were defirous to continue, fearing left,
by being galled with the miflive weapons, which the enemy
were, continually, throwing from above, they fliould be
forced to retire with fhame, and great lofs, and, by that
means, deface the glory of their former victory : So that,
the Romans, it being now near fun fet, returned to their
camp rejoicing, and finging fongs of triumph.

LXVI. The following night, there was a great nolle,
and outcry heard in the camp of the Hernici, and the light
of many torches feen: For they, delpairing of being able to
ftand another ingagement, had refolved to leave their camp
of their own motion ; and this was the caufe gf the diforder,
and outcry : Since every man fled with all the ftrength, and
fpeed he was matter of, calling to, and called upon by, one
another, without fliewing the leaft regard to the lamenta-
tions, and intreaties of thofe, who were left behind on ac-
count of their wounds, or ficknefs. The Romans, who knew
nothing of this, but had, before, been informed by the pri-
foners that another army of the Hernici was expedted to
come to the afliftance of their countrymen, and imagining

that

fiookVIII.DIONYSIUS HALICARNA^SEI^SIS. 387
that this outcry, and tumult was occafioned by their arrival,
took their arms again ; and, lining the intrenchments> left
any attack fhould be made upon them in the night, fome-
times all ftruck their fhields with their fwords, and, at others,
Ihouted frequently, as if they were going to ingage. All
thefe things alarmed theHernici, alfo, to a great degree, who,
thinking themfelves purfued by the enemy, difperfed, and
fled different ways. After it was day, and the horfe, fent
out to difcover the enemy's motions, had reported that no
frefli forces were come to their afliftance, and that Thoie
they had been ingaged with the day before, were fled,
Aquilius marched out with his army, and pofleflied him-
felf of the enemy's camp, which was full of beafts of
burden, provifions, and arms; and there, alfo, he took their
wounded men, not fewer in number than thofe, who had^
fled; and, fending the horfe in purfuit of fuch, as had
difperfed themfelves in the roads, and woods, he made many,
of them prifoners : Then he overrun the territories of the
Hernici, and laid themwafte with impunity, none now daring
to encounter him. Thefe were the exploits of Aquilius.

LXVII. The other conful, Titus Sicinus, who had been
fent againft the Volfci with the flower of the drmy, made
an irruption into the country of the Veliterni : For Tullus
Attius, the Volfcian general, was poflied there at the head
of a very gallant army, which he had raifed with a view
firft to harrafs the country of their allies, as Marcius had done
when he begun the war, thinking that the Romans, conti-
nuing ftiU under the fame confternation, would not fend any

D d d 2 fuccours

388 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

fuccours to thofe, who were expofed to danger fo^ their fak?.
As fbon as the two arpiies were feen by, ^nd law, q^ an-
other, they ingaged without delay : The groupd bet^eei^
their camps, on which they were obliged to %ht, was 4
rocky hill, furrounded with many broken precipices, where
the horfe could be of no ufe to either. The Roman horfe,
obferving this, thought it would be a (ham^ for them to be
prefent at; the adion, without affifting in it j ^dj cdming to
the conful in a body, defired, if he approved of it, tb^t he
would permit them to q^uit tfieir horfes, and fight on foot '
The conful ^ve them gre^t commefidations ; and) ordering
them to difciount, drew them up, and kept th^m about hinx
both to obferve what par( of the army might waqt relief,
and to relieve it. And thefe w^rc the caufe of the vif^ory the
Romans then gained ; a viiSkory, that well deferved the gr^t
applaufe it afterwards met witht For the fopt, op both,
fides, were as equal as pofllble in number, and armed alike, and
had no advantage over one another ip order, difcipline, e:^-
perience in fighting, in attacks, or retreats, in dealing their
blows, or in warding them off: For the Volfci had changed
every part of their military difcipline, fince they had been
commanded by Marcius> and adopted the cufloms of the
Romans : So th^t, the foot in both armies continued fight-
ing moft part of the day with equal fuccefs, the ground, by
its inequality) giving to each many advantages. But the.
Roman horfemen dividing them.iclves into two bodies, one
of them attacked the enemy's right wing in flank, while the
other, gomg round the hiil, ch^ged them in the rear; after

which.

BpokVIU. DIONYSIUS HALICAB.NA38ENSIS.38y

wl^c^ Tome of theip cbrte4 fh^ir fp^^ at the Volfci> and
qthers, witti their horfen^enst fwords^ wlii^h ^e longer than
tho(e of the iixi^ntFy, ilaih^d the arm%, aj^d hams of thoie
they f nco\^itef6d, and ci^t ofF the hands of many o£ them,
tog^the^ w\\k the bucklers, and fwprds they were holding
either %Q. def^ themfelves, w ?^nwy the enemy; and, by
infliding d^p wounds, on the Hn^^s, and ankles of feveral,
they kft them half dead upon the grquod, where they had
f^ood, before, with the great?A firmnefe. And naw the Volfci
were, on ?dl fides, furrounded with ruin ; the foot prcffing
them in &ont, and th^ horfemen on their flank, and in the
rear: So that, aft^ having fhewn a bravery beyond their
firength, and given mtany proofs of refcilutioa, and expe-
rience, their right wing was almoft all cut in pieces. When
thofe in the center, and in the other wing, faw their right
wing broken, and the Roman horfemen coming up to charge
them in the fkme manner, they caufed their ^ files to coun-

*o. E|tfi»|«»7« «f x«^w. Thefenfe .mentioning the diviflon of itt The
of this expreffion, isvifibly n\iftaken t^tMyiMt was either im7« Ao;gyf, orK«7«
by the Latin, and French tranflators : {«>•« : «• The firft is, when the files of
The former have faid expUcatis ordini- a batalibn countermarch ; and the fe-
hus^ which M. *** has tranflated lite- con^, when the ranks do the fame,
rally. Us deploient leurs bataillons, Le In the firft evolution, e /nev Kex»yaf m
Jay has faid, ilsfoiU d^ier kurstroupes^ n »(«>>» f*^»x»ftGti*u totov, tt u(uyo(
which is not much more to the purpoie. T«r rv Aa;^*^, luw a^i rtft xft1<( Tpwtnut
In order to come at the (enfe of this . twt9»itt»s i xalovn : Here, the file
expreflion, we muft confult the Greek leaders take the place of the bringers
maftersof ta£tics, and, among the re(t» up, and theie of the file leaders, and
Arrian, who explains the different the front becomes the rear : This was
kinds of the t^thtyiMt. Without en- the (|iAi>-juo;, which our author fays
tering into the fubdivi(|9n$ of this th^ Volfci made ufe of, to fecure their
evolution,' I Avail CQOtent myfclf with ' retreat ; and s very proper one, no

' & Tixr< TmI. p. ;8. Ed.of Amftad.

termarch,

390 ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVIII.

termarch, and retired (lowly towards their camp, and the
horfemen followed in their ranks : And, when they came to
the intrenchments, another fharp fight infued, and the
horfemen, in endeavouring to climb over the palifades in dif-
ferent parts of the camp, were repulfed. The conful, feeing
the Romans diftrefled, ordered the foot to bring fafcincs,
and fill up the ditches ; and, putting himfelf at the head of
the braveft horfemen, he marched over the paflage they had
made, to the gate of the camp, that was moft fortified ;
and, having forced the guard, that defended it, and cut
afunder the portcullis, he got within the intrenchments,
and let in his foot that followed. Here Tullus Attius charged
him with the ftrongeft, and braveft of the Volfci; and, af-
ter he had performed many gallant adions (for he was a va-
liant foldier, but not qualified for a general) at laft, fpent
with labor, and the many wounds he had received, he fell
dead. After the camp was taken, fome of the Volfci died
fighting ; and others threw down their arms, and implored
the clemency of the conquerors ; and a few of them faved
themfelves by flight, and returned home. When the cou-
riers fent by the confuls arrived at Rome, the people
were filled with joy, and, immediately, ordered facrifices of
thankfgiving to be offered to the gods, and decreed the

doubt I ihall juft fay a word, or tMtnvfta n reit h^mt ' Here, the ranks

two, to explain the other *lixiyi*«ty countermarch ; that is, one wing of

chough it does not properly relate to the batalion exchanges its ground

the expreffion, now, before us. By with the other ; the right wing be-

the i|(Ai>'|uof xW7« ^uy«, the commander comes the left } and the left wing, the

T« /f|<« (V. T«<( wmvfMti nokMntit 1^ T<i right.

honors

BookVIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 391

honors of a triumph to the confuls; but not the fame
to both : For, as Sicinus feemed to have freed the common-
wfealth from the greater fear, by deftroying the infulting
army of the Volfci, and killing their general, fo they
granted to him the greater triumph : And he entered the
city in a chariot, drawn by horfes with golden bridles,
he himfelf being drefled in royal robes, as is ufual in the
greater triumphs : He was *- preceded by the fpoils, and
the prifoners ; and followed by his vidorious army. To
Aquilius they decreed the lefler triumph, called, by them,
Ovatio» I have, before, ♦* Ihewn the diiFerence between
this, and the greater triumph. And this perfon entered the
city on foot, with the other ornaments of the procefllon.
Thus the year ended.

LXVIII. Thefe confuls were fucceeded by ^^ Proculus
Virginius, and Spurius Caflius, then conful for the third time,
who took the field with their national forces, and thofe of
their allies. It fell to the lot of Virginius to lead his army

4»« hytn ret A«$u{» xtfi nt «<XM*'^*" which Le Jay is fb far from evading,

T«f. This word ».ya¥, as it is in the that he leaves the reader no room 'to

Vatican manufcript, or »x;"'> as it ftands doubt of his error : // entra dans Rome

in the editions, is applied to the fpoils, au milieu des depouilles des ennemies, and

the prifoners, and the army ; and yet tralfnant apres fty un grand nombre de

it is certain that the triumphal car captifs.

was preceded by the fpoils firft, and 42- Atiy,Xt»l*i /*«/. See the fifth book,

then by the prifoners, and followed by chapter 47.

the army. The ignorance of, or in- 43- n^oitwAof, This conful is callid

attention to, this particular, has miQed Proculus Virginius both by *" Livy,

the French tranflators, and particu- and thtfajii confulares ; for which rea-

iarly Le Jay.: The other has faid, il fon, I have inferted Proculus in the

entra dans Rome accompdgne dt ctux qui text, inftead of HoffAicf, which is the

fortoient ks depouilles ; this rather e- reading of all the editions,
vades, than explains the difficulty ;

•B.ii.c.41. againft

39* ROMAK ANTIQUITIES OF BookVlII.

againft the Aeqiii ; and lb That of Caffius to march againft
the Hefiiici) and the Volfci. The Aequi, having fortified
iheif dties, and removed thither out of the country every
thing that was moft valuable, fufitred their lands to be laid
wafte, and their country houfes to be fet oh fire : So that,
Virginius, with great eafej hafraflfed, and Ipoiled as much of
their country as he thought fit, fince no one offered to
defend it; and, then, returned to Rome with his army.
The Vbllci, and theHernici, againft whom Cafllus marched,
had refolved to fufffer their lands to be laid wafte, and
all taken refuge in their cities. However, they did riot ad-
here to their relblution : But, induced by their regret to fee
the defoladon of a f<*til country, which they could not ex-
pe£l eafily to reftore to its former condition ; and, at the
fame time, difttufting the fortifications they had fled to,
•which were not Vety ftrong, they fent embafladors to the
confiil to fue for peace : The Volfci fent firft ; and firft
obtained their defires, by futnifhing as much money as the
conful ordered) and every thing elfe the army wanted : And
thefe confented to become fubjpft to the Romans, without
aiming, any longer, at an equality. After them, the Her-
nici, finding themfelves left deftitute, treated with the
conful concerning peace, and friendftiip : But Cafiius ac-
cufed them, violently, to their embafladors, and (aid they*
ought, ^ft, to && like men conquered, and fubje^, and,
then, treat of friendfliip. The embafladors anfwering that
they woukl do eveiy thing, that was pofllble and reafonable,

he

BoolfiVUL DIONYSIUS HALfCAJlNASSfiWaiS. 393
he ordered them to iupply his army ^ with money, and
with provifions for a month : And to the intent they might
raiie thefe fupplies with the greater eaie on the day ap-
pointed, he granted them a truce. The Hernici perform-
ing every thing with expedition and alacrity, and fending,
again, embaffadors to treat of the peace, Caflius commend-
ed them, and referred them to the fenate ; who, after ma^
ny deliberations, came to a refolution to receive this people
into their friendfhip : That Cailius ihould confider, and
fettle, the terms of the treaty : And that, whatever heapr-
proved of, they would ratify*

LXIX. The fenate having come to thefe refolutions,
Cailius returned to Rome, and demanded a ^^ fecond tri-
umph, as if he had fubdued the greateft nations, ieizing

44- A(yvijiov Th Kfitr cLui^ «if f{«- vifioHs^ the faijie thing will be rep^at-

rtcSlcuf Hf Q^m9$aciA9v E60Z UN unifttf ed in r(^df ^iro^ffHv : So that, I

it/oSf. The c0miDcmatars obfeire, would ftrike out the imerfening ien-

that the numeral word before finvuv is tence, as an interpolation, and reaj^

omitted in the Greek text : But I have m^yvfiov ti, xcti 3i» juift o^ t(o«ia< ato^i^mf.

an objeAion jigainft ^e sfhtAa fen- Spmcthiog Uk^ this we had juft bq*

tence. If o^^fitucttrfA^f is fuppofed to fore, in relation to the orders given

fignify die ufuai pay of the Roman by the other conful to the VoIfci,wherB

foldiers, which fignfifi^ation the word no mention is madfc of the fpm, any

will bear, a plain abfurdity will fol- more than here,
low i fince it is very well known that 45- AivTwor. So we muft read this

the Roman Ibldiers received no pay, with the V j^ican manufcript, and not

till the year of Rome ^8, when the f^tyt^ofy as it ftands in tjic editions :

fenate ordered ^ ui ftipendUm mUs de BecauTe Caffius had, ahneady, tri-

publia acHperet \ qmm ante id tmpus umphed for the viftory he obtained

de fuo qmf^ funBus eo munere ejfet. over theSabines*, where he killed

And, if 64'«y»«r|U0f is taken in the 10,300 of them, and took near 4000

more common fignification, for pro- pri/oqers.

'Liyy, fi. iv.c. 59* ^Sce tlie fifth book* chap. 49.

Voj.. III. E e e that

394 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book .VIII.
that honor by favor, rather than receiving it as a right ;
fince he was to be preceded by captives, and fpoils, with
which a triumph is adorned, without having ftormed any
towns, or gained a battle in the field. This aCtion firft
drew upon him the reputation of a proud man, and the
envy of entertaining more exalted thoughts, than the reft
of his fellow-citizens. After, he had prevailed in obtaining
the triuipph, he produced the treaty he had miade with the
Hernici ; which was copied from That, before, made with
the Latines. This, greatly, difgufted the moft ancient, and
the moft dignified fenators, who began to fufped: him ;' be-
caufe they thought it, highly, unreafonable that the Hernici,
who were ftrangers, ftiould obtain the fame honor with the
Latines, who were their relations ; and that fuch, as had
not done them the leaft fervice, ftiould be treated with the
fame humanity, as thofe, who had given them many in-
ftances of their affedion. They were, alfo, difpleafed at
the haughtinefs of the nlan, who, after he had been ho-
noured by the fenate, had not done the fame honor to
them, but produced a treaty fettled according to his own
humour, and not by the authority of the fenate. And,
indeed, fuccefs in various undertakings is a dangerous, and
a prejudicial thing to a man : For it is, often, tjbe fource
of thoughtlefs pride, and the fecret author of defires ex-
ceeding the condition of human nature : Which was the
caft of Caflius : For being the only perfon at that time,
who had been honoured by his country with three conful-
fliips, and two triumphs, he now took upon himfelf

greater

Book Vlir. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 395

greater ftate, and entertained a defire of monarchical
power : And, confidering that the eafieft, and fafeft way,
of all others, for thofe, who aim at monarchy, - or tyranny,
is to gain the multitude by fome gratifications, and to ac-
cuftom them to be fed by the hand of the perfon, who
diftributes the poiTeflions of the public, this he purfued :
And, without communicating his defign to any one, he de-
termined to divide among the people certain lands of large
extent, belonging to the public, which lay negleded, and
were, then, in the poffefRon of the richeft men. If C^-
fius had been content to flop here, it is poffible that his de-
fign might have fucceeded; but, by aiming at more, he
raifed a violent fedition ; the event of which proved fatal
to himfelf: For. he thought proper to comprehend in the
divifion of thefe lands not only the Ladnes, but even
the Hernici, who had been, juft before, adniitted citizens,
in order to ^n^ge thefe nations in his intereft.

LXX. Having formed this plan, the day after his tri-
umph, he called the people together ; and, afcending the
fribunal, according to the cuftom of thofe who have tri-
umphed, he, firft, gave an account to them of his adions ;
the fum of which was as follows: That, in his firft
eonfulifhip, he had fubdued the Sabines, who claimed the
Sovereignty, and compelled them to become fubjeA to the
Romans : That, in the fecond, he had appeafed the fedi-
tion, with which the comnaonwealth was then agitated,
and brought back the people to their country ; and had
ingaged the Latines, who, though of the fame extradion

Eee 2 with

396 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIH.

with the Romans, yet always envied their fovereignty
and glory, to become their friends, by communicating to
them the iame rights with the Roman citizens ; fo that,
they kbked upon Rome no longet as a rival, but as their
country : That, being the thini time invefted with the
fame magtfttacy, he had^ not only, compelled the Volfei,
from enemies to be their tends, but had, aUb, induced the
Hernici) a numerous, and warlike nation, and, by being
fituated near them, capaUe of doing them the greateft mif>
chi^, and the gteateft fervioe, to a voluntary fubmiilion.
AhGT he had difplayed thc£e diti^s, and many others of the
Hke nature, he dcfired the peof^e to look upon him as a
perfon, who then had, and always ihould have, a greater
add for the intereft of the commonwealth, ditn any others
CDuld pretend to. He concluded widi £iying that his defiga
was to ootifer upon the people Co many benefits, and of fuch
a nature, as to furpafe all tho(e» who were commended
for their aOedion to the plebeians, and concerit for their
preterration. And thefe things, he &id, he ^ould (oga ac-
compliOl. He then difmti^ the affembly ; and, wkhout
i3k kail dcl*y, caufed the ienate to meet the day after»,
whb were already in fufpesie, and terrified with his dif*
coudjb t Ahd, before he entred upon amy thing ^e^. he
kid opet) his intention, which he. had conceded from the
multitude, defiring the ftnate, that, as the people both by
fupporting their liberty, and by enabling them to command
^thtr^, kad done great fervice to the oommoowetdth, they
woiild ^w ft regard for their inteitti^, 'm dividit^ among

them

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSEN8IS. 397

them the cogoquered lands, which w«r^ indeedy called public
lands, but, ia reality, were ufurped by the moil fhamelefs
amoDg the patrkiaos, contrary to all jufticc ; and that the
money paid (or the corn, ient them by Gdo king of Sicily
as a prefent, which, though it ought to have been ^^fided
among all the citizens in a gratuiccnis manner, the poor
had purchaied, mi^t be repaid to the buyers, out o£ the
treafuiy. •

LXXI. While he was fpeaking, presently a great tumult
arofe, all* the fenators {hewing their diilike, and impatience
of what he propc^d.. And, when he had done, not only
his collegue, Virginius, l^t the moft ancient, and the moft
dignified fenators, particularly Appius Claudius, exclaimed
againft him with great vehemence, for defjgmng to raifie a
(edition. And thele two continued, for a long time, inflamed,
and uttering the levered reproaches againft one another.
The followingdays, Caffius, afliembling the peo^c frequently^
gained their a£k£iioai by his popular harangues, d^played
the advantages, that would flow from the diviGon of theSo
lands, and laid lumfelf out in inve^wcs agatnft his oppofers^
On the other £de, Virginius aflembled the Ibnate every day^
and concerted meafures with the patricians to guard ag^ii^
his de{ign» and to prevent its iucce^, by a legal oppofitioo.
And each of the confuls was attended by a (fa-oog body of
men, to fecure them from being inAilted. The poor, the
mean, and &ch as were pepared for any daring cnterprife»
were uocbr the command of Caffius : And tbofe of th^
greatefl birth, and charai^r adhered to Vlrglmus. For fbmr

trntCy

398 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIII.

time, the worft fide carried it in the aflemblies of the people,
.b) a great majority. After that, they became equal, the
tribunes joining the beft fide; poflibly, becaule they did
not think it advantageous for the commonwealth that the
people fliould be corrupted by bribes, and a diftribution of
the public lands, and thence grow idle, and profligate:
Poflibly alfo, through envy, becaufe they themfelves, who
*were the leaders of the people, had not been the authors of
this liberality, but another perfon. However, there is no
reafon to conclude that they were influenced by any other
motive, than the apptehenfion of this encreafe of power in
Caflius, which was greater than the intereft of the common-
wealth would admit. Thefe now oppofed, therefore, in
every aflembly of the people, the laws, which Caflius was
introducing, with all their power : They reprefentedtothem
that it was not juft that thofe lands, which they had ac-
quired by many wars, fliould be diftributed among any but
the Romans, and that, not only, the Latines, who had not
been prefent in thofe wars, but the Hernici alfo, who had,
but lately, entered into their friendfliip, and who, being
brought into it by war, ought to be fatisfled if they were
not deprived of their own territories, fliould have an equal
fliare of thofe conquered lands with the Romans themfelves.
The people, hearing thisj fometimes aflented to the repre-
fentations of the tribunes, when they confidered tliat the
portion of the public lands, that would fall to the fliare
of each,- would be fmall and inconfiderable, if both the
Hernici, and the Latines were to partake with them in this

diftri-

Book Vni. DION YSI US HALICARNASSENSIS. 399
diftribution ; And, at others, Caffius, by his popular ha-
rangues, made them change their opinion, by telling them
that the tribunes betrayed them to the patricians, and
covered their oppofition with this Ipecious pretence, that
an equal fhare of thefe lands was to be given to the Hernici,
and the Latines, whom he himfelf had comprehended in his
law, with a view of adding ftrength to the poor, and of
defeating any attempt, that might, hereafter, be made to
difpoffels them of the lands that were granted to them; fince
he looked upon it to be better and fafer for the people to
continue in the undiilurbed pofleffion of a fmall fhare, than,
by expeding a greater, to be difappointed of ev^ thing. -
LXXII. While Caffius, by thefe infinuations, wrought
frequent changes in the minds of the multitude, Caius Ra-
buleius, one of the tribunes, a man of no mean abilities^
prefented himfelf before the people, and promifed that he
would, foon, put an end to this conteft between the confuls,
and Ihew the people their true intereft. This being followed
with great acclamations, and, after that, with lilence, hefaid ;
" Are not thefe, Caffius, and Virginius, the chief points in
" dispute concerning this law ; the firft, whether it is pro-
" per to diftribute the public lands to every Roman ; and
" the other, whether the Latines, and the Hernici, ought to
" have a fhare of them ? And they acknowledging it to be
fo, he went on : " This being allowed, you, Caffius, would
" have the people vote for both thefe; and you, Virginius,
" let us know, in the name of the gods, whether you oppofe
" that part of the law propofed by Caffius, which relates to

"the

400 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIII.

** the allies, as thinking that the Hemici, and the Latines
** ought not to have an equal fhare with us ; or do you
<* oppofe the other alfb, and infift that the puUi& knds
•* fhould not be divided even anuxig us ? Anfwer to thefc
** queftions without concealing any thing.** And Virginius
faying that he was againft giving an equal fhare of t^eie
lands to the Hemici, and the Latines, but coniented to their
being diftributed among the . Roman citizens, if all the
people were of that opinion ; the tribune, turning to the
ailembly, faid ; ** Since, therefore, one part of die queftion is
** approved of by both the confiils, and the other oppofcdby
•* one of them ; and, as both are equal in dignity, and neither
•' can force the other to come into his opinion, let us, now,
■*• receive That, which both agree to give us, and put off the
** other, concerning which theydifier.** The pcoj:lle fignify-
ing, by their acclamations, that his advice was the beft that
could be given, and defiring him to ftrik« out of the law that
part, which occaiioned the conteft, Cailius was at a lofs what
to do; and, being unwilling to retrad his opinion, and unable
to maintain it, while the tribunes oppofed him, he difinifled
rfie aflembly for that time. The following days, he pretended
illnels, and went no more to the forum ; but, continuing at
home, formed a defign to get the law paffed by force, and
A'iolence ; and lent for as many of the Latines, and Hernici,
as he could, to come, and vote for it. Thele aflembled in
great numbers; and,prefently, rfie town was full of ftrangers,
Virginius being informed of rfiefe things, ordered proclama-
tion to be made in the ftreets, that all, who were not inha-
bitants.

BookVni. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 401
bitants, {hould forthmth depart th& city. On thfe other
fide, Odiius ordered the contraiy to be proclaimed, tliat allj
who were intided to the rights of citizens, fhouW ftay, till
the law was pafied.

LXXIII. Ther6 bang nd end of thcfe contefts, the pa-
tricians, fearing left, when the law came to foe propo^, the
peo{de fhptild take arms, and hare recourfe to violence, and
to fuch other forcible means, as are frequently ufed in
divided ai&mblies, met in the fenate to confider of fuch
methods, as ikould, at once, put a &op to all thde cvilt«
Appius therefore, being, firft, afked his opimob, oppofed thli
diftributionof the lands am<xigthie peo{de, teUing them that
an idle multitude, accuftom^d to devour the pubHc ftock^
would prove troublefbme, and uielefe cohabilai^s, and never
£\iffa any thing belonging to the puUic, whether lands, at
inoney, to cositinue in the pc^i^Qoon o£ the public : And
that it would' be a fhameful diingi if the ienat!e,.whD accufed
Caffius of intrbdudsg a wk^ed, arid di&(lyant8geo^8 law^
and of corrupting the peofde, ihould themietves, by common
confent, eftablifh that law, as juft and advantageous : He
defired them, alfo, to confider that the poor, if thele land)
were divided among them, would not, even, think tbemfelveft
- obliged to thofe^ who gave their confent, and fandjton Cd
this ktw, but to Cailius, who, firft, propofed it, and ieemed
to have compelled the folate to ratify it i^gainft their will.
Having faid this^ and many other things to the &nie
purpoie, he ended with advifing them to make choice of
fome of the mpft dignified fenators to fix the bounds, of
Vol. III. Fff the

402 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIH.

the public land upbn the fpot ; and, if they found that
any private perfons, by fraud, or force, either fed, or tilled,
any part of it, to take cognizance of this abufe, and re-
ftore the land to the public : And, further, that the land,
fo bounded by them, fliould be divided into a certain
number of fhares, and diftinguifhed by handfome pillars ;
and that one part of this land fhould be fold, particularly
that part, concerning which there was any conteft with
private perfons ; {o that, the purchafers might plead the
determination of thefe commiflioners againfl any, who
fhould claim thefe lands ; and the other part be let for five
years: And that the money, arifing from thefe rents, be
applied to pay the forces, and to the neceflary expences c^ "
wars : " For, fays he, as things now fland, the envy of the
poor againfl- the rich, who have ufurped, and flill con-
tinue in the pofleflion of, the public lands, is well
** grounded;, and it is not to be wondered at if they defire
<< thofe lands Should be divided among all . the citizens,
*' rather than ufurped by a few, and thofe the mofk fhamelefs
" of all men : Whereas, if they fee. the perfons, who now
*Venj(^ them, quit pofleflion, and the public lands, really
" becomi-fwblic lands, they will ceafe to envy us, and re-
" linquifK their fqndnefs for this general diftribution of them,
>* when they know that thefe lands in the hands of the
." public will be of greater advantage to them, than the
** frhall portion, that will be allotted^ to each. Let us
** fhcw them, therefore, how much their interefl is here
<* concerned ; and that^ if each of the poor receives for

''his

<c
((

BookVIII.DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 4oj
♦* his fliarc a fmall piece of land, and happens to have
" troublefome neighbours, he neither will be able to culti-
*' vate it himfelf by reafbn of his poverty, neither will he
" find any man to hire it of him, but a neighbour : Whereas,
" if large farms, requiring various, and confiderable cultuire,
^* are let by the public, they will bring in great revenues
** to the commonwealth : And that it is better for them,
?* when they go to the field, to receive both provifions, and
" their pay from the treafury, than, out of their private
** fortunes, to pay in their contributions to the ♦' treafury,
** when prcfled, as it often happens, with want, which will
** ftiil be encreafed by providing this money."

LXXIV. After Appius had delivered this opinion, and
gained great applaufe by it, Aulus Sempronius Atratinus
Was called upon next, and laid ; " In the firft place, I muft
" ccwnmend Appius, as a man very capable of feeing future
** events at a great diftance; one, who always gives the
** moft honourable, and the moft ufeful advice ; firm, and
** unmoved in his refolutions ; and neither yielding to fear,
" nor fwayed by favor : For I ever praife, and admire him,
" both for his prudence, and the courage he fhews in the
** midft of dangers : Neither fhall I myfelf offer any other
** advice ; but only add a few things, which Appius feems
" to have omitted : Nor am I of opinion that the Hernici, or
^' the Latines, to whom we, lately, granted the rights of

♦«• Elf T«/«i«fl». Sylburgius has ob- this fentence, which, as it now ftands,

ferved that w^«f«» is, here, wanting, docs not run with the fmoothnefs, and

whic his very true : But I fufpedt that perlpecuity, peculiar to our author,
fomething elfe is wanting to complete

Fff2 "Roman

404 ROMAN ANTIC3LyiTIES OF Bookyilfc
<< Roman citizens, ought to have a fKare of our lands i
" For we have not acquired thefe, fince they acceded to
<' our friendfliip ; but long before, when, by our own
" dangers, without the afUftance of any others, we gained
** them frdm our enemies. And let us give them this
<* anfwer, that the lands, which each c^ us were before,
** refpe^ively, poflefied of, when we entered into the treaty
<* of friendfliip, ought to remain in property, and unalienable
" to each : And that of Thofe we fliall conquer with jcnnt
** forces, fince we made the treaty, each fliall have his fliare.
^^ This method will give neither to our allies any jufl: caufe
** of complaining that they are injured, nor to the people any
*^ appf ehenivHi of appearing to prefer their intereft to their
" reputation. Ajs to the appointment of perfons to fix. the
*< boufids of the public lands, I, intirely, agree with Appius :
" For this will fet us at liberty with re^d to the pleb^ans j
<* fince they are, now-, difpleafed on both thefe accounts,
<« becaujfe they themfelves reap no benefit fi-om the public
" lands, and becauie fome of us enjoy them, coatrary to
" juftice : Whereas, if they fee thefe lands reftored to the
" public, and the produce thereof applied to the neccflary
" ufes of the commonwealth, they will look upon it to make
" no difference to them, Vfhether they enjoy the land, or
" the- produce of it : Fot I need not inform you that fome
^* of the poor are more delighted with the loil«s of others,
** than with their own advantages. However, I do not
<* think it fufiicient to infer t thefe two things in the decree ;
•* but we ought, in my opinion, to gain thdr affedlions, and

^* relieve

Book VIII. DIONYSmS HALICARNA8SENSIS. 405

" relieve them by fome other favw &l/b, which I fhall, pfe-'
" fcntly, acquaint you with, jafter I have, firft, laid bdbre
** you the reafbn, or rather the necefllty, that ^uld induce
" us to come into this meafure.

LXXV. " You remember, without doubt, what the
** tribune feid in the laft afiembly of the people, when he
" aflced Virginius, one of the confuls, what were his thoughts
" concerning the divifion of the lands, whether he confented
*' to their being divided amoi^ the Roman citizens, but
''not among the allies; or do you oppofe, fays he, the
** di{lribuJ:ion of our own public lands, even, among ourfelvCs ?
" And the otho: anfwered, that he did not oppofe this
*^ diftribution, fo far as it related to the Romans, if all were
^ of that opinion. This concefllon, not only, brought over
" the tribunes to our intereft, but, changed the difpofition
'' of the people in our &,vor. What therefore fhould induce
" us to revoke, now, what we, then; coniented to? Or
" what advantage will it be to us to eftaUifli generous, and
" not4e inftitutions, and fuch.as are worthy of our empire,
** if we cannot prevail with the people to obferve them ?
** But we fhall not prevail with them; and this none of you
" are ignorant of: And we fhall find thofe, who are difap-
" pointed in their hopes, and deceived by the nonperformance
" of our jwomiffes,more uncafyto us, than thofe, who do not
** obtain what they defire. Some other magiflrate will ftart
" up, andjtoflatter the people, viall, again, bring in thefelaws,
" and, thai, not one of the tribunes will afliflus. Hear, there-
*' fo£e, what advice I give you, and what addition I make

"t<i

4o6 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

** to the opmion of Appius ; but do not rife up, Or create
" any diflurbance, before you have heard all I have* to fay.
" After you have appointed commiffioners, whether ten, or
" whatever number, to infped the land, and fix the bounds
** of it, impower them to determine which, and how great
<* a part of it, ought to belong to the public, and, by being
<* let for five years, to encreafe the revenues of the treafury ;
" and, on the other fide, how great a part of it, and which,
** ought to be divided among the plebeians. And my advice
<* is, that, whatever land they fhall appomt to be divided,
" you order it to be divided accordingly, after -you have
" determined whether it fhall be diftributed among all the
** citizens, or among thofe, who have no land, or who have
** the fmalleft fortunes, or in what manner fbever you fliall
** think proper : And, as to the appointment of the perfons
" to fix the bounds of the land ; and the order you fhall
<* publifh concerning the divifion of it, and every thing clfe
' ** that is neceflary, fince the prefent confuls have but a fhort
** time to continue in the magiflracy, that their fucceflbrs
'* take fuch order therein, as to them fhall feem befl : For
" things of this nature require no fhort time to fettle ;
*' neither can it be expeded that the prefent confuls, who
" are now divided, vdll be able to difcover what is advan-
" tageous with greater penetration, than their fucceflbrs, if,
** as we hope, they {hall agree : For delay is, upon many
«* occafions, a ufeful thing, and, of all others, the leafl dan-
<' gerous ; and time, often, brings about great changes in
" a. fingle day : Befides, a good underfknding between

« thofe,

BookVIII. DIONYSIUS H ALICARN ASSENSrS. 407

" thofe, who prcfide in the ftate, produces the gr^ateft ad-
** vantages. Thus have I delivered my opinion : If any one
" has any thing better to propofe, let him fpeak."

LXXVI. When he had ended, all prefent applauded himj
and not one of thcfenators, who were afked their opinioa
after him, gave any other advice. U{)on which, the decree
of the fenate was drawn up to this effed : That ten of the
moft ancient confular fcnators be appointed to determine
the boundaries of the public land; and to declare how much
of it ought to be let, and howmuch to be divided among the
people : That thofe, to whom the rights of citizens were
granted, and their allies, have each their fhare, according to
the treaties, of all fuch lands, as they fliall, afterwards, con-
quer with joint forces : And that the fucceeding confuls take
care that the eledion of the decemvirs, the divifion of the
lands, and every thing elfe, that is neceflary, 6e performed.
When this decree was laid before the people, it, not only,
put a flop to the popular harangues of Caffius, but, alfo,.
prevented the growing fedition of the poor from making
any further progrefs.

LXXVII. The following year, when the feventy fourth.
Olympiad was drawing near, at whichAftyllusofSyracufe won
the prize of the ftadium, Leoftratus being archon at Athens,
and Quintus Fabius, and Servius Cornelius confuls at Rome,
two patricians, young indeed with refped to their age, but
the moft diftinguifhed of their body on account of the
dignity of their anceftors, men of great power founded both
on the number of their friends, and the greatnefs of their

fortunes.

4o8 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVin.

fortunes, and, for young men, inferior to none of mature age
for their abilities in civil affairs, Caefo Fabius, brother of
the then conful, and Lucius Valerius Poplicola,*' nephew
to the perfon, who expelled the kings, being quaeftors
at the fame time, and having, by virtue of that charge, a
power of afiembling the people, accufed before thfem Spurius
Caflius, the conful of the former year, who had dared to
bring in the Agrarian laws, for aiming at tyranny: And,
appointing a day, cited him to make his defence before the
people. There being a great concourfeupon the day appointed,
the quaeftors affembled them ; and, entering into a detailof
' all his adions in public life, fhewed them to flow from no
good defign ; Firft, that, when he was conful, he had, not
only, granted to the Latines, the privilege of Roman citizens,
which they (Jefired, and would have been contented with,
and have thoughtita great happinefs even to obtain, but, alfb,'
ordered that they fhould have the third part of the fpoils
taken in war, when carried on with joint forces : Then, with
regard to the Hemici, who, being fubdued by war, ought
to have been fetisfied in not being puniflied with^e lofs of
fome part even of their own country, he had made them
friends inflead of fubjeds, and citizens inftead of tributaries;
and ordered they fhould receive another third part of the
land, and the booty, that fhould, ever after, be acquired :
So that, the fpoils being divided into three fharcs, the fiibjeds
of the Romans, and ftrangers were to receive two of them,

47* AitK^iiut n xa7«\v(r«u7a; nf. jScriAof. See the firft annotatioa oa the ie-
venth book.

and

.Book Vm. DION YSI us HALICARNASSENSIS. 409

and ther natives, and their mafters only one. They' made
it appear that, from hence, one of thefe moft abfurd things
would befall them, if ever they fhould think fit to honour
any other nations, byreafon of their many great fervices, with
the fame grants, with which they had honoured, not only,
the Latines, but the Hernici alfo, who had never done
them the lead fervice : For there being but one third left
for them, they would either have no part to beftow upon
their benefactors, or, if they granted them the fame favour,
they would referve nothing for themfelves.

LXXVIII. They added that Caffius, in propofing to
divide the public lands, without the previous vote of the
fenate, or the confent of his coUegue, fhewed that his defign
was to get the law pafled by force, which law was, not on
this account alonci unprofitable, and unjuft. That, when
the previous vote of the fenate was neceflary, and, that
being obtained, it ought to have been a common favor of
all the magiftrates, he had made it the favor of one man ;
but alfo on this account, which is a confideration, of all
others, the moft afBiding, that this, which was called a
grant of the public lands to all the citizens, was, in reality,
a deprivation ; fince the Romans, who had acquired thefe
lands, were to receive but one third of them, and the Her-
nici, and the Latines, who had nothing to do with them,
the other two. They charged him, further, that he had paid
no deference, even, to the tribunes, when they oppofed him,
and defired him to ftrike out that part of the law, which
gave an equal fhare of thefe lands to ftrangers ; but con-

VoL. III. G g g tinued

4IO ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

tinued to aft contrary to the fenfc of" the tribunes, of hia
cx)llcgue, of the fenate, and of all, whofe counfels were
ever of the greateft advantage to the commonwealth.
After they had gone through thefe heads of their charge,
and called upon all the citizens to attefl the truth of t|^em,
they, then, proceeded to the fecret proofs of his having
aimed at tyranny ; that the Latines, and the Hemici had
joindy fupplied him with money, and provided themfelve«
with arms; and that the mod daring young men of
thefe nations, perpetually, reforted to him, holding private
councils, and ading for his fervice in many other inflances :
And, to prove the truth of thefe allegations, they produced
many witnefles, both Roman citizens, and others belonging
to the nations in alliance with them, perfons neither mean,
nor obfcure. To thefe the people gave credit ; and, with-
out either fuffering themfelves to be moved with the ipeech
of Caifius, which he made after great premeditation, or
with companion, though the appearance of his three fons,
as well as the joint lamentations of his other relations, and
friends, gave him a great opportunity of exciting, their
mercy, or paying any regard to his military adions, by which
he had raifed himfelf to the greateft honor, they condemned
him : And they were fo exafperated at the name of tyranny,
that they could not moderate their refentment even in the
degree c^ his punifliment, but fentenced him to death : For
they were afraid left, if they had baniftied him, as he was the
ableft general of his time, he might have followed the ex-
ample of Marcius ', and, by calumniating his country, and

forming

BookVm. DIONY8IUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 411

forming a conjun<aion among their enemies, have brought
an irreconcileable war upon them. This being the event of
his trial, the quaeftors led the man to the top of the precipice
that commands the forum ; and, in the prefence of all the
citizens, ^* threw him down from the rock : For this was

4«* Eppi4'^v KOila Tijff vfi^df. We are
how come to the death of CalfiuSy the
author Of the Agrarian law, in which
he failed throu^ his gwh want of
condud, and the fuperior ikill of the
patricians, and was involved in its
ruin : However, this law had, after-
wards, better fuccefs, wheji it fell into
abler hands; and, though the patri-
cians had not the power to hinder the
enading of this law, they had the arc
to obftruft the execution of it. The
pernicious defign of Caffius in aiming
at tyranny has caft an infamy on the
law itfclf, and made it to be looked
upon as a wicked meafure, becaufe it
was the inftrument to a wicked inten-
tion : By this means, it has happened
that the Agrarian law, though juft in
itfelf, and rcafonable in its circum-
fiances, has fuffered through the guilt
of its author, and been loaded with an
infamy not its own. In order, there-
fore, to be convinced of the juftice,
and reafonablenefs of this law, we muft
confider it unrelatively to the defigns
of its author, and inquire whether it
was agreeable, or repugnant to the
conftitution of the Romans •, whether
it was an innovation in, or a part of,
that conftitution j whether the people
had not a right to the effeft of this
law, before the law itfelf was propofcd;
and wh'^ther there could be any rcafon

for oppofing it, but the long prefcrip-
tiqn tp the conquered lands, begun»
and maintained by the patricians, con-
trary to juftice, and to the very ele-
ments of their conftitution. We (hall
be aflifted in thi$ inquiry by reflefting
on what ^ our author has, already, faid
concerning the original didhbution of
lands made by Romulus in the infancy
of their government : There we find
that Romulus, afcer he had divided
the whole body of the people into
thirty curiae, divided, alfo, the land
into thirty equal parts, one of which
he allotted to every curia, referving
as much as was fufficient for religious
ufes, and fomepart of it for the public.
This divifion, our author fays, both
of men and land, comprehended the
greateft equality : This equality was
icttled by their conftitution ; and, will
any one fay that the ufurpation of the
lands, which the Romans, afterwards,
conquered, by the patricians without
dividing any part of them among the
conquerors, referving any for religious
ufes, or appropriating any part to the

{jublic, was not corurary to that equa-
ity, and to the parent of that equality,
their conftitution ? And that it was fo,.
is, we fee, owned even by Appius, as
well as by Sempronius. The purport
of the law, propofed by Caffius, was
to reftore both by wrefting thefe con-

fc B. ii. c. 7.

Ggg2

the

412 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.
the eftabliflied punifliment, at that time among the Ro-
mansj for thofe, who were condemned to die.

LXXIX. This is the moft probable account of any, that
have been delivered down to pofterity, concerning this man :
However, I think my felf obliged not to omit a lefs probable
one, fince this, alfo, is believed by many, and recorded in
hiftories of good authority. It is faid, therefore, by fome
that, while the meafures he was purfuing to make himfelf
tyrant, were as yet concealed from all the world, the father of
CafGus was the firft, who fufpeded him ; and, after making
the ftridleft inquiry into the matter, he went to the fenate ;
then, ordering his . fon to appear, he became both the in^
former, and the accufer; and the fenate having, alfo, con-
quered lands from the patricians, and quam quingenta jugera pqffidereL That
dividing them among the people, thefe laws related folely to the poflTcf-
with whofe blood they had been pur- fions of the public will appear mani-
chafcd. This is the true ftate of the feftly, from thewhole tenor of Cicero's
queftion : For, neither the Caflian fpeech againft Rullus, particularly
law, which was rejected ; the Licinian from thefe words, ^ licebit enim^ quod
law, which pajQTed 119 years after that videbitur^ ^y^hWcum judicare\ quodjudi-
time ; nor the Sempronian Jaw, for carint^ vendere. This will further ap-
propofing which the author of it w^s pear from the Agrarian law pafled by
murdered by the patricians 353 years the intereft, and violence of ^ Julius
after the firft attempt made by CalTius, Caefar, when he, and Bibulus were
had any relation to private poflcflions, confuls, in the year of Rome 6^^ :
but only to Thofe which belonged to By which, two large trafts of land
the public. The only difference be- lying in Campania, and both belong-
twecn the firft law, and the two laft, ing to the public, were divided among
was this •, by the firft, it was propofed 20,000 Roman citizens : Campum Stel-
to divide all the public lands among latem majoribus confecracum, agrum-
the people ; and by the two laft, five que Campanum ad fubfiJia reipublicae
hundred acres of thofe lands, and no veftigalem rdiCtwrndiviJiuxtraforlem^
more were allowed to the ufurpers of ad xx tnillibus civium^ quibus ierni
them 5 ^ ne quis ex publico agro plus plurefve hberi ejfent.

i Liv. EpitomrB. Iviii. ^ c. 3 , J Suet, life of Jul. Caef. c. 20.

demned

Book yill. DIONYSIU.S HALICARNASSENSIS. 413
demned him, he carried him to his own houfe, and put him
to death. The fevere, and inexorable refentment of fathers
againft their offending fbns, particularly in the Romans at
that time, will not fuffer us to rejeA, even, this account ; fince,
before this tranfadion, Brutus, who expelled the kings, con-
demned both his fons to die the death of malefadlors, and
they loft their heads, becaufe they appeared to have been ac-
complices in the conlpiracy for reftoring the kings ; And,
after that, Manlius, while he commanded in the*' Gallic war,
honoured, indeed, his fon with the crowns, that were due to his
fuperior valor ; yetaccufedhimof difobedience fornotftaying
in the fort, in which he was pofted, but for leaving it, con-
trary to the command of his general, in order to ingage the
enemy; and inilidled on him the puni/hment eftablifhed
againft foldiers who quit their poft, by putting him to death.
And many other fathers, fome for greater, and others for
lefler faults, have fliewn neither mercy, nor compafHon to
their fons : For this reafon, I would not, as I faid, reje6t this
account, as improbable. But -the following arguments,
which are of no fmall weight, have a contrary influence,
and lead me to the other opinion ; The houfe of Caffius,
after his death, was demolifhed ; and, to this day, the place
where it ftood remains void, except that part of it, on

49* T« r«x«7iit« va^tjAf. "* Livy, Cato fay in his fpeech to the fenate,

who gives a very particular account when the fate of Catiline's accomplices

of this tranfadtion, fays, it happened was in debate : y^ud majores nhftros

in the war with the Latines. On the Julus (Titus) Manlius Torquatus bello

other fide, Salluft, whom it is very GaMico f Hum fuutfi, quod is contra im-

po'fliblc our author followed, makes periuminboJlemfugnaverat,necarijuJft(.

«n B. viii. c. 7.

which

414 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIlI.

which the Romans, afterwards, built the temple of the Earth,
which ftands in the ftreet leading to the ^ Carinae : And
his fortune was alio confiscated ; which the ftate employed
in founding the ^u-ft offerings in different temples, and, alfb,
in dedicating the brazen ftatues to Ceres, which, f' by dieir
infcriptions, fliew of whofe fortune they were the firft offer-
ings : Whereas, if his father had been the informer, the ac-
cufer, and the executioner of his fon, his houfe would not
have been demolifhed, nor his fortune confifcated : For the
Romans have nothing in property, during the lives of their
fathers, who may difpofe both of the fortunes, and perfbns
erf" their fbns, as they think proper : So that, the /late would
never have taken away, and confifcated the fortune of the
father, who had given information of the dcfign <rf tyranny,
for the offences of the fbn : For thefe reafbns, therefore, I
prefer the former account : But I have mentioned both <^
them, to the end the reader may adhere to which he plea^.

LXXX. There being an -attempt made by fome people
to involve the fons of Gaffius in the punifhment of their
father, the ienate looked upon it as a cruel, and pernicious
precedent ; and, being aflembled, they ordered the youths
to be acquitted, and to live with all impunity, without being
fubjed to banifhment, difgrace, or any other calamity:
And, from henceforth, this cuflom was eflablifhed among
the Romans, and is obferved to this time, that the fons

s«* K«{«v*f . See the 2 1 7*'' annota- ' Livy has given us the infcription ■ :
tlon on the firft book. ex cassia familia dat tm.

V A*ii»»yl»< *7rtyg»ip»tt iti^wlcif.

"B. ii. C.41.

fhaU

Book VIII. DIONYSrUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 415

fhall be exempt from all punifhment, whofe fathers are
offenders, whether they happen to be the fbns of tyrants,
of parricides, or dP traitors, which, among them, is the
greateft of all offences. And thofe, who attempted to abolifh
this cuftom in our time, after the end of the Marfic, and
civil wars, and prohibited the fons of fuch, as had beeii
profcribed by Sylla, from ftanding candidates for their'
fathers honors, and from being admitted into the fenate as
long as their domination lafledj were looked upon to have
been guilty of an SL&ion deferving both the indignation of
men, and the vengeance of the gods : For which leafon, in
procefs of time, a blamelefs punifhment, the avenger of their
crimes, purfued them, by which they themfelves were brought
down from the greatefl height of glory, to the lo wefl degree
of obfcurity ; and none, even, of their race are now left,
but women. However, ** the perfbn, who overcame thefe
men, rcflorcd this cuftom to its ancient vigor : This law is
not in ufe among all " the Greeks ; but fome of them think

s»' o Ti*?Kf K<»8«A«i. Le Jay fays, in 53- n«<*EAA»)(ri. Sylburgius obferves,

his marginal note, that the perfon here from ' Ariftotle, that it was a cuftom

meant was Auguftus. I thii.k it was among the Greeks to put to death the

Julius Caefar, who may be, "properly, innocent fons of offenders ; to which

faid to have overcome the Syllan fac- purpofc the latter cites this verfe,

tion revived in Pompey, as the Marian ., . , - » 1 .

Son revived in him. By the Cor. ^•"^'"'« «'«'''«- '5«'*"«'*** '«^«A«»«.

nelian law, enafted by ° Sylla^ when Sylburgius, alfo^ cites riie example of

he was diftator, the fons, and grand- Achilles, who facrificed twelve Tro*

fons of the profcribed were incapaci- jans to the manes of Patroclus. This

tated to enjoy any magiftracy. In con- laft example does not feem much to

tradiftion to this law, p Julius Caefar, the prefent purpofe : However, the

when he was inveftcd with the fame dig- two French tranflators have appropri-

nity» admitted them to honors ; admifit ated this note to themfelves, without

ad honor es et profcriptorum liber os. any thanks to Sylburgius.

• Plutarch. Life of Sylla. P Suetonius Life of J. Caefar, c. 41 . 9 Pjjlo^. B. i. & Wi

it

4x6 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

it reafonable to put to death the fons of tyrants, together
with their fathers ; and others punifh them with perpetual
banifhment : As if it was contrary to the courfe of nature
for virtuous fons to be the offspring of wicked fathers, or
wicked fons of virtuous fathers. But, concerning thefe
things, whether the Greek, or Ronian cuftom deferves tlie
preference, I leave to the confideration of thofe, who think
fit to employ their thoughts that way : And, now, return
to the fubfequent events.

LXXXI. After the death of Caflius, thofe, who fought to
extend the power of the ariftocracy, grew more daring, and
/hewed greater contempt of the plebeians : On the other fide,
the obfcure, and the lower fort, were caft down ; and, finding
themfelves, now, deprived of the beft guardian of the plebeian
party, accufed themfelves of great folly in having condemned
him. Thecaufe of this was, that the confuls did not carry the
decree of the fenate concerning the divifion of lands into
execution, by which they were direded to appoint the de-
cemvirs to fix the bounds of the land, and to move the
fenate to determine how great a part of that land, and among
whom, it fhould be diftributed. Upon which, numerous
meetings were held by the people, where they, perpetually,
complained of this impofition, and accufed the former tri-
bunes of having betrayed the commonwealth. And the tri-
bunes, now in charge, frequently aflembled the people, and
demanded a performance of thofe promifes. The confuls,
being informed of this, determined to remove the diforderly,
and tumultuous part of the people, under the color of a war ;

For

Book VIII. DIQNYSIUS HALICARNASSEN8IS. 417
For it happened that the territories of the commonwealth
were, at that time, harrafled with robberies, and incurfions
from the neighbouring cities. To revenge thefe injuries,
they expofed the fignals of war, and began to levy forces :
But the poorer fort refufing to ferve, and the confuls finding
themfelves unable to make ufe of the compulfion of the law
againft the dilbbedient (for the tribunes defended the people,
and were prepared to oppofe any attempt to feizc either the
perfons, or the efFeds of thofe, who refufed to ferve) after
many threats againft all, who fhould excite the people to
(edition, they gave reafon for a fecret fufpicion that their
defign was to create a didator ; who, by abrogating the
other magiftracies, fhould alone be inverted with a tyrannical
power, and fubjed to give no account of his condud. As
foon as the plebeians entertained this fuipicion, they, fearing
left Appius, a fierce, and rigorous man, ftiould be the
perfon appointed, refolved to bear any feverity rather than
this.

LXXXII. After the armies were raifed, the confuls led
them out againft the enemies. Cornelius made an irruption
into the territories of the Veientes, and carried off all the
booty they had left there : After which, the Veientes fending
embafladors, he gave them leave to redeem their prifoners,
and made a truce with them for a year. Fabius, at the head
of the other army, marched into the country of the Aequi ;
and, from thence, into That of the Volfci : Thefe fufFered
their lands to be plundered, and laid wafte, for fome time ;
after which, defpifing the Romans, as their army was not

Vol. III. H h h numerous,

4i8 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVlII.

humerous, they ran to arms, and marched out of the terri-
tories of the Antiates, in a body, to the relief of their
country ; which was a refolution- taken with greater pre-
cipitation, than regard to their fecurity. If, indeed, they
had furprifed the Romans, while they were dilperfed, they
might have given them a great defeat : But the conful,
beitig informed of their approach by his fcouts, fuddenly
called in his men, then difperfed in jMllaging, and drew
them up in proper order. The Volfci, ccwning on with
a contempt of the enemy, and with confidence, when, con-
trary to their opinion, they faw their whole army in a dif-
pofition to receive them, they were ftruck with fear at the
unexpeded fight ; and, without any confideration of the
common fafety, every man consulted his own : Turning
back, therefore, they fled with all the fpeed they could,
fome one way, and Ibme another ; and the greateft part
iaved themfelves by retiring to the city of Antium-; But a
fmall body of them, which was leaft in diforder, gained the
top of a hill ; and, {landing to their arms, continued in
that pofture the following night. Some days after, the
conful having inverted the Iiill with his forces, and fecured
every pafs with guards, they were compelled by hunger to
furrender, and deliver up their arms : After which, he or-
dered the quaeftors to fell the booty he had taken, the ipoils,
and the prifoners, and to pay in the money to the treafury :
And, not long after, withdrawinghis forces from the enemy's
country, he returned with them to Rome, it being the end of
the year. The eleAion of magiftrates drawing near, and the

patricians.

Book Vm. DION YSIUS HALlCARNASSfil^SIS. 419
patricians,pef ceiving tlie people were exafperated, andn^iented
of their having condemned Caflrui, refoivedto guard againft
them, left, by being flattered with the hopes of donatives,
and of the Agrarian law by fome powerful demagiDgue, fup*
ported with the dignity of confulj they might create frefli
difturbahcc's : And they judged that • the moft effedlual
means to prevent thefe defires of the people was to raife.
their greateft enemy to the confoMhip : Having t^6h thift
refolution, they ingaged Caefo Fabios, oiie (>f the two per-
Tons who had accuied Caf&us, and Brdfhtr to Quintu^, who
was then conful ; and, among the other patridans, Lucius
Aemilius, one of the ariftocratical party, toftand candidates
for the confoifliip. When thefe offered themfelves for ^ that
dignity, the plebeians had not. power tohinder their eleftion ;
but left the comitia,. and withdrew from the field of Mars,
where they were held : For, when the people were aflembled
in their centuries^ the votes of the moft confiderable perfons,
and of thofe who had the greateft fortmies, carried evei^
queftion : And it, rarely, happened that they had recburfe
to the votes of thofe of middling fortunes : And the kift
century, which. was the moft numerous, and in which the
pooreft of the plebeians gave their fuffrages, had biit one vote,
*♦ as i faid before, which was, always, the laft called for.

LXXXIII. For thefe reafons, therefore, Lucius Aemilius,
the fon of Mamercus, and Caefo Fabius, the fon of Caefo,
were created confuls this year, being the two hundred and
feventicth year from the building of Rome, when Nicodemus

i4' as x«< 5r{«I«{«» «fijl»(f««j. See the fifty ninth chapter of the feventh book*

H h h 2 was

420 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

was archon at Athens: Whole confulfhip, according to
their wifl^, happened not to be diflurbed with civil diflen-
iions, the commonwealth being furrounded with foreign
wars. In all nations, and places, as well among the Greeks^
as Barbarians, a ceflation from foreign evils produces civil,
and domeftic wars : And this happens, chiefly, to thofe,
who chufe a military, and toilfome life, as they are aduated
with a defire of liberty, and dominion : For a fpirit of am-
bition, confirmed by ufe, when rcftrained from its ufual
employments, grows impatient. For which reafbn, the
wifeft governors are, always, feeding the flames of fome
foreign quarrels, from a perfiiafion that it is better to make
war in an enemy's country, than at home. It happened there-
fore, as I faid, very fortunately at that time for the confuls,
that the fubje<^ of the Romans again took arms againfl: them.
For the Volfci, either relying on the domeftic commotions
of the Romans, and imagining the [^ebeians to be in a ftate
of war with the magiftrates, or fl:ung with the (hame of
their former defeat, received without ftriking a ftroke, or
elated with the appearance of their forces, which were very
numerous : Or induced by all thefe motives, refolved to
make war upon the Romans: And, drawing together the
youth of all their cities, they marched, with one part of their
army, againft the towns of the Hernici, and Latines; and,
with the other, which was the moft numerous, and cen-
flfted of the beft troc^s, they propofed to receive the enemy,
when they came to befiege their own. The Romans, being
informed of thefe things, determined to .divide their army,

alfo>

6ookVIIL DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 421

alfo, into two bodies; and, with one of them, to preferve
the territories of the Hernici, and the Latines from the
inroads of the enemy ; and, with the other, to lay wafte
Thofe of the Volfci.

LXXXIV. The confuls having drawn lots for the com-
mand of the armies according to cuftom, That of the body,
defigned to go to the relief of their allies, fell to Caefo Fabius;
and Lucius put himfelf at the head of the other, andmarclied
towards Antium. When he drew near the hills, and had a
view of the enemy's army, he, prefently, iricampedoppofite to
them, upon an eminence. The following diys, the enemy,
frequently, quitted their camp ; and, coming into the plain,
challenged the conful to fight, who, when he few his time,
led out his army ; and,. before they ingaged, he harangued
his troops a confiderable time ; and, having encouraged
them to do their duty, he ordered the trumpets to found a
charge : And the foldiers, mouting as ufual, attacked in
clofe array, both hosfe, and foot. After they had fpent all
their fpears, and javelins, with the reft of their miffive
weapons, they drew their fwords, andclofed; both fides
Ihewing an equal intrepidity, and eagemefs for the vidory.
Their manner of fighting was, as I faid before, alike ; and^
neither the (kill, and experience of the Romans in ingage-
ments, by which they were, generally, vidiorious, nor their
conftancy, and endurance of toil, acquired by many battles,
gave them any advantage upon this occafion: For all thefe
the enemy poflefled, fince they had been commanded by
Marcius, tie greateft general among the Romans : But both'

flood

422 kOMAN ANTIOPITIES OF BookVIII.

flood firm, without quitting the ground, on which they,
firft, were placed Afterwards, the Vc4fci began to retire a
little, but in order, and in their ranks, and received the
Romans as they prefled upon them : But this was a ilrategem
to make thefc break their ranks, and to ^awthem to the
fpot of an eminence, from whence they might be chained
with advantage.

LXXXV. The Romans, thinking they were beginning to
fly, followed them flowly, and in good order alfo : But, when
they iaw them running towards their camp, they too, purfued
them fwifdy, and in diforder: And thofe, who were bdiind,
and had the charge of the rear, b^an to ftrip the dead, as
if they had, already, conquered ; and ran ta plunder the coun-
try. The Volfci no Iboner obferved this, but fiich, as had
feigned a flight, faced about as foon as they approached
their intrenchments, and flood their ground ; and, at the
fame time, thofe, who had been left to guard the camp,
opened the gates, and ran out in great numbers from feveral
parts. And, now, the fortune of the day was turned ; the
purfuers fled, and the fugitives purfued. Here many brave
Romans lofl their lives, as may well be imagined, being
forced down a defcent, and a few incompafled by many :
The others, whp had employed themfelves in fpoiling the
dead, and in plundering, fuiFered the fame fate, being de-
prived of the opportunity of making an orderly, and regular
retreat : For thefe, being intercepted by the enemy, fome
of them were killed, and others made prifoners : And as
many as were faved both of thefe, and of the others, who

had

BookVHI..DIONYSI.US HALICARNASSENSIS.4a3
had been forced down the hill, the horfe coming to thehr
relief, returned to the camp, when it was late. A riolent
ftorm of rain burftihg from the clouds, and a darknefs, like
That produced by thick mifts, feemed to have preferved
them from being all put to the fword ; which made the
enemy unwilling to purfue them any farther, as they were
unable to fee what palled at a diftance. The following
night, the conful decamped, and drew off his army in ^dence,
and good order, with a defign to conceal his march from
the enemy ; and, late in the evening, he incamped near a
town, called Longula, chufing an eminence of ftrength fuf-
ficient to, keep off the enemy, if thefe ihould attack him.
While he remained there, he employed himfelf both in re-
covering the wounded with proper remedies, and in raifing
the fpirits of thofe, who were diiheartened with the fhame
of their unexpeded defeat, by adminiilring comfort to
them.

LXXXVI. This was the condition of the Romans. As
for the Volfci, when it was day, and they knew the enemy
had left their camp, they advanced, and formed theirs :
And, having ftripped the dead, and carried off thofe, who,
though half-dead, gave hopes of life, and buried their own
men, they retired to Antiura, the city that lay next to them;
where, finging fongs of triumph for their vidory, and offer-
ing facrifices in all their temples, they pafled the following
days in entertainments, and pleafures. If, therefore, they
had been contented with this vidory, and attempted nothing
further, they might have put an end to the war with ad-
vantage :

424 ROMAN ANTIQJJITIES OF BookVIIL

vantage : For the Romans would not have dared, any more,
to come out of their camp to give them- battle; but would
have thought themfelves happy in being able to retire out of
the enemy's country, and have preferred an inglorious flight,
to certain death: But the Volfci, aiming ftill at more, loft
even the glory of their former vidory : For, being informed
by their fcouts, and by deferters, that the Romans, who had
faved themfelves, were very few in number, and the greateft
part of thefe wounded, they entertained a great contempt
of them, and, prefently, took their arms, and ran to attack
them : Many unarmed people, alfo, came out of the city,
and followed them, as fpedators of the ingagement, and
from an expedation of plunder, and b6oty. But, when ar-
rived at the eminence, they inverted the camp, and endea-
voured to pull up the palifades, firft the Roman horfe,
obliged, from the nature of the ground, to fight on foot,
fallied out upon them ; and, behind the horfe, thofe they
call the Triarii, with their files doubled : Thefe are the
oldeft foldiers, to whom they commit the guard of the
camp when they go out to fight, and, to thefe, as to' their
laft hope, they are forced to have recourfe, when there
happens any great flaughter of the younger fort, -for want
of other fuccour. The Volfci, at firft, fuftained their onfet,
and continued the fight for a long time with great bravery :
After which, having the difadvantage of the ground, they
gave way ; and, at laft, after they had done fmall damage
to the enemy, and That not worth mentioning, and they
themfelves fufFered a much greater, they retired to the plain :

Where

BookVin. DIQNYSIUS H ALICARN ASSENSIS. 425

WJiere they incamped the following days, and often drew
up in order of battTe, challenging the Romans to fight :
But thefe ftirred not out of their camp. When the Vollci
faw this, they held them in contempt ; and, fending for the
forces of all their cities, prepared: to force their camp by
numbers; and they might, eafily, have performed a great
adion, by taking both the conful, and the Roman army,
cither by force, or; coiijpofition (for there was a want of
provifions in the camp) had they not been prevented by the
fuccours received by the Romans, which hindered the Volfci
from putting an end to the war with the greateft glory :
For the other conful, Caefo FaUus, hearing to what ftreights
the army, which ^d heeii iij^aged with the. Volfci, was
reduced, propofed. to_march, that iriflAht-, wiph all his fwces,
and fall upon thofe, who were befifeging the camp ; but,
while he was offering facrifice,. and cojifuJting the augurs,
it happened that the viftims,' and omens were not favourable;
«nd the gods oppoflng his march, he himfelf flaid behind ;
however, he fenthis beft fquadrons of horfe to his coUegue:
Thefe, taking by-roads, and marching, generally, in the
night, got into the camp without being perceived by the
enemy. The arrival <jf thde fuccours gave new life to
Aemilius. On the other fide, the enemy, emboldened both by
the encreafe of their forces, and becaufe the Romans did not
come out to fight, doubled their files, and began to afcend
the eminence : The Romans, fuffered them to come up at
their leifure, and to fpend their ftrcngth in endeavouring to
pull up the paUfades; but, when the fignal of battle was
Vol. III. I i i given*

426 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

given, they threw down the intrenchments in feveral places,
and fell upon the enemy ; and thofe, who came to a clofe
fight with them, made ufe of their fwords, while others
threw ftones, javelins, and fpears at them from the intrench-
ments, none of which miffed their mark, the enemy being
crouded in a narrow compafs. By this means, the Volfci
were forced from the hill with confiderable lofs ; and, flying,
faved themfelves with great difficulty by retiring to their
camp. The Romans, finding themfelves now fecure, went
down to harrafs their country, from whence they fupplied
their camp with every thing they wanted.

LXXXVII. When the time for the election of magiftrates
was come, Aemilius ftaid in the camp, being afliamed to
enter the city after his ignominious ddeat, in which he had
loft the beft part of his army ; but his collegue, leaving his
inferior officers to command in the camp, went to Rome ;
and, affembling the people in order to the eledion^ he declined
propofing thofe perfons, on whom they defired the conful*
fliip fhould be conferred, who were confular perfons, fince
thefe were unwilling to ftand for it ; but called the centuries
to give their fuffi^ges in favor of fuch as fought that dignity,
and took their votes. Thefe were the men the fenate had
made choice of, and ordered to ftand for the confuhhip,
who were not very agreeable to the people. By this means,
Marcus Fabius, fon of Caefo, the younger brother of the
conful, who prefided at the eledHon, and " Lucius Valerius,
the fon of Marcus, the fame perfon who had brought Caffius

ss' Awuo; OvAMgiot MMgxK i^af. See the ftrft annoution on the feventh book.

to

Book VIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 427
to his trial, after he had been thrice conful, for aiming at
tyranny, and caufed him to be put to death, were chofen
confuls for the following year. Thefe, having taken pof-
feffion of theirMignity, defired the fenate to order that re-
cruits might be raifed to replace thofe, who had loft their lives
in the war againft the Antiates, that the deficiencies in the
feveral companies might be completed; and, having obtained
a decree of the fenate for that purpofe, they appointed a day,
on which they ordered all, who were of the military age, to
appear. Upon this, there was a great tumult in every part^
of the city, and feditious flifcourfes were held by the poorer
fort, who refufed either to comply with the orders of the
fenate, or to obey the commands of the confuls, becaufc
they had violated the promifes made to them concerning
the divifion of the lands; and, going in great numbers to
the tribunes, they upbraided them with treachery; and,
with great clamors, implored their afliftance. The tribunes,
in general, did not think it a proper feafon, when they were,
ingaged in a foreign war, to renew the flames of civil con-
tefts : However, one of them, by name Caius Manius, faid,
that, for his part, he would not betray the plebeians, nor
fuffer the confuls to raife an army, unlefs they fhould, firf?^,
appoint commifTioners for fixing the bounds of the public
lands, draw up the decree of the fenate for the divifion of
them, and lay it before the people. The confuls oppofing
this, and excufingthemfelves, on account of the prefentwar,
from granting any thing he defired, the tribune replied that
he would pay no regard to them, but hinder them, with all

1 i i 2 his

4?$ ROMAN ANTIQiJITIES OF Book VIIL

his power, from making levies : And he kept his word ;
but could riot eiJbfl what he propofed : For the confuls,
going out of the city, ordered their confular chairs to be
placed in the adjacent field, and there inlifte^ the foldiers ;
and, fince it was not in their power to feize the perfons erf"
fuch, as refufed obedience to the laws, they fined them ;
and, if they were owners of eftates, they laid them wafte,
and demoliflied their country houfes ; and, if farmers, they
carried away every thing, that was neceflary for their em-
<ployment, their oxen, cattle, beafts of burden, and all the
implements, with which the land is tilled, and their crops
brought home; the tribune, who oppofed the raifing of
men, having, no longer, any power: For thofe, who are
invefted with the tribuheihip, can exercife no kind of au-
thority without the city 5 their jurifdidlion being con-
fined within the walls ; neither is it lawful for them even
to pafs a night out of the city, unlefs at a particular time,
when all the magiftrates of the commonwealth offer up a
common facrifice to Jupiter upon the Alban hill, for the
profperity of the Latin nation. This cuftom, by which the
tribunes are not allowed to exercife any' fort of authority
without the city, continues to this day. And the caulc,
among many others, of the civil war among the Romans,
which happened in our time, and was the greateft they
were ever ingaged in, was thought to be this, which appear-
ed of confequence enough to divide the commonwealth; that
fome of the tribunes, complaining of their having been forci-
bly

BookVIIf.DIONYSIUS HALICA RN ASSEN SIS. 429
bly driven out of the eitj by the ^^pedbn, who then governed
Italy, in order to deprive them of any further power, fled
to the ^^ general, who, at that time, commanded the armies

lri»\tav. So We muft read this fentence
with the Vatican; m^nufcripr. Le Jay
muft have been very little acquainted
with the tranfaftions of this important
picriod, to: fay, in his noce upon tlii's
paffage^that fome particular difcontent
muft have obligpd Pompey to drive
the tribunes out of Rome 5 ilfauf que
quelque mecontentement ,particulier eufi
Mige Pompie de chaffer de Rome ks
tribum.' This particular difcontent, as
he calls it, was /lothing lefs than the
interceflion of the tifibuo^.to.the de-
cree of the fenate, by which Caefar
was commanded to dift>and his army.
Thefe tribunes, fearing the refentment
of the fcnatV on atcoount of their inter-
ccffion^ fled fronv Rome, and went to
Cacfar» cbtripkuning, as our author
fays, that Pompey, or, which is the
lame thing, the fenate by his direc-
tion, had forced them to leave the city.-
This will be explained in the follow-
ing note.

KJ6/sx;av7<». Caefar himfelf is the laft au*
thor we muft confuh, if we have a-
mind to unfold his ambitious views,
and to ftrip them of the falfe colors,
with which he, all along, endeavours
to difguife them from the eyes both of
the age he lived in, and of pofterity.
In his hiftory of the civil wars, he, in-
deed, relates the fads, but conceals the
motives ; particularly his own ; and
gives falfe motivesf, and private views

to all his cppofers: Tferus he fays that
Cato oppoifed him, from an ancient
enmity, and the refentment of his re-
pulfe ; ' Catonem veteres inimicitiafi
Caefaris incitani^ et dolor repulfae : He
means the repulfe Cato met with by
the means of Caefar, and his friends^
when he ftood candidate for the prae-
rorfliip. The reafon why Pompey y
and Craflus, then confuls, and aaing^
in conjunftion with Caefar, would not
fufFer Cato to obtain that dignity, is
very well, explained by *Dion Callius^
They fufpedcd that he would not bear
tlieir adminiftrationy and were unwil-
ling to add a legal power to his oppo-
fitlOA, uVm«'7£uov t8 ya^ ^\PiO¥ «x Mi^ie^au

If, therefore,, we are toi believe Cacfar^^
he himfelf was the patriot, who had
no other view than to fupport the laws
of hiscoimtrys and Cato was his op-
pofer, from no other motive than pri-
vates enmity, and refentment. This
endeavour in Caefar to julllfy himfelf
Ihewfi there is fucht a native beauty id
virtue, that the moft profligate men arc
defirous to flieiter themfelves under the
appearance of it. . Caefar liad the fama
advantage with many other men, who
have done bad things with worfe mo-
tives j^and then jufti&ed themfelves by
faying that what they did was accord-
ing to the laws of their country : This
is catching at the forms of lavs^, and
lofing the fpirit of it j. in confequence

'B.i. C.4. •B. xxxix. p. 1 1-7.

m

430 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF Book VIII.

in Gaul, as to their only refuge : Who, laying hold on this
opportunity, and pretending to fupport, with piety and

of which, fuch men have often (thotrgh
not often enough) felt, at laft, the
weight of both. ' When the fenate
paflcd the memorable decree, by which
Caefar was ordered to diiband his
legions, and Pompey to keep his on
foot, only two fenators diflented,
Caecilius, an obfcure man, and Curio,
a creature of Caefar, from whom he
had brought a plaufible letter to the
fenate. Notwithftanding this almoft
unanimous confent of the fenate, the
decree could not regularly pafs, be-
caufe tvo of the tribunes of the people
interceded, as they called it, that is,
they oppofed it : Thefe were Antony,
afterwards fo much known, and Quin-
tus (not Caius) Caffius. This they,
certainly, had a power to do by law :
Nay the intercefllon of a fingle tribune
was fufficient to obftruft a decree of
the fenate. Their oppofition, there-
fore, was conftitutional : But the dif-
regard'fhewn by the fenate to their op-
pofition was, certainly, not fo ; much
lefs the threats of the fenate againft
thefe oppofers, and their expelling
them afterwards. The tribunes, ap-
prehending the confequence of thefe
threats, left Rome together with Curio,
and Caecilius ; and went to Caefar,
who was then, as " he fays, at Ravenna.
This irregular, and, if I may call it fo,
injudicious proceeding of the fenate
gave an appearance of law, and popu-
larity to the enterprife of Caefar, who,
though he made the moft of this op-
preffion of the tribunes, as he terms it,
would, in all probability, have invaded

« Dion Caffius, B. xli. p. 1 7 1 . " B. i. c. y.

his country, if his adverfaries had ne-
ver furniftied him with fo plaufible a
pretence. That he magnified this cir-
cumftance appears from his fpecch to
his foldiers, when he is begging them,
in other words, to affift him againft
his country: He there complains of
this innovation, by which the tribuni-
tian intercefllon was cenfured with
arms, and oppreflfed ; ^ novum in re-
publicd iniroduSlum exemplum queritur^
ut tribunitia interctjfio armis notaretury
atque opprimereiur. This had the de-
fired efFeft with his foldiers, who cried
out that they were ready to revenge
the injuries done to their general, and
to the tribunes ; fefe paraSos effe //»:•
peratoris fui tribunorumque plebis inju^
rias defendere. If I faid that the ufc
made by Caefar of this flight of the
tribunes was only a pretence to cover
his own ambition, I am juftified in it
by his conduft, not long after, to two
other tribunes of the people : * Thefe
were C. Epidius, and L. Cefitius Fiac-
cus, who, not only, profecuted one of
his mob for calling him king, but
caufcd public notice to be given, that
they could not perform the duties of
their funftion with freedom, and fe-
curity : Thefe tribunes he procured
the fenate to depofe, and expel out of
their houle *, which they had no more
power to do, than they had, before, to
pafs a decree for the expulfion of the
other tribunes : But thefe he pro-
tefted, -becaufe they ferved his ambi-
tion ; and puniflied the former, be-
caufe they oppofed it.

w Id, ib. c. 7. *Dion Caffius, B. xliv. p. 277.

juftice.

BookVIII. DION-YSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 431

juftice, the fecred magiftrates of the people, who had been
deprived of their authority, contrary to the oaths of the
ancient Romans, he himfelf entered the city in arms, and
reftored the tribunes to the fundions of their magiftracy.

LXXXVIII. The plebeians, finding, upon the occafion
I before mentioned, no relief from the Tribunitian power,
were humbled; and, coming to the perlbns appointed to
raife the levies, to<^ the facred oath, and lifted under their
enfigns. When the deficiencies in the feveral companies
were completed, the confuls drew lots for the command of
the armies : To Fabius was allotted the army, which had
been fent to the afliftance of their allies : And to Valerius
That, whkh lay incamp^d in the country of the Volfci,
to which were added the new levies. When the enemy
were informed of his arrival, they refolved to fend for another
army, to incamp in a {^ace of* greater ftrength, and not,
laihly, to expofe themfelves to the fame danger, from a
contempt of the Romans. Thefe refolutions were foon
executed, and the -generals of both armies entertained the
fame opinion o( the war ; which was to defend their own
intrenchments if they were attacked, but not to attempt
Thofe of the enemy, from an expe<3:ation of carrying them
by aflault 5 and the fear of attempting any thing againft
each other kept them both inadive, for a confiderable time :
However, they were not able to continue their refolutions
to«the laft: For, whenever any detachments were fent out
to bring in provifions, or any thing elfe, that was neceflary
to both armies, thefe met, and fought, the fame detachments

not

432 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BoofeVm.

not having, always, the lame advantage ; and thefe fldr-
mifhes happening often, not a few were killed, and more
wounded. But the Romans received no fuccours from any
parts to replace their numbers, that were continually Icflen-
ing ; while the army of the Volfci was ^eatly ehcreaied by
the arrival of frefli forces fucceflively ; and their generals,
elated with this, led out their army with a refolution to fight.
LXXXIX. The Romans having done the fame, and
drawn up their forces, a fharp ingagement infued, as weU
of the horfe, as of the foot, and the light armed men, all
{hewing equal valor, and experience, and every man placing
his hopes of vi<ftory in himfelf alone. By this time, many,
feUen on the fpot whete they had been placed, lay deAd oti
both (ides, and many more half dead ; and thofe, who con-
tinued the fight, and yet faced the dangers of the field;
were reduced to a fmall number; amid even theie not capable
of performing their duty, while their fliields, loaded with
the darts that ftuck in them, weighed down their left
hands, and would not fufFer them to fuftain theonfetofthe
enemy ; the edge of their fwords was blunted,' and ibme of
them were fhivered to pieces, and now ufelcfs ; and the toil,
which to thofe who had fought the whole day, was cx-
ceflive, flackened their finews, and weakened their ftrokes ;
and fweat, thirft,. and want of breath, all which muft
happen to fuch, as fight long in the fuffocating heat of
fummer, affliding both armies, the event of the battle Was,
in no degree, confiderable; and both,^s foonas their ge-
nerals ordered a retreat to be founded, willingly returned to

their

•I". ■• . "

■V-. • '' ' •

'i •

Book VHL DIONYStUS KALICARNASSENSIS. 4,^3,
their camps. From this time, neither venttored out ta%ht;
but, flttiiig ftiU,. oblerved each other's motions, when any
went out for necd^ies. It was thought, however, and the
report was common at Rome, that the Roman army had
it, then, in their power to conquer ; but declined perform-
ing any great adion, from their liatred to the conful, and
their relentment againft the patricians, for liaving impoied
upon them in re^d to the divifion of the public lands :

1 And the fbldiers themfelves, fending letters to their friends,,

■ accufed the conful, as unfit to command. Thefe were the
tranfa^Hons in the field : But in Rome itfelf divers prodigie&
liappened, which manifefted the divine wrath, both by voices,.

..':'Wi uiiufual fights: All which concurred in this. (as the
Hu^rs, and the interfureters of holy things, by aflifting one

>' aaother with their experience, declared) that fome of the
gods were dif^deafed^. becaufe they did not receive their
cttftomaify honors, neither was their worfhip performed with
purit^j £tnd fandity. Upon this, (bid inquiry was made by
ev^one; and, atlafl, the pontifs were informed that one
<)f dieveflals, who preferve the holy fire, byname, *' Opimia^
liad loft her vir^nity, and polluted the holy rites: The
pontifs, having by tortures, and other proofs, found the in-
:l(>^Aiation to be true, took from her head the fillets; and,
<onduSing her through the forum, buried her alive within
the walls of the city ; and, caufii^ the two men, who had

>•• Oa-jfAw. T Livy caHsthis veftd vngm, Ofpiih
y B. u. c. 42.

Vol. m. Kkk been

}.••*...•■.

"'X^' ^■..;.

434 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIII.
been convided of debauching her, to be whipped in public,
they ordered them, prefently, to be put to death. After
which, the facriiices, and the auguries were favourable, the
wrath of the gods being appeafed.

XC. When the time for the eledion of magiftrates
was come, and the confuls were returned to Rome, there
was a great conteft, and ftruggle between the people, and
tiie patricians, concerning the perfons, who were to be in-
vefted with the fupreme magiftracy : For the latter defired
to promote to the confiiUhip fuch of the young men, as
were adive, and lead inclined to the intereft of the plebeians;
and, by their direction, the ion of Appius Claudius, who
was efteemed the greateft enemy of the people, flood for
that dignity ; a perfon exceflively proud and daring, and
the mofl powerful man of his time by the number of his
friends, and clients. On the other fide, the people named
fuch of the elder fenators, and of thofe, who had, al~
ready, given proofc of their moderation,, as were likely to
confult the good of the commonwealth ; and defired to
make them confiils. The magiftrates were, alfb, divided,
and fought to invalidate one another*8 authority : For, whes
the confuls aflcmbled the people, in order to name the can-
didates for the confulfhip, the tribunes, in virtue of their
power to forbid all proceedings, difmifled the comitia : And
again, when thefe aflembled the people to chufe their ma->
^ftrates, the confuls would not fufler them to proceed, fince
they had the power of calling the centuries together, and

of

BookVIII. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 435

of giving them their votes. Mutual accufations,. and con-
tinual quarrels pailed between them ; each fide being fup-
ported by thofe of their own fadion : So that, even, blows
were exchanged in their paHion ; and the feditious were very
near proceeding to arms. The fenate, being informed of
thele things, deHberated, for a long time, what courfe to
take in this jundhire, being neither able to force the people
to a fubmifllon, nor willing to fubmit to them. Thofe, who
were for carrying things with a high hand, advifed to create
a dictator on account of the eledion, one, whom they fhould
moft approve of; and that the perfon invefted with this
power fhould banifli the authors of this diftemper; and, if
the former magiftrates had been guilty of any fault, that he
fhould reform it ; and, after he had regulated the govern-
ment in fuch a manner, as he fhould think fit, appoint the
beft men to be magiflrates. But the more moderate propofed
to chufe interreges, confifling of the moft ancient, and the
moft dignified fenators ; who fhould be direded to take
care that the eledion of magifbates be carried on in the
beft manner, as it was, formerly, pradifed after the demife
of their kings. This advice being approved of by the ma- .
jority, Aulus Sempronius Atratinus was created interrex by
the fenate; and all the other magifbracies ceafed. After ht
hsd governed the commonwealth without any fedition, as
many days as he was audiorized by his commiflion, he
appointed another interrex, according to their cuftoip, and
namedSpurius Lartius to that dignity; who, aflembling the

K k k 2 people

436 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OP BookVUI.

people in their centuries, and giving them their votes ac-
cording to the valuation of then: fortunes, returned for con-
fuls, with the approbation of both parties, *» Caius Julius^
fumamed lulus, a man in the intereft of the people ; and
Quintus Fabius, the fon of Caefo, for thefecond^ime, who*
<was in That of the ariftocracy. The people, who had not
heen ill treated by him in his former confulfhip, fuflioied
him to obtain this honor a fecond time, through their hatred
to Appius, and the great fatisfadion they received from hk
difgrace : And the ariftocratical party, who had concerted
meafures to advance to the confulfhip a man of ac^ity^
and one, who (hould relax in nothing to the people, looked
upon the event of the (edition to have heen favourable to
their defigns.

XCI. During the confuUhip of thefe pei^ons, tke Aeqiu»
making a predatory irruption into the territories «f the
Latines, carried off a great number of Haves, and cattle;
And a people of Tyrrhenia, called the Veientes, plundered
a great part of the country belonging to the Romans. The
fenate refblved to put off the war ^ainft the Aequi, and
to demand fatisfadion <^ the Veientes. The former, Ending
their firft attempt (uccefsful, and that na one a^^ieared t»
obftruA them in the proiecution of it, grew eiatol ndth a
groundlefs prefumption; and, refolvtng to a^ no longer*

19* Tmo* ItfXtff To» <rlx«^»iulf•v ixxtr. <:a]]ed C. JofitM lulttt ia die \^vi{/2(.^a»!;
So we muft read this paflage with the fidares.
Vatican manufcriptj becaufe be is

like

Bot&VIIl. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSEKSIS. 437
like robbers, they marched with a numeroMs faxa;y<d ** Hot*
tona, and took it byAormj and, after fchey iad plundered
both the country, and the city, returoed home M^th a gre^
booty : As to the Veientcs, the anfwer tfeey gave to the Ho-
naaa «mbailadors was, that the people, who had laid waAe
rtheir country* did not belong to dieir aatio^ jbut to the-
other Tyrrhenian cities.; and, then, difinifled thefoat, 'without
giving them any fort of (atisfadion : And the embafladors,,
in their retuin, met the Veientes, as they were bringing,
home the booty they had taken in the Roman territories-
Thefenate, being informed of thele things from the em-r
bafladors, came to a refolution, not only, to declare war
againft die Veientes, but that both the confuls fbould com-
mand their army. This lefolution of the fenate raifed a
great conleift, and many oppofed their in^ging in this war;,
and put the plebeians in mind of the divifionof the public:
lands, of which they had been defrauded after a vain hope,,
notwithftanding the decree of the fenate^ pafled near £ve.
years before for carrying it into execution: They flicwed.
them, alfo, that the war riiey were going to declare, would
become a general war, if all Tyrrhenia, by joint confen^ .
ihould refolve toaflift their countrymen. However, thefe
feditious reprefentations had no efied ; the people confirmed,
the decree of the fenate, purfuant to the opinion^ andiad vice.

<«* Oftna. * Clttver.has (hewn that: temt a city of the Latiaes near Aae^^
we ought thus to read the name of thk nefte* .
towo, which the Romans.calied Hor-

* B-iii. p. 969^ .

438 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF BookVIH.

of Spurius Lardus. Upon which, the confuls marched qut
with their forces, and incamped apart, at no great diftance
from the city of Veii: And, after they had continued there
feveral days, and the enemy did not come out to fight them,
they ravaged as great a part of their country as they could,
and returned home with the army. And nothing elfe
worth notice happened, during their confuUhip.

The end of the Eighth Book.

ERRATA in VOL. HI.

PAGE I. L. 4. For in which. Read ai
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lb. laft line. f. to this phce. r. in this place.
P. 215. L.10. f. fecrefy. r. fecrecy.
P. 216. L. t. a comma after thofc^
P. 223. L. 7. f. deiire. r. intreat.
P. 239. L. 4. a comma after awf. and f. that.

r. ftnce.
P. 237. L. 5 and 6. f. by another* that. r. bf
that, wl^ch.

lb. L. 1 1, f. dependants, r. dependents. •
P. 243. L. 10. f. (operate, r. feparate.
P. 252. L. 14. f. of. r. on.
P. 2C4. L. 1. f. Marcins r. : And.

Id. L. 2. after dtfivJ. r. he.
P. 261. laft line. f. fepenued. r. feparated.
P. 265. laft line but three, f. For. r. Since.
P. 273. L. II. f. hand and hand. r. hand in<

hand.
P.277.L. t7.and2i.f.facrificedaiidfa€rilioe. .
r. racrififed and (acrifife.

lb. laft line. f. flayed, r. fleaed.
P. 286. L. 1 8. f. great expence. r. vaft ei^enoe. •
P. 289. L. 4. f. Volfcians. r. Volfci.

lb. L. 21. f. Echetra. r. Ecetra.
P. 299. L. 2 1 . after affreving, r. of.
P. 307. L. 22. f. conquerers. r. conquerors.
P. 310. L. 9. a comma after <uW/r.
P. 31 1. C. I. L. i2.aftertfin( iniertsMv^/..

lb. C. 2. L. 1 7 . after hi. r. had.
P. 138. L. 18. f. Longola. r.Longola. (and v^-
-Vie note.

lb. laft line. f. Echetra. r. Ecetra.
P. 362. L. 15. f . facrifice. r. lacrifife,
P. 382. L. 9. f. cowardice, r. cowardift.

lb. L. 15. confider. r. confider.
P. 388. L. 12. f. him. r. hisperfon^
P. 403. C. I . L. 3. f. whic is. r. which h*
P. 426. L. 6. f. in. r. into.
P.435. L. 3. no comma after #v»r.

^^

Vol. III.

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„«, voRK PUBLIC LIBRARY ;

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TW. book U --d-J-^, ,„a^